L08 L09 Host Defenses Immunity and Cell Mediated Immunity PDF

10 M L08 - Host Defenses: Immunity and 6 the Immune Responses M AI 50 L09 – Antibody and Cell Mediated M D Immunity S Sylvia DAIM, PhD Department of Pathology and Microbiology Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences ...

10 M L08 - Host Defenses: Immunity and 6 the Immune Responses M AI 50 L09 – Antibody and Cell Mediated M D Immunity S Sylvia DAIM, PhD Department of Pathology and Microbiology Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences  Humoral Cells & Cellular Organs LEARNING OUTCOMES 10 M Antigen & Innate Antibody 6 M AI Acquired 50 L09 – Antibody And Cell Mediated Immunity L08 – Host Defences: Immunity And The Immune Responses At the end of the lecture, student should be able to: At the end of the lecture, student should be able to: 1. Describe the characteristics that differentiate the third line of M D 1. Summarise and explain the three lines of host defences. 2. List and identify the key components of the three lines of defences. 3. Outline the steps in phagocytosis. 4. Outline the steps in inflammation. S defences with the first and second line of defences. 2. Briefly describe the structures and functions of antibody (immunoglobulin). 3. Name and describe the key characteristics and features of the five 5. Describe in general, the lineage (developmental pathways) of the main immunoglobulin classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD. cells of the immune system. 4. Explain the protective functions of antibody. 6. Identify and describe the key characteristics and functions of 5. Describe the two forms of immunity mediated by antibodies: Active immune cells involved in nonspecific and specific immunity. and Passive Immunity. 7. Describe and differentiate the major features between Innate and 6. Outline the steps or processes in B cell activation that leads to Adaptive Immune Responses. humoral immunity, i.e. antibody production. 8. Name the main Recognition Receptors used in Innate and Adaptive 7. Outline the steps or processes in T cell activation that leads to cell‐ Immune Responses (e.g. PAMP, DAMP, BCR, TCR). mediated immunity. 8. Explain the effector functions of CD4 (CD4 helper T cells) and CD8 T cells (CD8 cytotoxic T cells). 9. Name and briefly describe the functions of selected major proinflammatory, anti‐inflammatory, and immunoregulatory cytokines.  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6  10 M Immunity 6 M AI immunis = exempt (diperkecualikan) 50 M D Immunology S the study of an organism’s DEFENSE (immune) system in both health and disease  Our immune system is the DEFENSE system that 10 M PROTECTS us against ILLNESS and DISEASES. 6 M AI 50 M D S  Our immune system is the DEFENCE system that 10 M PROTECTS us against ILLNESS and DISEASES. 6 M AI 50 M D S  Our immune system is the DEFENCE system that 10 M PROTECTS us against ILLNESS and DISEASES. 6 M AI 50 M D S  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6  10 M 6 M AI BLOOD LYMPH 50 M D S BLOOD + LYMPH  Transport O2, CO2, chemical Cleanse cellular substances 10 M environment (hormones, Drain (return) nutrients, 6 proteins, salts, & cells M AI tissue fluids, 50 and immune Regulate cells to the body’s fluid, blood and fat‐ M D Absorb fats S electrolyte balance, acid‐ base balance, soluble vitamins body Defend body temperature Protect body from loss of blood (clotting action)  A HEALTHY immune system 10 M is: must be able to: 6 M AI 50 1. Intelligent (Self vs Non‐self) 1. Recognize M D S 2. Strong (robust) 2. Respond 3. Balanced 3. Remember  Our immune system is the DEFENCE system that 10 M PROTECTS us against ILLNESS and DISEASES 6 M AI 50 M D Seeks out to destroy invaders (non‐self) that S attack our bodies  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6 17  Development of The Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Over Time 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S Characteristics of the Innate Immune Response vs the Adaptive Immune Response 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S  Figure Immune Cells 1‐6 in Blood Composition 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S Overview of Cells of the Immune System 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S 21  Key Functions of Activated Cells of the Immune System 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S 22  Key Functions of Activated Cells of the Immune System 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S 23  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6 24  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6 Major Steps in Phagocytosis 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S  Key Characteristics of Inflammation 10 M PRISH 6 1. Pain 1. Dolor M AI 50 2. Rubor 2. Redness M D 3. Functio laesa S 3. Immobility 4. Tumor 4. Swelling 5. Calor 5. Heat Acute Inflammatory FigureResponse 1‐12 – a complex concert of reactions to injury (simplified view) 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S Major Steps in Acute Inflammatory Response 10 M Redness Swelling 6 Heat M AI 50 M D S Pain Immobility  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6  Overview of The Complement System 10 M All three pathways that activate the 6 complement cascade M AI converge at the 50 formation of a C3 convertase. The pathways M D ultimately lead to pathogen opsonization, release of S inflammatory mediators, and formation of terminal complement components.  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6  10 M How does the innate & adaptive 6 immune system recognize M AI 50 microbes and damaged cells? M D S  10 M 6 M AI 50 Responds in essentially the same way Mounts stronger & more effective to repeat encounters with a microbe responses to each successive Recognizes structures that are shared encounter with microbe M D by various classes of microbes & are not present on normal host cells e.g. LPS, dsRNA, CpG DNA S antigens BCR TCR Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) – Pattern recognition receptors Microbial structures that are often essential for survival & infectivity Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) Germ‐line encoded receptors  Figure 3‐1 part 2 of 3 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S  10 M Receptors used by 6 the innate immune M AI system are 50 expressed on phagocytes, M D dendritic cells & any other cell types Expressed in S different cellular compartments where microbes may be located  10 M Homologous to 6 Drosophila protein M AI called Toll 50 Different TLRs respond M D to many different, structurally diverse S products of microbes Will endosomal TLR respond to host DNA?  10 M What happens when a 6 TLR is activated, i.e. M AI bound to bacterial/viral 50 molecules? M D S Activating the 3rd Line of Immune Defense “Danger signals” 10 M generated by the innate immune response: 6 M AI – Increase expression of 50 co‐stimulators – Cytokines: IL‐12, IL‐1 & IL‐6 M D S  10 M Antigen 6 M AI any agent capable of ______________ 50 M D Immunogen S any agent capable of _______________ Epitope Major Steps in B‐Cell Activation Leading to Antibody Production 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6 Primary and Secondary Antibody Response to Antigens 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S  Antibodies‐Mediated Acquired Immunities 10 M Is vaccination the Natural Passive Natural Active 6 same as M AI immunization? 50 M D S Artificial Passive Artificial Active Major Steps in CD4 T Cell Activation Leading to CD4 Effector Cell Functions 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S Major Steps in CD8 T Cell Activation Leading to CD8 Effector Cell Functions (cytotoxic) Major Effector Functions of CD4 and CD8 T Cells 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S  Functions and Features of Selected Major Cytokines 10 M 6 M AI 50 M D S  S M D M AI 10 M 50 6