Chapter 1: The Back - Anatomy Quiz PDF

# Chapter 1: The Back ## Questions **1. What does the vertebral column do?** * Protect the spinal cord and spinal nerves * Support the weight of the body * Provide a pivot for the head * Play an important role in posture and locomotion * Form the main part of the appendicular skeleton **2....

# Chapter 1: The Back ## Questions **1. What does the vertebral column do?** * Protect the spinal cord and spinal nerves * Support the weight of the body * Provide a pivot for the head * Play an important role in posture and locomotion * Form the main part of the appendicular skeleton **2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive characteristic of a typical cervical vertebra?** * The body is small and wider from side to side than anteroposteriorly. * The vertebral foramen is large and triangular. * The transverse processes contain transverse foramina. * The articular processes contain superior facets directed inferoanteriorly. * The spinous processes are short and bifid. **3. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive characteristic of a typical thoracic vertebra?** * The body is heart-shaped. * The vertebral foramen is triangular and larger than in cervical and lumbar vertebrae. * The transverse processes are long and strong and extend posterolaterally. * The articular processes contain superior facets directed posteriorly and slightly laterally. * The spinous processes are long and slope posteroinferiorly. **4. Which of the following is a distinctive characteristic of a typical lumbar vertebra?** * The body is massive and kidney-shaped when viewed superiorly. * The vertebral foramen is circular and smaller than those of cervical and lumbar vertebrae. * The transverse processes are long and slender and contain mammillary processes. * The articular processes contain accessory processes. * The spinous processes are long and slope posteroinferiorly. **5. Which of the following is true regarding the intervertebral disc between the C1 and C2 vertebrae?** * Its annulus fibrosus is composed of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage. * It does not contain a nucleus pulposus as other intervertebral discs do. * It is thicker than other intervertebral discs. * It acts like a shock absorber in response to axial forces. * There is no intervertebral disc between the C1 and C2 vertebrae. **6. All of the following are true regarding the posterior longitudinal ligament EXCEPT** * It is narrower and weaker than the anterior longitudinal ligament. * It runs within the vertebral canal and connects the vertebral bodies to each other. * It is provided with pain nerve endings. * It helps prevent hyperextension of the vertebral column. * It is attached to the intervertebral discs and the posterior edges of the vertebral bodies. **7. Spinal arteries supplying the vertebrae are branches of the** * Vertebral and ascending cervical arteries in the neck * Posterior intercostal arteries in the lumbar region * Subcostal and lumbar arteries in the pelvis * Ilio lumbar and lateral and medial sacral arteries in the thorax * Aorta **8. Which of the following back muscles is innervated by dorsal rami?** * Latissimus dorsi * Levator scapulae * Rhomboid major * Rhomboid minor * Longissimus **9. Which of the following is NOT a deep (or intrinsic) muscle of the back?** * Serratus posterior inferior * Levatores costarum * Iliocostalis * Multifidus * Splenius capitis **10. The splenius capitis and cervicis** * Extend the head and neck * Flex the head and neck * Elevate ribs, assisting inspiration * Stabilize the atlas and axis * Move the upper limb **11. The erector spinae muscles** * Flex the vertebral column * Flex the head * Control flexion of the back * Prevent lateral bending of the vertebral column * Assist with elevation **12. Which of the following is not a member of the minor deep layer of the back?** * Levatores costarum * Cervical intertransversarii * Spinalis * Interspinales * Thoracic intertransversarii **13. The transversospinalis muscles do all of the following EXCEPT** * Extend the head * Extend the thoracic and cervical regions of the vertebral column * Elevate ribs, assisting inspiration * Stabilize vertebrae * Assist with rotation of the vertebral column **14. Which of the following muscles does NOT attach to transverse processes of vertebrae?** * Semispinalis * Multifidus * Rotatores * Intertransversarii * Spinalis **15. Which of the following muscles does NOT laterally bend the cervical intervertebral joints?