Formosa: One Name, Two Stories - Lesson 3 - PDF

3 Formosa: * One Name, Two Stories Mini-Challenge Task 1 : Introducing a Place Task 2: Hosting a Travel Show 58 Thinking Ahead 1. Watch the video about the cities sharing the same names and then match the terms....

3 Formosa: * One Name, Two Stories Mini-Challenge Task 1 : Introducing a Place Task 2: Hosting a Travel Show 58 Thinking Ahead 1. Watch the video about the cities sharing the same names and then match the terms. Scan and Watch Beverly Hills in It was named by the California settlers there in 1889. You can see many Paris in Texas celebrities and scenes here in movies. Cardiff in Australia It is a small city based on farming. Lebanon It has a miniature Eiffel Tower. Glasgow in Forty-seven cities in the Montana US share this name. 2. Like Paris in France, Paris in Texas also has an “Eiffel Tower.” Look at the following two pictures. What’s the difference between them? What could possibly be the reason(s) for this difference? The most obvious difference between them is.... It’s probably because.... Eiffel Tower in Paris, Eiffel Tower in Paris, Texas France 59  Reading Selection 課文動畫 課文朗讀 Reading Strategy Review: Identifying Text Structure—Compare & Contrast When we talk about two things or objects, “comparing and contrasting” is often used to note the similarities and differences between them. Compare: When we discuss two things that have a lot in common but are not identical, we are “comparing” them. The second and third paragraphs of the following passage, for example, compare two different places. Contrast: This shows how one thing has some features that the other does not, as the information in the fourth and the fifth paragraphs do. “Comparing and contrasting,” therefore, helps readers clarify the similarities and differences that exist between two things. “F 1 ormosa” is commonly known as an unofficial name for Taiwan. However, what many people don’t know is that there is another Formosa located on the banks of the Paraguay River* in Argentina*. Let’s take a 5 detailed look at these two namesakes* and investigate1 the aspects in which they are similar and those in which they differ2. Note the Details Interestingly, it appears that both Formosas were 1. What does the word unintentionally discovered by European explorers in “Formosa” mean if the 10 the sixteenth century. It is believed that a crew3 of word “Ilha” is “island” in Portuguese? Portuguese* sailors4 first came across Taiwan and named 60  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories it “Ilha Formosa,” which means “beautiful island.” Similarly, Formosa was the European name given to an area of land discovered in South America* by Spanish explorers around 15 the same time. These explorers considered the area they had 3 found to possess such exceptional5 beauty that they decided to settle6 there. Apart from their shared name and historical similarities, 2. Which sentence in the passage explains that there is another interesting geographical phenomenon that each of the two 20 connects these two locations. Taiwan is located at 23° N Formosas is on the exact opposite side of and Argentina’s Formosa at 23° S, which means both the world from the areas are roughly the same distance from the equator*. other? What’s more, each of them sits on the exact opposite side of the world from the other. If someone in northern Taiwan What many people don’t know is that there is another Formosa located on the banks of the Paraguay River in Argentina. 61  25 dug a hole straight down into the Earth, penetrated7 its core8, and then continued digging to the surface on the other side, he or she would end up in Formosa, Argentina! Since most of the globe is covered in ocean, it 30 is even more amazing that these two bits of land are exactly antipodal*! Despite these two special links, the Argentina two Formosas are, in many ways, still worlds apart. Their natural landscapes, 35 for a start, differ considerably9. Two thirds of Taiwan’s 36,000 square kilometers are made up of majestic10 mountains covered in dense11 forest, some of which soar12 thousands of meters above sea level. Furthermore, the island’s mountains, valleys13, rivers, and 40 reefs are home to hundreds of unique species found only in Taiwan. By contrast, most of If someone in Argentina’s Formosa, which is two times the size of northern Taiwan dug a hole straight Taiwan, is fairly flat and covered with trees, down into the Earth, grassland*, or marshland*. Its eastern region he or she would end up in Formosa, 45 receives more rain than its other parts and also has Argentina! more forests and streams14. 