KIN 300 Exam 1 Refined (PDF)

Important vocab: 1. Motor development: refers to the continuous, age-related process of change in movement as well as the interacting constraints (or factors) in the individual, environment and task that drive these changes 2. Motor learning: refers to the relatively permanent ga...

Important vocab: 1. Motor development: refers to the continuous, age-related process of change in movement as well as the interacting constraints (or factors) in the individual, environment and task that drive these changes 2. Motor learning: refers to the relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience 3. Motor control: the study of the neural, physical and behavioral aspects of movement a. Refers to the nervous system’s control of the muscles that permits skilled and coordinated movements 4. Maturation: progress toward physical maturity, the state of optimal functional integration of an individual’s body systems and the ability to reproduce a. Qualitative advance in biological makeup and may refer to cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition rather than to size alone b. Cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition c. Progressive achievement of adult status d. Cant be observed or measured directly e. tissue/organ/system-specific f. Sexual i. Fully functional reproductive capability (assessed via secondary sexual characteristics, menarche) g. Skeletal i. Fully ossified adult skeleton (assessed via adult morphology, epiphyseal union) h. Somatic i. Adult size (assessed via peak height velocity, adult height, peak weight velocity) i. Dental i. Adult dentition ii. Count the number of teeth that have emerged (english work laws) j. Tempo and timing of somatic maturation k. Early, average and late maturers 5. Physical growth: a quantitative increase in size or magnitude a. Increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts 6. Longitudinal research study: same individual or group is observed performing the same tasks or behaviors on numerous occasions over a long time a. Yield: info. About growth and maturation (all types), racial and cultural differences, etc. 7. Cross-sectional research study: one in which developmental change is inferred by observing individuals or groups of varying ages at one point in time  a. Performance, growth, health b. Yield: normative and criterion-referenced standards against which to compare individuals and groups 8. Mixed-longitudinal: several age groups are observed at one time or over a shorter time span, permitting observation of an age span that is longer than the observation period a. Studying multiple age groups over a shorter time frame, allowing researchers to observe changes over time without waiting for a full longitudinal period 9. Meta-analysis: (research method) statistical technique integrates the effects observed in many studies into one more generalizable estimate of an effect a. Integrates statistical findings to produce a generalizable estimate of an effect 10. Review paper: (research method) Many studies on a topic are compared and contrasted 11. Differentiation: the process wherein cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs a. Hyperplasia: increase in cell number b. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size c. Accretion: increase in intercellular substance d. ALL 3 OCCUR WITH GROWTH, BUT THE PREDOMINANCE OF ONE OR ANOTHER VARIES WITH AGE AND THE TISSUE INVOLVED 12. Development a. Defined by several characteristics i. Continuous process of change in functional capacity ii. Related to but not dependent on age (as age advances, development proceeds however rates of development can differ among individuals of the same age) iii. Involves sequential change b. Biological: differentiation of cells along specialized lines of function c. Behavioral: development of competence i. Social, cognitive, emotional d. Skeletal development i. In utero (intramembranous bone formation: embryonic membranes begin to ossify) ii. The embryo has a cartilage model of the skeleton iii. Ossification begins at primary centers in the midportions of long bones iv. All long bones begin to ossify by birth 1. Bone remodeling (occurs throughout the lifespan, osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts) - Physical performance and maturation: - Over time motor ability increases, strength increases, lung volume and peak flow increase, BP, heart size, and blood volume increase,  aerobic and anaerobic capacities and running economy increase, heat and cold tolerance increase 13. Maturation vs development a. Chronological age (often used to denote maturity, but is a poor indicator) b. Developmental age (much better indicator of maturity: e.g., adolescence) i. Addresses variations in the rate of maturity 14. Plasticity: although cells differentiate during growth to form a specialized function, some cells are characterized by their capability to take on a new function 15. Teratogen: any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal prenatal development upon exposure PRENATAL 1. STAGES a. Period of the ovum or zygote: i. Conception (2 weeks) 1. Rapid cell division (mitosis) and increasing complexity 2. Morula = blastocyst=implantation in uterus 8th day post-conception 3. Differentiation: 8th-11th day, 12th-14th day embryo, umbilical cord, placenta b. Period of the embryo (weeks 2-8) i. Rapid hyperplasia, differentiation of pluripotent cells into specific tissues, organogenesis, morphogenesis, and congenital malformations are most likely c. Period of the fetus (weeks 40 土 2) i. Rapid growth in size (length and mass) ii. Changes in proportions iii. Functional development of tissues, organs, and systems (no new anatomical features) iv. Increases: weight, fat as % of weight, Ca^2+ as % of weight, phosphorus as % of weight v. Decreases: water as % of weight 2. