L1 - Course Introduction and Intro to AATU PDF

Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Dr Adrienne Brotodewo Acknowledgement of Country Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Course Content The H...

Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Dr Adrienne Brotodewo Acknowledgement of Country Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Course Content The History of Astronomy The Solar System Properties and Evolution of Stars Galaxies and Cosmology Aboriginal Skies Space Missions and Earth’s Observations Earths History and its Structure Processes in the Rock Cycle and Hydrologic Cycle The Atmosphere, Climate, and Weather Resources on Earth and in Space Text Book Earth Science (2015) 14th Ed, Tarbuck, Lutgens & Tasa, Pearson Education Limited Contact [email protected] 0431 400 447 3 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Meet the Staff Course Coordinator Dr Adrienne Brotodewo ([email protected]) Lecturers Dr Sarah Szita ([email protected]) 4 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Dr Adrienne Brotodewo I am a geologist. I completed my undergraduate degree at the University of Adelaide in 2016. Completed a PhD at the Future Industries Institute at the University of South Australia in Jan 2021, as part of MinEx CRC. In 2021, started as a postdoctoral researcher with MinEx CRC at UniSA. Within MinEx CRC,: NDI Support Project Leader Co-supervise PhD Students and Masters Students Collaborative and Independent Research A lot of my research is within mineral chemistry for indicator minerals (e.g. zircon, monazite). Trying to develop new geochemical tools using these minerals to aid in mineral exploration. Teaching: Started teaching this course in 2021 Also involved with planning field trips for the UCL-FII Global Management Natural Resources Master Program 5 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Dr Sarah Szita I studied at University College London and did my PhD in Space Plasma Physics, focusing on the Earth's radiation environment. After spending several years as an academic researcher, I joined the Spacecraft Operations team for the PEACE instrument on ESA’s Cluster mission, a 4- spacecraft fleet to study the Image: ESA - J.Huart Earth’s magnetosphere. 6 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Course Lecture Outline Week 1: Course Introduction + Geological Time Week 2: Earthquakes + Volcanoes Week 3: Atmosphere + Weather and Climate Week 4: Water Systems + Deserts Week 5: Aboriginal Skies + History of Astronomy Week 6: Birth of the Universe + Stars Week 7: Stars 2 + Galaxies Week 8: Sun, Solar Systems, Space Weather + Terrestrial Planets --------------------------Mid Semester Break---------------------------- 7 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Course Lecture Outline --------------------------Mid Semester Break---------------------------- Week 9: Jovian Planets + Solar System Moons Week 10: Small bodies of the Solar System + Exoplanets Week 11: Space Missions and Launch + Earth Observation Week 12: Human Space Flight, Space Tourism, Humans on Mars + Resources on Earth and Space Week 13: Review Lectures 8 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Practicals (30% of total grade, 6 sessions = 5% each) Three groups (A, B and C) – please stay in assigned groups as indicated on your timetable Practicals include worksheets which are assessed Worksheets to be completed and handed in at the end of the class Contribute to your final grade Doctors Certificate required Practicals held in SCT1-10, Mawson Lakes Campus Practical 1 (week 1 and 2) is held in the Planetarium (P2-01) 9 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Tutorials (30% of total grade, 6 sessions, 12 quizzes = 2.5% each) Weeks: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 Tutorial work given after Lectures Complete at home and bring for discussion Quiz at the end of tutorial (2 quizzes per tutorial) Questions are based on the previous two weeks of lectures (each quiz covers 1 week of content) 10 minutes per quiz, 10 multiple choice questions Contributes to final grade Doctors Certificate required for missed quiz, to be given in the following week 10 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Exam (40% of total grade) Series of short answer questions A choice of 5 out of 8 descriptive, paragraph length, multi- part questions on Space Science and Earth Science. May also include some multiple choice questions Based on lecture and tutorial content (even split across lecture themes) Completed and submitted entirely online 2 hours in length 11 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Earth and Space Dr Adrienne Brotodewo Pages 23-38, 46-47, 72, 80-81, 716 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Lecture 1 Introduction to Earth and Space (pg. 23-38, 46-47, 72, 80-81, 716) What is Earth Science? Human interactions with the environment Earth’s structure and “spheres” Earth as a system The Universe as a system Observing beyond Earth 13 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe What is Earth Science and why is it useful? A broad