62  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories There is, in addition, a stark15 contrast 3. What is the biggest difference between between their economies. Present-day Taiwan is the two Formosas in known worldwide for its lively16 economy 3 terms of economy? 50 and its advanced information technology Taiwan industry. Moreover, the Asian* island is famous for its natural beauty and The equator friendly people and thus attracts visitors from far and wide. By contrast, 55 Formosa is one of Argentina’s least developed areas. Its economy relies primarily on cattle17 raising and other agricultural18 activities, such as growing cotton and fruit. Ranching* is also extremely important to 60 Formosa’s economy. The area’s total number of cattle exceeds19 1.5 million, which is more than three times the number of people living there! Whatever differences or similarities exist between the pair, thanks to those who explored the globe hundreds of 65 years ago, people can now pay a visit to two beautiful lands. Both Argentina’s Formosa, with its gorgeous20 green plains21 and lush22 forests, and Taiwan, with its bustling23 cities and mighty24, mountainous25 landscapes, are sure to 63  impress visitors. Perhaps the people of these two lands on 70 opposite sides of the world can even come face to face and get to know each other a little better one day as well! That could make for a beautiful friendship! —Written by Mark Darvill Reading Strategy Review: Identifying Supporting Details Supporting details follow a topic sentence to provide readers with more information to help them understand the idea of the topic sentence. These supporting details can be definitions, explanations, statistics*, facts, or examples. Mostly, these supporting details derive from an abstract idea to form a concrete example. That is, a definition or an explanation will come right after the topic sentence, and, if needed, an example or a case in real life will be used to prove its credibility. Locate the topic sentences and supporting details in Paragraphs 2, 3, 4, and 5. Then check the statement(s) that describe the supporting details in each paragraph. Paragraph Statements describing its supporting details □ The author gives examples to show how the two Formosas are different. □ The author uses historical facts to explain the topic sentence of this 2 paragraph. □ The second and third sentences of this paragraph are definitions. ☺Word Bank statistics 統計數字 64  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories Paragraph Statements describing its supporting details □ The supporting details are about man-made phenomena. □ The supporting details tell readers the geographical facts about the two 3 places. □ The supporting details only focus on the differences between the two places. 3 □ All the sentences from the third sentence to the end of this paragraph give supporting details. □ The supporting details in this paragraph are facts about the plants and 4 weather patterns of the two Formosas. □ The supporting details in this paragraph are about the different landscapes of the two Formosas. □ The second sentence tells readers a general fact about Taiwan’s economy. □ The third sentence gives further explanation of Taiwan’s economic 5 achievements. □ The author gives examples to show the differences between Taiwan’s economy and that of Formosa, Argentina. Reading Comprehension _________ From (A) to (F), choose the statements that are true for both Taiwan and Argentina’s Formosa.（多選題） (A) Tourism and agriculture account for half of their economic growth. (B) They amazed European explorers with their breathtaking beauty. (C) They are mainly made up of mountains higher than 3,000 meters. (D) They have been named two of the most hospitable places in the world. (E) The name “Formosa” can be traced back to the sixteenth century. (F) They have established diplomatic ties with many European nations. 