L03 - 2324A -Airport PDF

The Aviation Industry Lecture 3 - Airport Course Overview 1. Introduction 2. International Aviation 3. The Airport 4. The Airline Business 5. Aircraft Manufacturers 6. Air Freight 7. Aviation and the Environment 8. Future Issues 2 Content Wha...

The Aviation Industry Lecture 3 - Airport Course Overview 1. Introduction 2. International Aviation 3. The Airport 4. The Airline Business 5. Aircraft Manufacturers 6. Air Freight 7. Aviation and the Environment 8. Future Issues 2 Content What is Airport and types of Airport The Multi-airport System Airline and Airport Code Components of Airport: Airside and Landside The Hong Kong International Airport 3 Airport Definition: Airport is an area of land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, including its buildings and facilities, if any. Wensveen (2015) An airport is a complex transportation facility, designed to serve aircraft, passengers, cargo, and surface vehicles. Wells and Yong (2004) 4  Airport (ctd) Airports vary in size: Smaller or less-developed airports often: single runway shorter than 1,000m (3,300ft). Larger airports for international flights: paved runways 2,000m (6,600ft) or longer. Many small airports have dirt, grass, or gravel runways, rather than asphalt or concrete. Typically, heavier aircraft and airports located at high altitude require longer runways. HKIA currently has 3 runways and each of them is 3,800m in length. 5 Airport (ctd) As of January 2020, the OpenFlights Airports Database contains over 10,000 airports in the world. https://openflights.org/data.html 6 Airport (ctd) Customs facilities for international flights define an international airport (i.e. a gateway), and often require a more conspicuous level of physical security. International airports require CIQ facilities (Customs, Immigration and Quarantine). International airports generally have a complex of buildings where passengers can embark on airliners, and where cargo can be stored and loaded. The large international airports are often located next to freeways or are served by their own freeways. Many airports also have other rail transport to access, i.e. light rail lines, mass transit system, and directly connected to the main terminals. For example: AEL in Hong Kong. 7 Airport (ctd) The main functions of an airport include: 1. To provide for the safe and secure operation of aircraft and surface transport. 2. To facilitate the movement of passengers and goods by air. 3. To provide adequate airport facilities to expedite the transfer of passengers and freights from surface to air transport. 8  Types of airport According to their purposes, airports can be grouped into different categories: Commercial Service Airports: serve aircraft that provide scheduled passenger service, as well as cargo service. Cargo Service Airports: airports that serve aircraft carrying only/major in cargo. (i.e. Liege Airport, Belgium: FedEx/TNT hub) General Aviation Airports: operations in small aircraft for business aviation, personal flying, instructional flying, etc. Military Airports: bases for military operations. 9  Types of airport According to their purposes, airports can be grouped into different categories: What about HKIA and Shek Kong Airport? 10 Content What is Airport and types of Airport The Multi-airport System Airline and Airport Code Components of Airport: Airside and Landside The Hong Kong International Airport 12  The multi-airport system Countries or cities need to decide on whether to have a single airport or multiple airports within close vicinity. A multi-airport system is the set of airports (two or more) that serve the same airline traffic of a metropolitan area (catchment area). The general rule is that multi-airport systems perform well ONLY for cities that are largest generators of originating traffic. However, airports in the system compete with each other for traffic, this system present unique difficulties for airport planners and operators. Hence, it is important that all airports in the system serve a specific “market”, which may be organised around individual airliners, destinations, types of services, or fare levels, etc. 13  The multi-airport system Examples: New York, Paris, Tokyo, London, etc. Example of London: 5 major airports in London Heathrow – major international hub Gatwick – mainly domestic + minor international hub (Africa and South America) Stansted – low cost airlines + hub for Ryanair + general aviation Luton – hub for Easyjet + commercial aviation + business aviation London City – Business aviation + commercial aviation 14 Discussion (5 minutes) How about HKIA and other airports in Pearl River Delta? Are they multi-airport system? 