term for all sciences that seek to understand Earth and its neighbours in space. Includes: Astronomy – study of the universe Meteorology – the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather Geology – literally the “study of Earth” Oceanography – a study of the ocean 14 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment Earth science is an environmental science that explores many important relationships between people and the natural environment. Earth’s processes have an impact on people (e.g. natural hazards) but we humans can dramatically influence earth’s processes as well. 15 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment Earth’s resources – we need them! Includes water, soil, minerals, and energy Two broad categories Renewable – can be replenished (i.e. plants and energy from water and wind) Nonrenewable – cannot be replenished, take immense energy and/or time to form, or cannot be recovered once they are used (i.e. oil, gas and coal) 16 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment We have a large influence on the physical environments we live in which includes: water, air, soil and rock. As a result we have a large impact on: the surrounding environments that organisms live in Environmental problems Local, regional and global scale 17 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment Natural hazards (out of our control) Earthquakes Volcanic Eruptions Hurricanes Desertification Floods Landslides However, humans involvement (and placement) in the environment can often affect the magnitude and frequency of these natural hazards. 18 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment Environmental problems Human-induced (anthropogenic) and accentuated Urban air pollution Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming Contaminated soil and water World population pressures – one of the biggest drivers 19  Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment Population is growing rapidly Rate of mineral and energy resource usage has climbed more rapidly than the overall growth of population Total World Population Since 0 A.D. 8 Source: United Nations, 1999, The World at Six Billion, "World Population From" Year 0 to Stabilization Population (in billions) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 20 Year (A.D.) Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment 21 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment Dubai, United Arab Emirates 22 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment Seoul, South Korea 23 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment We use Science to understand the Earth The basis of Science is: Consistency Predictability Science seeks to: Discover patterns in nature Use the knowledge to predict 24 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment An idea can become a Hypothesis (tentative or untested explanation) Theory (tested and confirmed hypothesis) Paradigm (a theory that explains a large number of interrelated aspects of the natural world) Scientific method Gather facts through observation Formulate hypotheses and theories 25 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Human Interactions with the Environment Scientific knowledge is gained through Following systematic steps Collecting facts Developing a hypothesis Conduct experiments Re-examine the hypothesis and accept, modify, or reject Theories that withstand examination Totally unexpected occurrences 26 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Techniques of knowing Information is gathered: Surface and beyond Surface science Satellites Spectral, radar, geophysical (gravity, magnetic, radiometric, electrical, electromagnetic), many more… Solar system missions Inner Earth Earthquakes (Geophysics) Volcanoes (Volcanology) Meteorites (Meteoritics) Drilling 27 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth’s Structure Compositional Mechanical (chemical) (physical) 28 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth’s Structure (compositional) Planets heat up, undergo internal chemical differentiation Dense, refractory elements tend to sink to the centre Less dense elements concentrate towards the outer parts of the planet - differentially layered planet Iron-rich core Silicon-, oxygen- and magnesium-rich mantle With further differentiation the Earth also developed a chemically distinct surface skin called the crust 29 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth’s Structure (physical) Inner Core Solid Outer Core Liquid Lower Mantle (or Mesosphere) More rigid solid layer – stronger with depth Rock are extremely hot and are capable of gradual flow Asthenosphere Soft, weak layer that is easily deformed (plastic) Lithosphere The Crust and the top of the Upper Mantle (average 100km thick, but up to 250km) Cool, solid and rigid Tectonics - Lithospheric plates in constant motion 30 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth’s “Spheres” 31 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth’s “Spheres” Hydrosphere Fundamental for life (as we know it) Ocean ~71% of the surface ~97% of all water Fresh water