65  Graphic Organizer A Venn Diagram uses overlapping* circles to show the relationships between two or more things. It is used to find the similarities and differences between two items. Compare and contrast the two Formosas in the passage using the Venn Diagram and locate their similarities and differences. Argentina Formosa / Taiw n sa i an rmo Geography Geography Fo 23° , on the 23° , an. History in Argentina. Both were Discoverers unintentionally Discoverers Discovered by discovered by Discovered by explorers. in sailors.. Natural Landscapes Natural Landscapes Geography They are the same distance from. Each of Economy them sits on the exact Economy opposite side of the world from the other. ☺Word Bank overlap 重疊 66  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories Comprehension Practice 1. What do the two Formosas have in common? Key Details (A) They are both islands. (B) They are both located at 23° N. (C) They were both named by Spanish explorers. 3 (D) They were both discovered by Europeans in the sixteenth century. 2. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Key Details (A) Taiwan is home to hundreds of unique species. (B) Argentina’s Formosa is two times bigger than Taiwan. (C) Argentina’s Formosa relies greatly on information technology. (D) It was Portuguese sailors that first gave Taiwan the name “Formosa.” 3. Which of the following magazines is the most likely source of this passage? (A) Baseball Youth. General Understanding (B) Classical Music. (C) Pet Partners. (D) National Geographic. 4. Which word in the first paragraph means “a thing with the same name as something else”? Think and Reflect 1. There are two Daxis in Taiwan; one is in Taoyuan and the other in Yilan. Identify their similarities and differences. Both of the Daxis are.... But the Daxi in Taoyuan is..., while the Daxi in Yilan is.... 2. Is it a good or a bad thing to share a name with someone famous? Why or why not? It is a good thing to share a name with someone famous because.... It is a bad thing to share a name with someone famous because.... 67  Vocabulary & Phrases 字彙朗讀 Words for Production 1. investigate ▲ vt. vi. 調查；偵查 to carry out an inquiry into a situation to determine [ɪn`vɛstəˏget] what happened The police continue to investigate the case of the stolen painting, which has not yet been found. From so far away we can’t see the surface of Mars well, so people have sent robots to investigate. investigation n. [C, U] 調查；偵查 ▲ [ɪnˏvɛstə`geʃən] As the murder investigation entered its fifth week, the detectives were no closer to identifying the murderer. Several politicians are currently under investigation for the suspected theft of government funds for personal use. 2. differ vi. 相異；不同於 to be not the same as someone or something else ▲ [`dɪfɚ] Although they are sisters, Jamie differs from Tina in personality and appearance. vi. 不同意；持不同看法 ▲ Some religious people differ with scientists over the age of the Earth. differentiate vi. vt. 區分；辨別 ▲ [ˏdɪfə`rɛnʃɪˏet] Many people find it difficult to differentiate between crocodiles and alligators. Young children sometimes cannot differentiate fiction from reality, so they may believe movies and TV shows are true. 68  Lesson Lesson 3 Formosa: 1 The OneDay Name, I Broke Twothe Stories Rule 3. crew n. [C] （尤指飛機或船的）全體工作人員 the workers on an airplane ▲ [kru] or a ship After the captain welcomed the passengers on board, members of the flight crew demonstrated the various safety procedures. 4. sailor [`selɚ] ▲ n. [C] 水手；海員 a crew member on a boat or ship As a young boy, Steven loved the ocean and dreamed of becoming 3 a sailor one day. sail vi. （乘船）航行 ▲ [sel] In 2019, Greta Thunberg sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to attend climate change conferences in New York City. sail n. [C] 帆 ▲ [sel] It was a calm day at sea, with no wind to fill the sails. 5. exceptional adj. 傑出的；優秀的 extremely good to a degree that is unusual or ▲ [ɪk`sɛpʃənḷ] above average The child demonstrated an exceptional talent for music and will probably be a world-famous pianist one day. adj. 