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT a. Begins with the fusion of two sex cells: an ovum from female and a spermatazoon from male b. Genes direct continuous development of the embryo in a precise predictable pattern c. Number of cells increases, and the cell differentiate to form specific tissue and organs d. Process occurs in a predictable time line  e. ~ 4 weeks (limbs roughly formed and heartbeat starts) f. ~ 8 weeks (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, and toes) overall human form is shaped 3. FETAL DEVELOPMENT a. Fetal stage (8 weeks to birth) i. Further growth and cell differentiation of the fetus = functional capactity 4. FETAL NOURISHMENT a. Extrinsic factor that has most influence on fetal development b. Fetus is nourished by the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients between fetal blood and maternal blood in the placenta c. CO2 and excretory byproducts are exchanged and carried away in the mothers blood d. Fetus needs oxygen, energy and nutrients e. If short, mother and fetus compete for resources (BW is directly and positively related to fetal viability (infant survival) ) i. Women at lower socioeconomic levels tend to give birth to infants with lower BW than women at higher socioeconomic levels ii. Normal BW (≥ 2500 g or 5 lbs 8 oz), low BW ( L in FM and % fat - No distincitve difference in subcutaneous fat distribution - Greater visceral adipose tissue accumulation as menarche approaches - Males - E > A > L in trunk subcutaneous fat (measured by SKF thicknesses) and maturity associated differences persist into adulthood  - Need for longitudinal study of changes in body composition and regional fat distribution during puberty and for use for newer technology for body composition assessment Maturity associated variation in strength and motor performance - Correlations during childhood - SA and CA strength - Ankle, knee and hip flection and extension; wrist and elbow flexion, shoulder medial rotation and abduction - Low to moderately strong and + (0.35 to 0.65) - SA and CA, motor performance - Dashes, jump, throw for distance, throwing velocity, balance, agility, ball striking and catching - Very low to moderate and mostly +(-0.13 to 0.56) - Strength - Males - Grip and pushing strength increase throughout adolescence; E>A>L at all ages - Females - Grip strength increases throughout adolescence, but pushing strength plateaus at ~13-14 years - E>A and L in early adolescence (reflecting larger body size), then strength differences are reduced - Motor performance - Males - E > A > L, except for flexed arm hang - Differences do not persist into adulthood - Females - L>A and E in shuttle run, flexed arm hang, and sit-and-reach - Maturity-associated variation in motor performance is not consistent from task to task, across age, or among contrasting maturity groups - Summary - Relationships between biological maturity and performance vary by sex - Variation in performance greater in M than F - Males  - E > A > L in strength and most measures of motor performance during adolescence - Differences do not persist into adulthood - Females - Rate of maturation and maturity status have less influence on strength and performance - E are slightly stronger than L in early adolescence - Differences do not persist into adulthood - Means of studying maturity-associated variation: - Correlations between indicators of BA (e.g., SA) and measures of strength and motor performance - Comparisons among children of contrasting maturity status in same CA group - Children of same CA vary considerable in BA - Body size and body composition vary considerably with variation in maturity status - Variation in growth and performance is present during childhood and amplified during adolescence - In both sexes, E>A and L in strength and absolute VO2 max - Data for motor performance are more variable; differences vary from task to task with CA and BA - Bio banding - Classification of youth athletes within a defined CA range into ‘bands’ defined by % of adult predicted height @ in the time of observations for specific competitions, training and youth sport-related research - ‘Bands-for example, 11-15 or 13-15 years - Adjunct to and not a replacement for CA grouping - Can use bio banding to help late developers continue and excel in their sport - It can also stop bigger children from running the show purely due to size advantage  - Limits the maturity associated variation in size and athleticism that shows within CA categories - Khamis Roche prediction equation (1994) and youth are put into bands: - >/=85th to < 90th% of predicted adult height - >/= 90th to < 95th % - Bands are not fixed and can be modified - Talent needs trauma - Overall - Given individual variability in technical competence and psychological readiness, grouping young athletes by maturity status rather than Ca makes more sense - Coaching - Design and focus of training - Injury risk - Possible help to decrease risk during adolescent growth spurt - Volume and load concerns addressed in later youth sport segment - Psychological support - Goal orientation