15 Content What is Airport and types of Airport The Multi-airport System Airline and Airport Code Components of Airport: Airside and Landside The Hong Kong International Airport 16 Airline & Airport Code An airport code is a short code used to identify a specific airport. Important for communication in the industry. There are two international systems used: IATA airport code: a three-letter code which is more commonly known to the public. It is mainly used for airline timetables, reservations, and baggage handling. ICAO airport code: a four-letter code which is more commonly used internationally. It is mainly used by air traffic control and airline operations such as flight planning. 17 Airline & Airport Code (ctd) 18  Airline & Airport Code (ctd) Examples of airport code includes: Airport IATA 3-letter code ICAO 4-letter code HKG VHHH 1. 2. PEK ZBAA 3. LHR EGLL 4. SIN WSSS 5. AMS EHAM 6. JFK KJFK 19 Airline & Airport Code (ctd) Map of world regions classified according to the first letter of the ICAO airport code: 20 Airline & Airport Code (ctd) Map of countries classified according to the ICAO airport code prefix: 21  Airline & Airport Code (ctd) Airline code also has two international systems: IATA airline designator: two-letter code ICAO airline designator: three-letter code Airline IATA 2-letter code ICAO 3-letter code CX CPA HB HGB SQ SIA BA BAW HX CRK DL DAL 23 Airline & Airport Code (ctd) 23 Airline & Airport Code (ctd) 24 Airline & Airport Code (ctd) CPA SIA PIA CEC … 25 Airline & Airport Code Try FlightAware: http://uk.flightaware.com/live Try FlightRadar24: https://www.flightradar24.com/ 26 Content What is Airport and types of Airport The Multi-airport System Airline and Airport Code Components of Airport: Airside and Landside The Hong Kong International Airport Airport as a Business 27 Components of an Airport The most significant terminal area concept to emerge involved a more physical separation between facilities that handle passengers and ground vehicles and those that deal primarily with aircraft handling, i.e. the airside-landside concept. Hence, the components of an airport are typically placed into two categories: Airside and Landside. 28  The Airside-Landside concept Landside, all passengers and baggage processing can be performed without being physically close to an aircraft. Airside facilities focus on the efficient serving of aircraft, including fueling, loading and unloading, etc. Separating each of the two processes allows greater flexibility in adapting to changes in either environment, whether it be new aircraft or changes in passenger processing policies. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports, i.e. security check-point. 29 The Airside-Landside concept (ctd) 30 The Airside The airside of an airport is planned and managed to accommodate the movement of aircraft around the airport as well as to and from the air. The airside components of an airport are further categorized into the Airspace and the Airfield. 31 The Airfield (ctd) The airport’s airfield component includes all the facilities located on the physical property of the airport to facilitate aircraft operations. It includes all areas accessible to aircraft: runways, taxiways and ramps: Runway is a defined rectangular area on a land airport prepared for the landing and takeoff run of aircraft along its length. Taxiway provide access for aircraft to travel to and from the runways to other areas of the airport in an expeditious manner. Apron (or Ramp, or parking area) is a defined area, on a land airport, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance. 32  Aircraft Ground Handling The basic requirements of aircraft ground handling are: To ensure safety of the aircraft, avoiding damage to it, To reduce ground time, and To ensure high reliability of handling activities, avoiding delays. 33 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) 34 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) 35 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) 36 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) Aircraft are packed at two type of stands (bays): frontal (inner) or remote (outer). 