特別的；罕見的 ▲ Usually, Tim’s parents don’t let him eat chocolate, but under exceptional circumstances, he is sometimes allowed to. exception n. [U, C] 例外（的人、事、物） ▲ [ɪk`sɛpʃən] Most museums strictly ban flash photography inside the galleries without exception to prevent potential damage to the artworks caused by bright light exposure. Guests normally have to check out before 11:00 a.m., but the hotel made an exception and let everyone stay till the storm had passed. 69  6. settle vi. vt. （尤指作為移民在某地）定居 to permanently move to a new ▲ [`sɛtḷ] place, especially a new country Frustrated at her country’s political situation, Linda decided to settle in Spain. Legend has it that Japan was settled by Xu Fu, a Chinese explorer, and his ship’s crew around 200 BC. vt. vi. 解決（爭論、分歧） ▲ Vincent helped settle the argument between his parents by offering a third suggestion. Lawyers often advise their clients to settle out of court because this is relatively quick and easy compared to a trial. settlement n. [C] （解決紛爭的）協議 ▲ [`sɛtḷmənt] The workers reached a settlement with their employer that guaranteed them an annual pay raise. settler n. [C] 移民；殖民者 ▲ [`sɛtlɚ] The American Indian Wars is the name for a series of conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers in North America. 7. penetrate vt. vi. 穿過；進入 to travel through or into something else, usually by ▲ [`pɛnəˏtret] force As the nail penetrated the old pipe, water sprayed out onto the carpenter’s face. Wearing a mask can help stop air pollution from penetrating into your lungs and causing breathing problems. vt. 滲透（某組織） ▲ The reporter successfully penetrated the political club and exposed their dark secrets, winning a Pulitzer Prize for her story. 70  Lesson Lesson 3 Formosa: 1 The OneDay Name, I Broke Twothe Stories Rule 8. core n. [C] （物體的）中心部分；果核 the middle section of an object or a ▲ [kor] fruit that contains seeds While most people throw away the apple core, some like to eat it. n. [C] 核心；最重要的部分 ▲ At the core of this politician’s policies is a deep desire for justice core ▲ and equality. adj. 核心的；最重要的 3 [kor] One of the core beliefs of Christianity is that there is only one God. 9. considerably adv. 相當大（或多）地；非常 by a large amount or to a great degree ▲ [kən`sɪdərəblɪ] Marie’s baby has grown considerably since we last saw her three months ago! considerable adj. 相當大（或多、重要）的 ▲ [kən`sɪdərəbḷ] The tiger’s considerable size and strength impressed and frightened the zoo visitors. 10. majestic adj. 雄偉的；壯觀的 exhibiting admirable scale or beauty ▲ [mə`dʒɛstɪk] The majestic Edinburgh Castle sits atop a hill at one end of the city’s main street. majesty n. [U] 雄偉壯觀；莊嚴 ▲ [`mædʒəstɪ] Coming face to face with the Amazon for the first time, the explorers were struck dumb by the sheer majesty of the enormous river. 11. dense adj. 密集的；稠密的 containing many things or people to the point ▲ [dɛns] where not much space remains available With around 9,600 people per square kilometer, Taipei has a large, dense population. adj. 濃的；濃重的 ▲ There was such dense fog on the mountain that the hikers could barely see their group leader just a few meters in front of them. 71  density n. [U] 密度；濃度 ▲ [`dɛnsətɪ] The density of water changes with the temperature, or if other substances are added to it. 12. soar vi. 高聳；聳立 to maintain a great height [sor] ▲ Tokyo Tower, which soars above the city and is visible even from quite far away, is one of the tallest structures in Japan. vi. 急升；猛增 ▲ The company’s stock soared to new heights on Monday, prompting many people to invest in it. 13. valley n. [C] 山谷；溪谷 an area of low land, often featuring a river, between ▲ [`vælɪ] mountains The air was so clear that even from down in the valley, the climbers could see the peaks of the mountains that surrounded them. 14. stream n. [C] 溪；小河 a narrow body of water smaller than a river ▲ [strim] There are plenty of fish swimming in the small streams running through this forest. n. [C] （液、氣）流 ▲ The sudden downpour caused a heavy stream of rainwater to flood the street, making walking difficult. stream vi. 流（動）；流出 ▲ [strim] When the scientist dropped the gas cylinder, gas streamed out and began to fill the room. 15. stark adj. （區別）明顯的；鮮明的 obvious, usually indicating a difference ▲ [stɑrk] Dan noticed a stark difference between his health before and after taking the medicine his doctor gave him. adj. 