** * Longus colli * Iliocostalis cervicis * Longissimus capitis and cervicis * Splenius capitis * Splenius cervicis **16. Which of the following muscles are likely to be organs of proprioception instead of producers of motion?** * Iliocostalis * Spinalis * Rotatores * Splenius capitis * Longissimus **17. Which of the following statements is true regarding the suboccipital and deep neck muscles?** * The rectus capitis posterior major arises from the spinous process of C2 and inserts into the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line. * The obliquus capitis inferior arises from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1 and inserts into the medial part of the inferior nuchal line. * The obliquus capitis superior arises from the spinous process of C2 and inserts into the transverse process of C1. * The rectus capitis posterior minor arises from the transverse process of C1 and inserts into the occipital bone between the nuchal lines. * The suboccipital muscles are innervated by the ventral rami of C1. **18. ALL of the following extend the atlanto-occipital joint EXCEPT** * Rectus capitis posterior major and minor * Semispinalis capitis * Longus capitis * Splenius capitis * Longissimus capitis **19. The suboccipital triangle is composed of** * A superolateral and superomedial border (the superior oblique and rectus capitis posterior major) * An inferolateral border (semispinalis capitis) * A floor (C2) * A roof (trapezius) * Greater and lesser occipital nerves **20. ALL of the following are innervated by dorsal rami EXCEPT** * Sensory fibers from tendons and joints * Motor fibers to muscles * Parasympathetic fibers to glands * Sensory fibers from blood vessels and glands * Motor fibers to smooth muscle **21. Which of the following is NOT true in adults?** * The tapering end of the spinal cord may terminate as high as T12 or as low as L3. * The first cervical nerves lack dorsal roots in 50% of people. * The coccygeal nerve may be absent. * The terminal filum is the vestigial remnant of the caudal part of the spinal cord that was in the tail of the embryo. * The spinal cord has a lumbar enlargement for the lower limb but no equivalent enlargement for the smaller upper limb. **22. Which of the following is NOT true in adults?** * The tapering end of the spinal cord may terminate as high as T12 or as low as L3. * The first cervical nerves lack dorsal roots in 50% of people. * The coccygeal nerve may be absent. * The terminal filum is the vestigial remnant of the caudal part of the spinal cord that was in the tail of the embryo. * The spinal cord has a lumbar enlargement for the lower limb but no equivalent enlargement for the smaller upper limb. **23. Which of the following is contained in the extradural (epidural) space?** * Fat (loose connective tissue) * External vertebral venous plexus * CSF * Denticulate ligaments * Radicular, medullary, and spinal arteries **24. All of the following are contained in the subarachnoid (leptomeningeal) space EXCEPT** * CSF * Arachnoid trabeculae * Segmental medullary arteries * Spinal arteries * Internal vertebral plexus **25. Which of the following does NOT give rise to arteries supplying the spinal cord?** * Ascending cervical artery * Deep cervical artery * Intercostal arteries * Lumbar arteries * Thoracoacromial artery **26. Which of the following is true?** * There are paired anterior spinal arteries. * There are paired posterior spinal arteries. * The sulcal (central) arteries are formed by the union of branches of the vertebral arteries. * Each anterior spinal artery is a branch of either the posteroinferior cerebellar artery or the vertebral artery. * There is usually one anterior and one posterior spinal vein **27. Which of the following is true?** * There are usually two anterior and two posterior spinal veins. * Veins of the spinal cord are distributed in a similar fashion to that of spinal arteries. * Spinal veins are unique in that they do not communicate with each other. * Spinal veins are arranged laterally. * Spinal veins are drained by sulcal and meningeal vein. **28. All of the following are contained in typical spinal nerves EXCEPT** * Sensory fibers from tendons and joints * Motor fibers to muscles * Parasympathetic fibers to glands * Sensory fibers from blood vessels and glands * Motor fibers to smooth muscle **29. Which of the following is not true regarding the parasympathetic nervous system?