KIN 275 Nutrition Final Exam Review Winter 2024 PDF

Final Exam Review KIN 275 (Introduction to Nutrition) – Winter 2024 Grade: ~150 marks; Value: 30% Date / Time / Location: 16 April 2024 from 7pm-10pm in GYM1 FINAL EXAM NOTES: 1. The final exam will consist of multiple choice and short answer (~120 points multiple choice, ~30 points short answer). N...

Final Exam Review KIN 275 (Introduction to Nutrition) – Winter 2024 Grade: ~150 marks; Value: 30% Date / Time / Location: 16 April 2024 from 7pm-10pm in GYM1 FINAL EXAM NOTES: 1. The final exam will consist of multiple choice and short answer (~120 points multiple choice, ~30 points short answer). NO diagrams. 2. You will have 180min to write the final exam, although it may not take you that long. 3. You will be allowed to use a physical calculator. 4. This review document covers the last third of the course, but you are responsible for the ENTIRE course content (all 11 modules). Much of the final exam will be focused on the last third of the course, as you have already been testing on the first two thirds. Note - this is not an exclusive list of the content on the exam. Module 8: Water-Soluble Vitamins Describe the key features of vitamins o Fat vs. Water-soluble o Sources, bioavailability, absorption, etc. List the major physiological functions of each water-soluble vitamin o Five B-complex vitamins act as coenzymes: thiamin (B1) [TPP], riboflavin (B2) [FAD], niacin (B3) [NAD], pantothenic acid [CoA] are essential for CAC; biotin essential for gluconeogenesis (and for regenerating oxaloacetate in CAC) o Three B-complex vitamins vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12: lower blood homocysteine, ensure proper O2 carrying capacity of red blood cells (B6: rbc small and pale; folate: megaloblastic anemia; B12: pernicious anemia); as well as their other functions o Vitamin C: antioxidant, collagen synthesis, etc. You do NOT need to memorize DRIs or specific food sources Discuss major symptoms and diseases associated with deficiency and toxicity o Water-soluble vitamins with known diseases when deficient o Water-soluble vitamins with UL (toxicity) – niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C KIN275 - 202410 Page 1 of 3 Module 9: Fat-Soluble Vitamins List and describe the major physiological functions of each fat-soluble vitamin: o Vitamin A and carotenoids: vision, cell differentiation, reproduction, growth, immunity, bone health o Vitamin D: hormone or vitamin? how is it made? How does its active form function to help regulate blood calcium levels? Bone health o Vitamin E: antioxidant (how does it work with vitamin C?) o Vitamin K: blood clotting (K1) and bone health (K2) You do NOT need to memorize DRIs or specific food sources Discuss major symptoms and diseases associated with toxicity and deficiency Module 10: Water & Electrolytes Where water is located in the body (intracellular vs. extracellular) Major functions of water in the body: solvent, transport (osmosis), lubricates, thermoregulation, chemical reactions, acid-base balance How much water is needed: AI, factors affecting water requirements (e.g., physical activity, altitude / cold temp) Water balance o Intake: water, beverages, food, metabolic water o Loss: respiratory, skin (sweat), renal (urine), GI tract (feces) Discuss hypo- and hyper-hydration o Hydration level indicators (thirst, urine volume, urine color, change in body mass) o Effects of hypo-hydration (dehydration) (on health? on performance?) o Effects of hyper-hydration (hyponatremia) (on health? on performance? [Boundless]) Introduce minerals and describe key features o Major vs. Trace o Functions and regulatory roles of minerals in the body o Bioavailability and sources of minerals Describe the role of the major minerals Na+, Cl-, K+ (electrolytes) o Na+ (extracellular cation), Cl- (extracellular anion), K+ (intracellular cation) o Regulate body fluids (remember osmosis), vital role in muscle contraction and neural impulses, regulates acid/base balance; role in blood pressure (too much Na+ increases BP, K+ can decrease BP among those with hypertension) You do NOT need to memorize DRIs or specific food sources Discuss major symptoms and diseases associated with toxicity and deficiency of major minerals KIN275 - 202410 Page 2 of 3 Module 11: Bone Building Nutrients Bone physiology: bone matrix (inorganic hydroxyapatite and organic collagen framework), bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, osteoclasts), bone types (cortical and trabecular), bone remodeling, peak bone mass o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDGqkMHPDqE Describe the bone building nutrients o Vitamins A, D, K, C o Major minerals Ca, P, Mg; trace mineral F o Ca: most abundant mineral in body; blood levels very tightly controlled (role in blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, BP regulation), necessary for healthy bones/teeth § Hormonal control of calcium (PTH, calcitriol, calcitonin) § Bioavailability, factors affecting absorption (vit D status, intestinal transit time, life cycle stage, Ca-nutrient interactions) § Ca deficiency contributes to osteoporosis… which can result in bone fracture (measuring osteoporosis and fracture risk, preventing osteoporosis) o P: second most abundant mineral in body; functions: component of water soluble head of phospholipids, major constituent of genetic material, essential for energy metabolism, bone health!, etc. § Hormonal control of phosphorous (PTH, calcitriol) o Mg: functions: enzyme co-factor, metabolism of macronutrients, activity of Na-K ATPase, important for genetic material, bone health!, etc. o Fluoride: increases resistance of tooth enamel to cavity formation; stimulates bone formation § Fluoridated water systems – pros and cons? You do NOT need to memorize DRIs or specific food sources Focus on the role each mineral has in bone health, as well as understand the other important roles each bone building mineral has in the body Discuss major symptoms and diseases associated with toxicity and deficiency Values, Conversions and Equations you need to memorize for the final exam: Atwater values AMDRs [for CHO, FAT, PRO] %DV (e.g., 5% or less is a little, 15% or more is a lot) 1 kg = 2.2 pounds 1 inch = 2.54 cm BMI = kg / m2 Glycemic Load = (Glycemic Index) * (amount of available CHO) KIN275 - 202410 Page 3 of 3