簡陋的；毫無裝飾的 ▲ The man lives in a stark room with only a bed and a closet. 72  Lesson Lesson 3 Formosa: 1 The OneDay Name, I Broke Twothe Stories Rule 16. lively adj. 活躍的；精力充沛的 full of life, energy, or activity ▲ [`laɪvlɪ] On St. Patrick’s Day, the streets of Ireland’s cities become lively with parades and other celebrations. adj. 熱烈的；充滿趣味的 ▲ The professor’s question about the meaning of life prompted a lively discussion among his students, who debated the topic for the rest of the class. 3 17. cattle n. pl. 牛 large animals, usually cows and bulls, kept on a farm for the ▲ [`kætḷ] production of meat and milk While the farmer was leading a herd of cattle across the road, a traffic jam began to form. 18. agricultural adj. 農業的 relating to farming ▲ [ˏægrɪ`kʌltʃərəl] Thanks to its many large farmers’ markets, this town has a lively agricultural trade. 19. exceed vt. 超過 to go beyond something that has been specified, such as a ▲ [ɪk`sid] number Billy’s parents had expected him to earn a B on his science exam; however, he exceeded their expectations by getting an A. vt. 超過（法律、命令等的）限制 ▲ After being caught exceeding the speed limit on three separate occasions, Mark was forced to attend a safe driving workshop. 20. gorgeous adj. 絢麗的；美麗的 extremely beautiful or attractive ▲ [`gɔrdʒəs] Jane bought a new dress featuring a gorgeous pattern of sky-blue and orange diamonds. adj. 極好的；很棒的 ▲ The wedding menu also featured three gorgeous buffet tables full of a variety of desserts. 73  21. plain n. [C] 平原 an area of land characterized by being large and flat and ▲ [plen] having few or no trees Because of the flatness of the coastal plain, one can see far inland from the sea there. plain adj. 清楚的；明顯的 [plen] ▲ It is plain to see why Lionel Messi is so good at soccer; he practices for hours every day. 22. lush adj. 茂盛的；草木繁盛的 of vegetation, growing thickly in a manner ▲ [lʌʃ] that suggests great strength and health This island’s lush vegetation is a result of its large amount of annual rainfall. adj. 優美的；華麗的 ▲ The lush sounds coming from the orchestra delighted the audience and led to an enthusiastic round of applause. 23. bustling adj. 繁忙的；熙熙攘攘的 very busy or active, usually referring to ▲ [`bʌsḷɪŋ] many people On Saturday evenings in summer, the town center is bustling with activity, as people shop and visit bars and restaurants. bustle vi. 忙碌 ▲ [`bʌsḷ] With so much to do that day, the teacher bustled around, from his classroom to the teachers’ room and the playground. 24. mighty adj. 巨大的；非凡的 of impressively large size ▲ [`maɪtɪ] The mighty oak towered above the other trees in the forest, several meters taller and much wider. adj. 強而有力的 ▲ There are many big, strong land mammals, but none can match the mighty elephant for strength. 74  Lesson Lesson 3 Formosa: 1 The OneDay Name, I Broke Twothe Stories Rule 25. mountainous adj. 多山的 having a lot of mountains ▲ [`maʊntṇəs] This is a highly mountainous region with a lot of wild animals, so few people live here. 3 Idioms and Phrases 1. take a look at 檢視；瞧一瞧 to turn one’s attention to something Frank decided to take a look at the project after clearing his inbox of the morning’s emails. 2. be worlds apart 有天壤之別；截然不同 to be extremely different or opposed The two brothers are worlds apart in terms of their interests; one enjoys listening to music and playing the guitar, while the other enjoys reading science textbooks. 3. make up 形成；構成 to form something as a whole A soccer team is made up of ten outfield players and one goalkeeper. 4. by contrast 相比之下 indicating a difference between two things Singapore is one of the smallest countries in the world. Russia, by contrast, is the largest one. 5. from far and wide 從四處；從各處 from many different places covering a long distance or large area Because the bride and groom are from different countries, their families will have to travel from far and wide to attend the wedding. 6. make for 促成；造成 to ensure that a specific outcome or situation will occur The seaside town’s fine weather, friendly people, and pretty beaches all made for the perfect holiday atmosphere. 75  Words for Recognition 1. Formosa [fɔr`mosə] n. 福爾摩沙 Ilha Formosa [`ɪlɪjɑ fɔr`mosə] （葡語）美麗之島 2. Paraguay River [`pærəˏgwe `rɪvɚ; `pærəˏgwaɪ `rɪvɚ] n. 巴拉圭河 3. Argentina [ˏɑrdʒən`tinə] n. 