L1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Skeletal System PDF

L1- Introduction to Human Anatomy and Skeletal System Dr.Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, AUACAS, American University of Antigua LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this session the student would be able to List subdivisions of anatomy...

L1- Introduction to Human Anatomy and Skeletal System Dr.Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, AUACAS, American University of Antigua LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this session the student would be able to List subdivisions of anatomy Enumerate the regions of the body List the systems of the body Describe the anatomical planes, positions and movements 02-Dec-22 2  ≈ Anatomy is a science which deals with the structure of the human body from macroscopic to the microscopic level ≈ The understanding of structural organization of the human body is essential for a clinician to know ≈ which structure is affected by the disease, ≈ which structure to be examined by him or ≈ which structure should be surgically operated in case of need ≈ Human anatomy has been long studied through dissection of cadavers “THE DEAD TEACHES THE LIVING” 02-Dec-22 3 Levels of Structural Organization in the Human body  ORGAN Organ Systems a group of organs that work together to perform a function, such as the digestive system; Basic Cell Types Neuron Muscle Epithelial cells Connective tissue cells Basic function of the cells A. Maintenance of life process Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction  Basic function of the cells B. Homeostasis: - a self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions. - Homeostasis is not static and unvarying; it is a dynamic process that can change internal conditions as required to survive external challenges. Basic Type of Tissues Primarily used for protection Primarily used for support Primarily used for movement Primarily used for control Epithelial tissue Cells are polyhedral (many sided) with little interstitial space Covers the outermost layer of the skin Covers innermost layer of most organs and cavities Lungs, GI tract, Urinary tracts, and Reproductive tracts One side always exposed to: Body exterior Organ tract or cavity Makes up the exocrine and endocrine glands Cells have high regeneration potential Classification Tracheal Lung Tissue CONNECTIVE TISSUE  CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR MINOR COMPONENT COMPONENT Non-cellular Cellular 1. Blood cells 1. Collagen fibers 2. Fibroblast 2. Elastin fibers 3. Macrophages 3. Reticular fibers 4. Mast cells 4. Ground substance 5. Plasma cells 6. Adipose tissue cells  Non cellular component 1. Collagen 2. Elastic fibers 3. Reticular fibers GROUND SUBSTANCE- Glycosaminoglycans Turgor TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Loose connective tissue: Areolar, blood, and adipose tissue  Features: mass of widely scattered cells whose matrix is a loose weave of fibers  Dense connective tissue: Cartilage, Bone, Tendon, ligaments, and fascia Features: Closely packed collagen fibers and in case of bones matrix is mineralized  Functions of Connective tissue Support and Protection Transportation of materials Storage of Energy Reserves Defense of the Body Body Membranes Classification Epithelial tissue Connective tissue membranes membranes 1.Cutaneous membrane 2.Mucous membrane 3.Serous membrane  Tissue Membranes Connective tissue membrane SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY 02-Dec-22 21  GROSS ANATOMY 02-Dec-22 22  CROSS SECTIONAL ANATOMY 02-Dec-22 23  SURFACE ANATOMY 02-Dec-22 24 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY / HISTOLOGY 02-Dec-22 25 DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY / EMBRYOLOGY 02-Dec-22 26 RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY / RADIOLOGY 02-Dec-22 27  CLINICAL ANATOMY 02-Dec-22 28 REGIONAL AND SYSTEMIC ANATOMY 02-Dec-22 29 GROSS ANATOMY Can be studied as REGIONAL ANATOMY Organisation of human body into segments or major parts based on form and mass eg: Upper limb, Lower limb, Thorax, Abdomen etc. 02-Dec-22 30 GROSS ANATOMY SYSTEMIC ANATOMY Recognises the organisation of body’s organs into collective apparatuses that work together to carry out complex functions. It has various subdivisions 02-Dec-22 31  Musculo Skeletal System  Skeletal muscles  Bones and joints 02-Dec-22 32 Digestive System 02-Dec-22 33 Respiratory System 02-Dec-22 34 Cardiovascular System 02-Dec-22 35 Urinary System 02-Dec-22 36  Genital System 02-Dec-22 37  Nervous System 02-Dec-22 38 Endocrine System 02-Dec-22 39 ANATOMICAL TERMS 02-Dec-22 40  ANATOMICAL POSITION Standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures Anatomical position is a stance in which a person Stands erect Feet flat on the floor Arms at the sides Feet, Palms, face, and eyes facing forward 02-Dec-22 41 SUPINE AND PRONE POSITION 02-Dec-22 42 ANATOMICAL TERMS – PLANES Sagittal plane {Mid-sagittal / Median plane, Parasagittal} Frontal plane / Coronal plane Transverse plane Oblique plane 02-Dec-22 43 ANATOMICAL TERMS – PLANES 02-Dec-22 44 ANATOMICAL TERMS - DIRECTIONS 45 02-Dec-22  ANATOMICAL TERMS - MOVEMENTS FLEXION  Indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body 02-Dec-22 46  ANATOMICAL TERMS - MOVEMENTS EXTENSION  Indicates straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body 02-Dec-22 47  ANATOMICAL TERMS - MOVEMENTS ABDUCTION  Movement away from the midline in the frontal plane ADDUCTION  Movement towards the midline in the frontal plane CIRCUMDUCTION  Combination of all movements 02-Dec-22 48  ANATOMICAL TERMS - MOVEMENTS MEDIAL ROTATION  Inward rotation – brings the anterior surface of the limb closer to the median plane LATERAL ROTATION  Outward rotation – takes the anterior surface away from the median plane 49 02-Dec-22  This movement is specific for forearm PRONATION Rotation of forearm so that palm faces posteriorly SUPINATION Rotation of forearm so that palm faces anteriorly 02-Dec-22 50  This movement is specific for ankle joint INVERSION  Movement of the sole of the foot towards the median plane EVERSION 02-Dec-22  Movement of the sole of the foot towards the lateral plane 51  ELEVATION : Movement of the part superiorly DEPRESSION : Movement of the part inferiorly 02-Dec-22 52  REFERENCES Drake R.L., Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition, 2009, Churchill Livingstone Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 6th Edition, 2009, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Standring, Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40thEdition, 2008 Ellis H, Human Sectional Anatomy: Atlas of body sections, CT and MRI images, 3rd Edition, 2007, CRC Press Johannes W Rohen, Color Atlas of Anatomy: A photographic study of the human body, 7th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sadler T W, Langman's Medical Embryology, 12th Edition, 2011, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Kenneth S Saladin, Human Anatomy, 2nd Edition, 2008, McGraw-Hill Companies 02-Dec-22 53 02-Dec-22 54