L1 Anatomy of Kidney PDF
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Uploaded by Kai Idris
Al-Azhar University
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Summary
This document provides information on the anatomy of the kidney, including its shape, location, surfaces, relations, blood supply, and nerve supply. It also covers important clinical notes related to the kidney. The document is suitable for undergraduate medical students.
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# Renal Module ## Course Information - **Course code:** IMP/07/20318 - **Phase:** I - **Year:** Second year - **Semester**: 3 - **Course duration:** 5 weeks ## Instructor - **Prof. Dr. Olfat Anwar Abd El Aty** - **Professor of Anatomy and Embryology** - **Email**: [email protected]...
# Renal Module ## Course Information - **Course code:** IMP/07/20318 - **Phase:** I - **Year:** Second year - **Semester**: 3 - **Course duration:** 5 weeks ## Instructor - **Prof. Dr. Olfat Anwar Abd El Aty** - **Professor of Anatomy and Embryology** - **Email**: [email protected] ## Anatomy of the Kidney - **Shape:** Bean-shaped - **Renal Angle:** - An area located on either side of the human back between the lateral borders of the erector spinae muscles and inferior borders of the 12th rib - The kidney can be felt at this location. - **Differentiating the Right and Left Kidneys:** - **Medial Border:** Concave and contains the hilum (Right kidney) - **Lateral Border:** Convex (Right kidney) - **Hilum:** (Right kidney) The renal vein is most anterior, the renal pelvis is posterior, and the renal artery is in between. - **Ureter:** Passes downward along the lower part of the medial border. - **Surfaces:** | Surface | Right Kidney | Left Kidney | | --------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------ | | Hepatic | - | | | Duodenal | - | | | Right Colic Flexure | - | | | Splenic | | - | | Gastric | | - | | Pancreatic | | - | | Descending Colic | | - | | Small Intestine | - | - | - **Location:** Retroperitoneal, in the upper part of the posterior abdominal region on both sides of the vertebral column. - **Extend:** The kidneys extent from T12 superiorly to L3 inferiorly. - **Position (difference between Rt & Lf kidneys):** The Right kidney lies about 1/2 an inch lower than the left because of its relationship with the liver. ## Anterior Relations of the Kidney | Area | Related Structure | | ---------- | --------------------------------------- | | Suprarenal | Rt. suprarenal gland | | Hepatic | Right lobe of the liver | | Duodenal | Retroperitoneal descending (2nd) part of the duodenum | | Colic | Right colic flexure | | Jejunal | Part of the jejunum | ## Posterior Relations of the Kidneys - **Similar Relations:** - **Superiorly:** The diaphragm, costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura, the 12th rib in the Rt kidney, and 11th, 12th ribs in the Lt kidney. - **Inferiorly:** Three muscles from medial to lateral: psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis - **Different by Level of Ribs:** - **Left Kidney:** - 11th rib - 12th rib - **Right Kidney:** - 12th rib ## Covering of the Kidney - **1. Fibrous Capsule:** Innermost covering, surrounds the kidney and continues to the renal sinus. - **2. Perirenal Fat:** It covers the fibrous capsule, acting as a cushion and helping to hold the kidney in a relatively fixed position. Rapid loss of fat can result in renal ptosis. - **3. Renal Fascia (Zukercandle Fascia):** Lies outside the perirenal fat and encloses the kidneys and suprarenal glands. Continuous laterally with the fascia transversalis. - **4. Paranephric Fat:** Lies external to the renal fascia, contains a large quantity of fat, and forms part of the retroperitoneal fat. ## Blood Supply - **Renal Artery:** Arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L2. Each renal artery usually divides into 5 segmental arteries. - **Renal Vein:** Emerges from the hilum in front of the renal artery and drains into the inferior vena cava. - **Left Renal Vein:** - **Left Adrenal Vein:** - **Branch of the Inferior Phrenic Vein:** - **Left Gonadal Vein:** - **Lymph Drainage:** Pass to the paraaortic lymph nodes. ## Clinical Notes on Blood Supply - **Renal Cell Carcinoma:** Tumors can early destroy the renal vein. If the tumor is in the left side, early invasion of the left renal vein may result in a defect in the venous drainage of the left gonadal veins, resulting in dilatation of the veins surrounding the left testes and varicose of the left testis. ## Factors Which Stabilize the Kidneys - **1. Intra-abdominal Pressure and Arrangement of Adjacent Organs:** - **2. Extensions of the Covering Fascia and Fat:** - **3. Renal Vessels Connecting the Kidneys to the Abdominal Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava:** ## Clinical Notes on Kidney Stabilization - **Pre-renal Fat Loss:** Rapid loss of pre-renal fat tissue may result in a drop of the kidney in the pelvis, a condition known as ptosis of the kidney. This condition can result in kinking of the ureters, causing severe pain. ## Nerve Supply - **Renal Sympathetic Plexus:** - **Afferent Fibers:** Travel through the renal plexus and enter the spinal cord in the **10th, 11th, and 12th thoracic nerves.** - **Parasympathetic Fibers:** From the vagus nerve which reach the kidney through the renal plexus. ## Surface Anatomy - **Hilum:** Lies on the transpyloric plane, 5 cm from the middle line. - **Upper Pole:** Lies 2.5 cm away from middle line and 5 cm above the hilum. - **Lower Pole:** Lies 5 cm below the hilum and 7.5 cm from the middle line. ## Transpyloric Plane - **Also Known As:** Addison's plane. - **Definition:** An imaginary horizontal plane located halfway between the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the upper border of the symphysis pubis at the level of the first lumbar vertebrae (L1) ## Parallelogram of Morris - **Definition:** Used on the posterior of the back. - **Formed By:** 4 lines: 2 are horizontal and 2 are vertical. - **Upper Horizontal Line:** Extends from the levels of the tip of the spinous process of the T11. - **Lower Horizontal Line:** Extends from the levels of the tip of the spinous process of the L3. - **Medial Vertical Line:** 2.5 cm from the mid line. - **Lateral Vertical Line:** 9 cm from the mid line.