阿根廷 4. namesake [`nemsek] n. [C] 同名的人（或物） 5. Portuguese [`portʃəˏgiz] adj. 葡萄牙人的；葡萄牙的 6. South America [ˏsaʊθ ə`mɛrɪkə] n. 南美洲 7. equator [ɪ`kwetɚ] n. sing. (usu. the equator) 赤道 8. antipodal [æn`tɪpədḷ] adj. 對蹠的（地理上位於對稱方向的） 9. grassland [`græslænd] n. [U] 草地 10. marshland [`mɑrʃlænd] n. [U] 沼澤地 11. Asian [`eʒən] adj. 亞洲的 12. ranching [`ræntʃɪŋ] n. [U] 牧場經營；農場經營 76  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories Sentence Pattern L Hotel Hey, Vic. Check out these hotel NT$4,080 rooms! They both look amazing. 3 True, both rooms look comfy and chic. Yeah, but this room is half the T Hotel price of that one. NT$2,040 What are you waiting for? Book it now! 53% OFF TODAY 在此語境中，為表達某間飯店房間的價格是另一間價格的一半，因此使用表示倍數的句型。 S + V + half/twice/two times/three times/ many times/... + the N of.... 此句型用來表示兩者的倍數關係，以數據來呈現兩者的差異。常見的比較項目有： height （高度）、 length （長度）、 width （寬度）、 weight （重量）、 size （規模 面積）、 price（價格）、number（數目，可數）、amount（數量，不可數）等。 My bedroom is half the size of my living room. The sumo wrestler is five times the weight of the little girl. Jason’s weekly allowance is three times the amount of Mickey’s. 77  Examples 1. Most of Argentina’s Formosa, which is two times the size of Taiwan, is fairly flat and covered with trees, grassland, or marshland. (line 41) 2. The area’s total number of cattle exceeds 1.5 million, which is more than three times the number of people living there! (line 60) Practice The following is a table that shows the differences between two mysterious kingdoms—the Kingdom of Giants and the Kingdom of Dwarfs. Read carefully the information provided and complete the conversation using the above pattern. The first one has been done for you. Kingdom of Giants Kingdom of Dwarfs Area (km2) 900,000 300,000 Population (people) 1,200,000 6,000,000 Average height of the people (cm) 490 70 Average weight of the people (kg) 600 30 Age of the king 60 120 Number of the king’s children 2 12 Mr. Stone: Here’s a table that shows the differences between the Kingdom of Giants and the Kingdom of Dwarfs. Let’s take a look at their areas. Which one is bigger? Jessie: Obviously, it’s the Kingdom of Giants. It’s 1 three times the size of the Kingdom of Dwarfs. Mr. Stone: Great! It’s probably because giants need much more space to live in. How about population? Which one has a larger population? Phoebe: The Kingdom of Dwarfs. It has a population that is 2. 78  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories Mr. Stone: Well done, Phoebe. Indeed, there are far more dwarfs than giants. Now, let’s move on to the height of the people in these two kingdoms. Well, without any doubt, giants are much taller. Kevin: I know, I know. Giants are 3 3. Mr. Stone: Good job, Kevin. Giants are much taller and much heavier as well. Joyce: Giants are super heavy! They are 4. Mr. Stone: Excellent! You’re a walking calculator, aren’t you? Next, let’s look at their kings. Who is older? Amy: The king of the Kingdom of Dwarfs! He’s twice 5. I can’t believe anyone could live to such a ripe old age. Mr. Stone: Brilliant, Amy. Last, both kings have more than one child. Which one has more children? Johnny: The king of the Kingdom of Dwarfs! He has 6 that the king of the Kingdom of Giants does. Mr. Stone: Indeed! Well, you guys have done a great job! Now let’s move on to.... Kingdom of Giants Kingdom of Dwarfs Area (km2) 900,000 300,000 Population (people) 1,200,000 6,000,000 Average height of the people (cm) 490 70 Average weight of the people (kg) 600 30 Age of the king 60 120 Number of the king’s children 2 12 79  Language Highlight Superordinate-Subordinate Relation (上下位關係) Part-Whole Relation (整體局部關係) 在篇章中，可透過詞彙的語意關聯性，來維持主題連貫，並增添敘述的變化性。常見的手法有： 1. 上 下 位 關 係 ： 上 位 詞 通 常 代 表 某 種 主 題 或 概 念 ， 下 位 詞 則 為 其 分 類 下 的 實 例 。 （ 例 如：color—blue） 2. 整體局部關係：整體通常代表單一事物，局部則為此事物中的一部分。