** * The cell body of the presynaptic neuron is located in the gray matter of the CNS. * The cell body of the postsynaptic neuron is located in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS. * The postsynaptic neuron emits norepinephrine. * Its neurons are craniosacral in origin. * It promotes quiet and orderly processes of the body. **30. Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers that ultimately innervate the body wall and limbs do which of the following?** * Pass from the sympathetic trunks to adjacent ventral rami through gray rami communicantes. * Pass from the sympathetic trunks to adjacent ventral rami through white rami communicantes. * Pass from the sympathetic trunks to adjacent dorsal rami through gray rami communicantes. * Pass from the sympathetic trunks to adjacent dorsal rami through white rami communicantes. * Pass from the sympathetic trunks to splanchnic nerves. **31. Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers do ALL of the following EXCEPT** * Constrict the pupil of the eye * Stimulate contraction of blood vessels * Stimulate contraction of erector pili muscles * Cause goose bumps **32. Which of the following is NOT true?** * Variations in vertebrae are affected by race, sex, genetic factors, and environmental factors. * An increased number of vertebrae occurs more often in males, and a reduced number occurs more often in females. * The number of cervical vertebrae can be 6, 7, or 8. * Some people have more than five lumbar vertebrae and therefore fewer thoracic vertebrae. * The sacrum is typically composed of five fused vertebrae. **33. Which of the following statements about kyphosis is true?** * Kyphosis may result from developmental anomalies as well as from osteoporosis. * The vertebral column curves anteriorly. * Kyphosis results in an increase in the lateral diameter of the thorax. * Women may develop a temporary kyphosis during pregnancy. * It is also known as "swayback" or "hollow back." **34. Lordosis is characterized by which of the following?** * An abnormal increase in thoracic curvature * An anterior rotation of the pelvis * An abnormal lateral curvature * Rotation of the vertebrae * Lateral curvature of the spine **35. Scoliosis may be caused by which of the following?** * Asymmetrical weakness of intrinsic back muscles * Difference in length of the upper limbs * Dehydrated intervertebral discs * Ipsilateral weakness in gluteal muscles * Sciatic nerve lesion **36. Which of the following is NOT true in respect to caudal epidural anesthesia?** * A local anesthetic is injected into the sacral hiatus or the posterior sacral foramina. * The anesthetic acts on S2-4 and the coccygeal nerves. * The height to which the anesthetic travels is primarily limited by the amount of fat in the epidural space. * Sensation is lost inferior to the epidural block. * The sacral hiatus is located between the sacral cornua and inferior to the 4th sacral spinous process or median sacral crest. **37. Which of the following is NOT a vertebral problem?** * Sacralization Of L5 * Lumbarization of S1 * Lumbarization of T12 * Lumbar spinal stenosis * Hemisacralization of L5 **38. Which of the following statements is true?** * In spina bifida cystica, the laminae of Ls and possibly S1 do not fuse properly. * In spina bifida occulta, one or more vertebral arches do not develop, allowing meninges and even the spinal cord to herniate. * Paralysis of the limbs and problems with bladder/bowel control may be associated with meningomyelocele. * Some cases of spina bifida result from an improper closure of the neural tube during the 8th week of embryonic development. * A meningocele is a spina bifida associated with brain herniation. **39. Which of the following are derivatives of the epimere?** * Erector spinae muscles * Prevertebral muscles * Quadratus lumborum * Striated muscles of the anus * Sternalis **40. Shortly after week four of development, dorsal primary rami begin to innervate which of the following?** * Ventral axial skeletal musculature * Vertebral joints * Skin of the upper limb * Sweat glands of the lateral back region * Erector pili muscles **41-46. The image shows the anatomy of the back. Identify the anatomical feature indicated on the art below.** * 41- Vertebrae * 42- Spinous process * 43- Transverse process * 44- Vertebral foramen * 45- Intervertebral disc * 46- Sacrum