Toxemia 1 2024 Lecture Notes (Dr. Vet 4th year) PDF

Dr. Internal medicine 4th year 2024 Lecture Toxemia 1 Dr. Hossam M. M. Ibrahim 1  1 Toxemia ➊ The syndromes that represent the effect of different diseases on the animal. ➋ The states which are comm...

Dr. Internal medicine 4th year 2024 Lecture Toxemia 1 Dr. Hossam M. M. Ibrahim 1  1 Toxemia ➊ The syndromes that represent the effect of different diseases on the animal. ➋ The states which are common to so many diseases and they are considered the base which contribute to the effects of many diseases”.  Hyperthermia  Fever  Septicemia They are closely related in their effects & an appreciation of them is necessary if they are not to be overlooked in the efforts to eliminate the  Toxemia. causative agent.  APR  Hypovolemic, hemorrhagic, maldistributive, obstructive shock & Anaphylactic shock → are best examined together. “It is a clinical systemic state caused by widespread activation of host defense mechanisms to the presence of toxins in the blood stream”  ➀ Bacteria (the main source of toxins). ➁ Some parasites. ➂ Injury to tissue cells.  The virus does not produce ▪ The virus cause damage or injury to the tissue cells → lead to production of cell breakdown products which is considered toxins.  ➀ Toxic substances produced by poisonous plants (this cause toxicity not toxemia). ➁ Ingested organic or inorganic poisons (this cause toxicity not toxemia). ➂ Insects.  → caused by the presence of lipopolysaccharide cell wall (toxins) components of Gram -ve bacteria in the blood & Ch. clinically by abnormalities of many body systems. Dr. Vet 2024 1  1 Toxemia The effect of toxins on the different body systems “The abnormalities of ➊ ▪ In the early stages of infection (hyper - dynamic phase of endotoxemia) → ↑ heart rate & respiratory rate. ▪ In the late stages (hypodynamic phase of shock) → ↓ heart rate & respiratory rate ➋ Explain! In early stage of infection In late stage of infection Leukocytosis (↑ total leukocytic count) Leukopenia (↓ total leukocytic count) ↑ production of Abs ↓ production of Abs Neutrophilia (↑ number of neutrophil) Neutropenia (↓ number of neutrophil Lymphocytosis Lymphopenia Thrombocytosis Thrombocytopenia (coagulopathies) ➌ Explain!  Presence of bacteria (antigen) → lead to the production of antibodies (Ab).  Ag + Ab = Antigen-antibody complex.  The Ag - Ab complex destroys the lining intima or endothelium of the blood vessels → ↑ permeability of Blood Vessels →.  The increase in the permeability of the Bl. Vessels → leads to activation of the coagulation cascade and leads to: ▪ Thrombocytosis. ▪ Aggregation of platelets at the site of injury (injury occur at any site of circulation) → multiple thrombosis in the circulation → Disseminated intra vascular (hyper coagulation state)  DIC → ↓ blood flow of the organs →  After a while, there is depletion of (‫)استنفاذ‬: ▪ Coagulation factors (clotting factors)(13 factor) & Platelets (thrombocytopenia).  This leads to the transformation from the hyper coagulation state → hypo coagulation state (coagulopathies, Bleeding tendencies & hemorrhagic diatheses). ➍ ↓ → Dr. Vet 2024 2  1 Toxemia ➎ ↓ How?  In case of toxemia → ↓ volume of circulation → So, the blood flow increase toward the vital organs (e.g., brain) → ↓ blood flow of the GIT → ↓ GIT motility.  When infection occur → stimulation of the acute inflammatory response and increase the proinflammatory mediators (interleukin, Prostaglandin,….) which have suppressor effect on the GIT motility.  In case of fever, the high temperature affect the function of microflora and microfauna → ↓ digestion of food & ↓ GIT motility.  In case of GIT diseases (as enteritis & colitis) → ↓ GIT motility. ➏ Explain!  All tissue of the body depend on the oxygen for their metabolism (oxidation system).  In case of toxemia, the blood flow to the organs decreases → failure of the tissue to seek adequate supply of the oxygen ( → anaerobic oxidation occur.  The anaerobic oxidation → ↑ production of lactic acid in tissues → lead to  Acidosis → ↓ pH of cells → defect in the metabolism of the cells → Multi organ failure or Multi organ dysfunction (MOD). ➐ ➑ N.B: Some causes of multi organ failure: 1. Dehydration. 2. DIC. 3. Shock. 4. Acidosis. Each enzyme has a working range of pH values - this depends on the type of enzyme - any deviation from this pH range will cease the function of enzyme → cease the metabolism of the cells → MOD. The brain can’t undergoes anaerobic oxidation (resist the hypoxia only for 1-3 min). Dr. Vet 2024 3