（例如：body—leg） You may not realize this, but spoken language only accounts for about 7% of communication involving emotions. In contrast, we achieve about 55% of our emotional communication with our bodies. Understanding people’s body language is an important ability on which we all rely to interact with one another. Being able to read body language well is helpful in determining whether or not someone is telling the truth. When people are lying, they exhibit fewer arm and hand gestures. Moreover, liars often can’t help but touch or scratch their faces, their necks, or behind their ears. Whether people are telling falsehoods or not can also be detected by observing how their eyes move as they speak. When people are lying, their eyes tend to drift toward the right. Example Despite these two special links, the two Formosas are, in many ways, still worlds apart. Their natural landscapes, for a start, differ considerably. Two thirds of Taiwan’s 36,000 square kilometers are made up of majestic mountains covered in dense forest, some of which soar thousands of meters above sea level. Furthermore, the island’s mountains, valleys, rivers, and reefs are home to hundreds of unique species found only in Taiwan. By contrast, most of Argentina’s Formosa, which is two times the size of Taiwan, is fairly flat and covered with trees, grassland, or marshland. Its eastern region receives more rain than its other parts and also has more forests and streams. (paragraph 4, line 32) 80  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories Practice Read the following conversation carefully and write down the appropriate words or phrases that have a close relationship with the main subject. Josephine: Hey, Miranda! I haven’t seen you for a long time. How are you doing? Miranda: I’m great, thanks! And you? What have you been busy with recently? Josephine: Well, I am having my apartment redecorated. So I am now shopping around 3 for some furniture. Miranda: Interesting! Would you mind if I help you choose? Josephine: Not at all. I think it’s always good to get a second opinion. Miranda: What do you have in mind first? Josephine: I’m thinking about getting 1 (a sofa set / an air conditioner / a TV cabinet / a vacuum cleaner) for my living room, and 2 (a potted plant / an armchair / a fan / an end table) by the window. Miranda: What color do you prefer? Josephine: 3 , I guess. I have already had the wall painted white, which goes pretty much with any other color. Miranda: All right, what about the kitchen area? Do you have any piece of furniture in mind? Josephine: Hmm...I don’t cook a lot and most appliances are built-in, so maybe I’ll just get 4 (a dishwasher / an electric blanket / some stools / a cupboard). The only thing I haven’t decided yet is the color. Miranda: I’ll suggest you choose something 5. It is durable and easy to clean. Josephine: That sounds good to me! Miranda: Then let’s go shopping! 81  Transition Signals: Compare & Contrast 在篇章中，為了讓訊息間的關係更加清楚，會使用轉承詞（transition signals），標示句與句 或段落與段落間的關聯。如此一來，篇章的組織架構更有條理，且邏輯更為緊密。比較與對比 （compare and contrast）的文章，內容主要是呈現兩者的異同。 1. 常用於比較（compare），標示兩者共同點的轉承詞如下： Clause  and..., too  and so... connectors ． Sam loves reading, and his twin brother does, too. Examples ． Laura chose English as her major, and so did her best friend. Sentence  similarly  likewise  in the same way connectors ． Tony grew up overseas. Similarly, his wife spent her childhood Example abroad in the UK. Prepositional  (Just) like... connectors ． Just like my grandmother, my father also believes that the Example number four brings bad luck.  both A and B  A be the same as B  A be similar to B  A and B be/look alike Others  A and B have...in common  A and B share certain/several/many...similarities ． Both humans and chimpanzees know how to use tools. Examples ． Jenny and Jessie look remarkably alike. ． Kevin and David have several qualities in common. 82  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories 2. 常用於對比（contrast），標示兩者差異的轉承詞如下： Clause  but  while  whereas connectors ． While/Whereas Sean is confident and communicative*, Claire Example is shy and quiet. Sentence  however  by/in contrast 3 connectors  by/in comparison  on the other hand ． American education values individual differences. By contrast, Example Japanese schools emphasize discipline and order. Prepositional  unlike  in contrast to/with connectors Example ． In contrast to women, men are more reluctant to seek help.  