37 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) Basic aircraft ground handling activities include: Boarding and deplane (embark / disembark) Supplies of ground power, air-conditioning and compressed air Cargo and baggage unloading and loading Push back operations Other activities, i.e. aircraft refuelling, catering services, waste removal, water tank refuel, etc. 38 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) Example of Boeing 777 during turnaround: 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 39 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv9VoxB0u60 40  Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) Video Link: Ground handling at Schiphol Airport 41 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) Source: Airbus 42 Aircraft Ground Handling (ctd) Example of timeline and tasks for an A321 aircraft (from HKE) Precision Time Schedule - PTS 43  The Airspace The airspace surrounding an airport is simply the area, off the ground, surrounding the airport, where aircraft maneuver, after takeoff, prior to landing, or even merely to pass through on the way to another airport. The Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) is the facility which supervises, directs, and monitors the arrival and departure traffic at the airport and in the immediate airspace that is close to the airport. The tower is also responsible for issuing clearances to all departing aircraft, providing pilots with information on wind, temperature, barometric pressure, and operating conditions at the airport, and for the control of all aircraft on the ground except for those in the ramp area. 44 Air Traffic Control Busy airports usually use Air Traffic Control (ATC) system, where controllers (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via radio or other communications links. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: Ground and Tower. 45 Air Traffic Control (ctd) Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, and a wide array of other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. ATC - Hong Kong Airport ATC Ground South 46  Air Traffic Control (ctd) Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic. 47 The Landside The landside components of an airport are planned and managed to accommodate the movement of ground-based vehicles, passengers, and cargo. It can be further divided into the Terminal and the Ground Access components. 48 The Landside (ctd) The Terminal component is primarily designed to facilitate the movement of passengers and baggage from the landside to aircraft on the airside. Terminal can provide a link between the Airside and the Landside. Different types of terminal includes Passenger Terminal, Cargo Terminal, Air Mail Terminal, etc. Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities. The Ground Access component accommodates the movement of ground-based vehicles to and from the surrounding metropolitan area, as well as between the various buildings found on the airport property, which include parking lots and access roads. 49 Components of an Airport AIRSPACE AIRFIELD LANDSIDE GROUND ACCESS48 Content What is Airport and types of Airport The Multi-airport System Airline and Airport Code Components of Airport: Airside and Landside The Hong Kong International Airport 49 HKIA layout (ctd) Source: AAHK Airport Operation Manual 50 HKIA layout (ctd) 53 HKIA layout (ctd) 54 HKIA layout (ctd) 55 Different operators at the HKIA Ground Handling Agents HAS (Hong Kong Airport Services), 香港機場地勤服務有限公司 Menzies Aviation Hong Kong, 明捷航空 (JATS - Jardine Air Terminal Services, 怡中機場地勤服務有限公司) SATS HK (Singapore Airport Terminal Services HK), 新翔集團有限公司 Line Maintenance Operators HACEO (Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company Ltd), 香港飛機工程有限公 司 CASL (China Aircraft Services Ltd), 中國飛機服務有限公司 PAPAS (Pan Asia Pacific Aviation Services Ltd), 泛亞太平洋航空服務有限公司 56 Different operators at the HKIA (ctd) Catering companies CPCS (Cathay Pacific Catering Services), 國泰航空飲食服務(香港)有限 公司 LSG (LSG Lufthansa Service Hong Kong Ltd) , 德國漢莎航空膳食服務 (香港)有限公司 GG (Gate Gourmet Hong Kong Ltd), 佳美航空膳食香港有限公司 Cargo Terminal Operators HACTL (Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited), 香港空運貨站 AAT (Asia Airfreight Terminal), 亞洲空運中心 Cathay Pacific Cargo Terminal, 國泰航空貨運站 Express Cargo Terminal -DHL Central Asia Hub, 速遞貨運站 - DHL中亞 區樞紐中心 57 References de Neufville, Richard and AmedeoOdoni, Airport Systems: Planning, Design, and Management, McGrawHill, 2003, chapter 8. Kazda, Antonin and Robert E. Caves, Airport Design and Operation, Elsevier, 2007, chapter 9. Wells, Alexander T. and Seth B. Young, Airport Planning & Management, McGrawHill, 2004, chapters, 4-6. Wensveen, John G., Air Transportation: A Management Perspective, 6thedition, Ashgate, 2007, chapter 5. Doganis, R., 2002, The Airport Business. Graham, 2014, Managing Airports. 58