Streams, lakes, glaciers, and underground Habitable Drives weather and climate Resources: Food, minerals, energy 32 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth’s “Spheres” Atmosphere Thin, tenuous blanket of air 50% below 5.6 km Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide Variable: water (H2O) vapour, ozone, aerosols Opaque to some electromagnetic spectral frequencies 33 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth’s “Spheres” Biosphere All life Life zone extends from: Shallow crust upward to several kms into the atmosphere Extremophiles Life living in high/low: temperature, water, acid, radiation etc Study gives an understanding into the complexity of life that may be in other extraterrestrial regions Ensure that Earth biosphere does not cause extraterrestrial contamination 34 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth’s “Spheres” Geosphere (Solid Earth) Based on compositional differences, it consists of the crust, mantle, and core Divisions of the outer portion are based on how materials behave Lithosphere – rigid outer layer Divisions of Earth’s surface – continents and ocean basins Resources: Minerals, water, thermal, energy 35 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth as a system Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts The Earth is a system composed of numerous parts, or subsystems Closed systems self-contained (e.g. a car radiator) Open systems energy and matter flow into and out (e.g. a river to the sea) 36 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth as a system Feedback mechanisms Negative: resist change and stabilize the system Positive: enhance the system Earth as a system Consists of a nearly endless array of subsystems (e.g., hydrologic cycle, rock cycle) 37 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Earth as a system Sources of energy for the Earth: Sun - drives external processes (i.e. weather, ocean circulation, and erosion) Earth’s interior - drives internal processes (i.e. volcanoes and earthquakes) Humans are part of the Earth system 38 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe The Hydrologic Cycle Earth is a system Processes: Precipitation Evaporation Infiltration Runoff Transpiration 39 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Materials of the Solid Earth There are three rock types: Igneous Crystallised magma of lava Sedimentary Formed through the breakdown or weathering of an igneous or metamorphic rock Lithification by chemical and physical mechanisms Metamorphic Formed through applying pressure and heat to sedimentary or igneous rocks 40 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe The rock cycle Earth is a system Magma + Lava cool → Igneous Rock Weathering → Sediment Lithification → Sedimentary Rock Heat + Pressure → Metamorphic Rock Melting → Magma + Lava Note shortcuts to the full cycle 41 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Analogue for discovery on and beyond Earth Hosts intelligent life Developed ways to colonize hostile environments (Australia!) Supported by external and internal systems A blueprint for searching the Universe Thousands of years of scientific study Billions of years of scientific evidence Questions still to be answered Infinitely complex! 42 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Knowledge of Earth Gives an insight into: Future Earth management Life outside Earth Location of strategic resources Management of Earth life in Space Possibility of human habitation Planning data acquisition Satellite launch and stabilisation Missions throughout the Solar System (and Universe) 43 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe The Study of Space Space Science includes Astronomy – the study of the universe Meteorology – the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather Geology – literally the “study of Earth” Physics – study of matter Chemistry – study of chemicals Biology – study of life 44 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe The Universe as a system Dynamic exchange of electromagnetic energy into matter and heat Comprised of: Galaxies Stars, quasars, blazars, pulsars, etc Planets Satellites (natural and artifical) Life Infinitely complex system with many ‘unknowns’ 45 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Observing Beyond Earth All knowledge of the Universe is derived from electromagnetic radiation and direct investigation Optical, radio, and space astronomy Earth and orbit based telescope Direct mission Solar system Planets, moons, asteroids, the Sun, etc Currently, the Moon is the most distant object that can be explored as a return journey human mission Beyond our Solar System 46 Astronomy and the Universe (PHYS 1015) Lecture 1: Introduction to Astronomy and the Universe Observing Beyond Earth Processed by telescopes, computers based on current science (‘known knowns’) Evolution in knowledge occurs when anomalies to the science are observed Understanding the Universe assists learning about Earth Science itself is a system! Space Science is the edge of scientific knowledge So much more to discover! 47