A differ from B  A and B differ (greatly/significantly) Others  A be different from B  there is a contrast/difference between A and B ． College classrooms differ greatly from those in high schools. Examples ． There is a striking difference between Amy and her twin sister. Examples 1. Similarly, Formosa was the European name given to an area of land discovered in South America by Spanish explorers around the same time. (line 12) 2. Their natural landscapes, for a start, differ considerably. (line 34) 3. By contrast, most of Argentina’s Formosa, which is two times the size of Taiwan, is fairly flat and covered with trees, grassland, or marshland. (line 41) 4. There is, in addition, a stark contrast between their economies. (line 47) ☺Word Bank communicative 健談的 83  Practice Read the following passage that compares and contrasts leopards and cheetahs. Leopards and cheetahs look very much alike, so they are often mistaken for each other. They indeed share a number of remarkably similar characteristics. The most obvious feature that makes them look alike is their yellow fur with black spots. In addition, both of them are carnivores. They eat practically the same prey*, like rabbits, zebras, and deer. Also, there is one feature they have in common—leopards and cheetahs are endothermal, which means that they can control their body temperature. Although leopards and cheetahs look rather similar at first glance, they are actually different in a good many ways. While cheetahs have small round spots, leopards have large black spots with light brown fur in the middle. Another striking difference is that cheetahs have two black tear lines on their face that run from the inside corners of their eyes to the mouth, but leopards have no black lines on their face. In addition, cheetahs hunt during the day, whereas leopards hunt during the night. Unlike leopards, which are great swimmers and climbers, cheetahs don’t like water, nor do they climb trees. One more interesting difference between the two big cats is their ability to roar. Surprisingly, cheetahs cannot roar, but they meow like a housecat instead. Leopards, on the other hand, can make a loud roar like lions and tigers. 1. Look at the pictures. Which one is a leopard? Which one is a cheetah? ☺Word Bank prey 獵物 84  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories 2. Reread the passage carefully and fill in the following charts. Paragraph 1 Topic sentence: Similarities Transition signals They indeed share (1) alike 3 a number of (2) remarkably similar both characteristics. prey they eat (3) (4) endothermal Paragraph 2 Topic sentence: Differences Transition signals Although leopards Cheetahs Leopards and cheetahs look large black spots (1) rather similar at small round spots with light brown fur first glance, they in the middle are actually A. striking difference different in a good (2) no black line B. (3) many ways. (4) hunt during the hunt during the day night (5) cannot swim or great swimmers and climb trees climbers A. interesting (6) difference meow (7) B. 85  Listening Strategy Scan and Listen Strategy Review Note-Taking When you listen to a lecture, sometimes one good way to take notes is through graphic organizers. Besides jotting down the key information, graphic organizers can help keep the information organized, thus making it easier for you to focus, understand, and remember what you hear. Listening for Differences When speakers describe how things are different, they usually use some transition signals like however, by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, and so on. So, when you listen for a contrast, check for these signals, and they will guide you to grasp the key information. Listening Comprehension Read through the text, chart, and questions. Then, listen to the recording. Fill in the blanks in the chart and choose the most appropriate answer for each question. Japan Taiwan Buying food on   the street  More formal  Casual Greeting   or when first meeting others Removing   Entering someone’s home shoes  86  Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories 1. (A) To persuade the audience. (B) To inform the audience. (C) To inspire the audience. (D) To entertain the audience. 3 2. (A) A professor. (B) A travel planner. (C) A tour guide. (D) A businessperson. 3. (A) Walking through the night market. (B) Eating on the spot after buying food. (C) Buying food in the night market. (D) Eating and walking at the same time. 4. (A) (B) (C) (D) 87