Bioinorganic Chemistry 4TH Year (General) PDF

For 4TH year Students (general) Collected by Dr. Rana Ramzy El sadda Lecturer of biochemistry Chemistry Department 2024/2025 MACRONUTRIENTS  Macronutrients are required in relatively large amounts to fuel the body and are also required for growth and maintenance of th...

For 4TH year Students (general) Collected by Dr. Rana Ramzy El sadda Lecturer of biochemistry Chemistry Department 2024/2025 MACRONUTRIENTS  Macronutrients are required in relatively large amounts to fuel the body and are also required for growth and maintenance of the body.  carbohydrates  proteins  fats 4 MICRONUTRIENTS  Micronutrients, as opposed to macronutrients are made up of vitamins and minerals which are required in small quantities to ensure normal metabolism, growth and physical well-being.  Minerals: these comprise microminerals or trace elements (Fe, Cu, F, Zn, I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, Co and B) and macrominerals (Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S and Cl)  vitamins (A, B, C, D, E, K) 5  Bioavailability, & Regulation of Major Minerals Bioavailability is the percentage of an administered drug dose that enters the systemic circulation. Influenced by genetics, aging, nutritional status & other food compounds Absorption Small intestine & large intestine Regulation Kidneys & small intestine Calcium Most abundant mineral in animal tissues 99% Ca in skeleton Bone Nerve Present in: matrix function Blood & other tissues Lots of functions Bone structure Nerve function Blood clotting Muscle contraction Cellular Blood metabolism Cellular metabolism clotting Muscle contraction  Calcium Both Ca and P are required for bone formation and other non-skeletal functions Dietary ratio of 1: 1 to 2: 1 is good for most animals. Calcium Absorption Dependent on Vitamin D Ca binding protein in intestinal epithelial cell Absorption depends on need Particularly high during growth, pregnancy and lactation Bioavailability decreased by Phytates (grains) Oxalates Wheat bran Low estrogen levels (postmenopausal women)   Factors that enhance calcium absorption Stomach acid Vitamn D Lactose Growth hormone Factors that inhibit calcium absorption Lack of stomach acid Vitamin D deficiency High phosphorus intakes High fiber diet Phytates in seeds, nuts and grains Oxaltates in greens  , Calcium Deficiencies Rickets in growing animals Normal bone Osteomalacia (osteoporosis) in adult animals Milk fever (parturient paresis) in lactating animals Osteoporotic bone Prevention is the Key Maintain adequate calcium and vitamin D intake-many recommend supplements? Perform weight-bearing exercise Take estrogen supplements? -' \ - I I - I l  Abnormal serum calcium levels
Serum calcium level may rise or fall in some pathological conditions
A rise in serum calcium level (hypercalcaemia) occurs in hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, bone cancer, multiple myeloma, leukaemia, 
A decrease in serum calcium level (hypocalcaemia) is seen in hypoparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, steatorrhoea, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome etc
If serum calcium level remains elevated over a long period, calcium may get deposited in soft tissues such as kidneys, liver, arteries etc
A sudden decrease in serum calcium may cause tetany (involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles)  Iron Circulation, Uptake Into Cells, & Storage These cells can take up iron, becaJse Transferrin they have transferrin receptors. Key Iron A Transferrin Delivers iron to body.. M Transferrin receptor cells Transferrin receptors.. Blood.. Tissue A Tissue B ·- ✓,:ti ·- '.,.. 'v These cells cannot take up iron, because they do not have tr ansfe1rin receptors.  Acrodermatitis Enteroathica Zinc deficiency even with adequate amounts of dietary zinc Supplementation Infants Growth failure Red/scaly skin Diarrhea Human Genome Project Other Trace Minerals Nickel Aluminum Silicon Vanadium Arsenic Boron