Khan Sir UPSC Polity Hindi Medium Complete Booklet PDF
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Khan Sir
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This booklet is a comprehensive study material for UPSC prelims exam preparation. It covers the Indian Constitution and system of governance in Hindi medium.
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भारतीय राज व ा Test Series UPSC Prelims 2024 Offline Online Detailed Solutions for all Questions Time - (PDF) Bound, Disciplined, & Holistic Result- Coverage Oriented Pattern and...
भारतीय राज व ा Test Series UPSC Prelims 2024 Offline Online Detailed Solutions for all Questions Time - (PDF) Bound, Disciplined, & Holistic Result- Coverage Oriented Pattern and of all Tests Trend Based Study on UPSC CSE Materials Prelims & Sources Fundamental Exam and Comprehensive Test Scan to Know More lafo/ku ,oa 'kklu iz.kkyh 1 Hkkjr esa laoS/kfud fodkl ,oa Hkkjrh; lafo/ku 16 lafo/ku dh izLrkouk 27 la?k vkSj mldk jkT;{ks=k 30 ukxfjdrk 34 ewy vf/dkj 42 jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRo 58 ewy drZO; 64 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk 66 la?kh; fo/kf;dk 83 mPpre U;k;ky; 109 jkT; dk;Zikfydk 124 jkT; fo/kueaMy 137 tEew ,oa d'ehj 145 la?k&'kkflr izns'k 150 mPp U;k;ky; 154 LFkkuh; iz'kklu 162 dsUæ&jkT; laca/ 176 vkikrdkyhu izko/ku 185 yksd lsok,¡ 190 fuokZpu] jktuhfrd ny o ncko lewg 193 fo'ks"k oxks± ds fy, mica/ 199 jktHkk"kk 201 lafo/ku la'kks/u 203 lafo/ku dh vuqlwfp;k¡ 209 laoS/kfud ,oa xSj&laoS/kfud fudk; 211 I lafo/ku ,oa 'kklu iz.kkyh (Constitution & System of Governance) lafoèkku dk vFkZ (Meaning of Constitution) lafo/ku dk egRo (Importance of Constitution) ,sfrgkfld :i ls ns[kk tk, rks tc ls jkT; dk mn~Hko gqvk gS rHkh ls jkT; pw¡fd lafoèkku fdlh ns'k dh ekSfyd fofèk gksrh gS blfy, bldk egRo o turk osQ vkilh fj'rksa dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy, dqN fu;eksa dks fyf[kr ns'k] ljdkj] ukxfjdksa ij iM+us okys çHkko osQ :i eas fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa ls vFkok vfyf[kr :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bls lafoèkku dk çkphure :i le>k tk ldrk gS%& ekuk tk ldrk gSA lafoèkku cqfu;knh fu;eksa dk ,d ,slk lewg miyCèk djkrk gS] ftlls vkèkqfud lanHkZ esa lafoèkku fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lokZsPPk ekSfyd fofèk gksrh gSA lekt osQ lnL;ksa esa ,d U;wure leUo; vkSj fo'okl cuk jgsA lafoèkku dk rkRi;Z ml ys[ki=k (Document) ;k nLrkosT+k ls gS] ftldks ,d lafoèkku ;g Li"V djrk gS fd] lekt esa fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr fdlosQ fof'k"V oSèkkfud xfjek çkIr gksrh gS vkSj tks ljdkj dh :ijs[kk o çeq[k ikl gksxh\ lkFk gh lafoèkku ;g Hkh fuf'pr djrk gS fd ljdkj dSls ÑR;ksa (Functioning) dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gSA fufeZr gksxh\ lafoèkku dk vk'k; fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk fuEukuqlkj gS%μ lafoèkku ljdkj }kjk vius ukxfjdksa ij ykxw fd;s tkus okys dkuwuksa dh Mk;lh osQ vuqlkj& ^lafoèkku mu leLr fu;eksa dk laxzg gS ftudk ,d lhek r; djrk gSA ;s lhek,¡ bl :i esa ekSfyd gksrh gSa fd ljdkj jkT; dh çHkqRo lÙkk osQ ç;ksx vFkok forj.k ij çR;{k vFkok ijks{k dHkh budk mYya?ku ugha dj ldrhA çHkko iM+rk gSA* lafoèkku ljdkj dks ,slh {kerk çnku djrk gS] ftlls og turk dh cwYts osQ vuqlkj& ^lafoèkku fu;eksa osQ ml lewg dks dgrs gSa ftlosQ vkdka{kkvksa dks iwjk dj losQ vkSj ,d U;k;iw.kZ lekt dh LFkkiuk osQ vuqlkj] ljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa] 'kkflrksa osQ vfèkdkjksa vkSj bu nksuksa osQ fy, mfpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj losQA ikjLifjd lacaèkksa osQ fo"k; esa lkeatL; LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA* lafoèkku fdlh lekt o jk"Vª dh vkèkkjHkwr igpku dks fu£er djrk gSA iQkbuj osQ vuqlkj& ^lafoèkku vkèkkjHkwr jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh lafoèkku ljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dks dbZ rjg ls lhfer djrk gSA ljdkj O;oLFkk gksrh gSA* dh 'kfDr;ksa dks lhfer djus dk lcls çHkkoh o lgt rjhdk ;g gS fd] xSfVy osQ vuqlkj& ^os ekSfyd fl¼kar] ftuosQ }kjk fdlh jkT; dk Lo:i ukxfjd osQ :i esa gekjs ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks Li"V dj fn;k tk, vkSj fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS lafoèkku dgykrk gS*A dksbZ Hkh ljdkj dHkh Hkh mudk mYya?ku u dj losQA bu vfèkdkjksa dk pkYlZ cxsZUM osQ vuqlkj& ^lafoèkku ,d vkèkkjHkwr dkuwu gksrk gS] okLrfod Lo:i vkSj O;k[;k,¡ fHkUu&fHkUu lafoèkkuksa esa cnyrh jgrh gSa] ftlosQ }kjk fdlh jkT; dh ljdkj laxfBr dh tkrh gS vkSj ftlosQ ysfdu vfèkdrj lafoèkkuksa esa dqN fo'ks"k ekSfyd vfèkdkj lnSo ik, tkrs vuqlkj O;fDr;ksa vFkok uSfrd fu;eksa dk ikyu djus okys euq"; rFkk gSaA ukxfjdksa dks euekus k tk ldrk gS& og jk"Vªifr in osQ drZO;ksa dk Hkh fuokZg dj ldrk gSA tc jk"Vªifr dh e`R;q Hkkjr dh dk;Zikfydk& blesa jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk osQ Lrj ij gksu]s R;kxi=k nsu]s LokLF; dkj.kksa ls ;k ;fn mls egkfHk;ksx }kjk gVk fn;k tk, rks fczVsu dh lalnh; ç.kkyh tSlk kSrk djus okyh) gh vYila[;dksa dks jk"Vª dh eq[; èkkjk ls tksM+uk rFkk fofHkUu fj;klrksa lapkyu lfefr & MkW- jktsaæ çlkn ls feydj cus jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh lqj{kk djuk Hkh vR;ar pqukSrhiw.kZ FkkA lafoèkku lHkk osQ fy, ;g r; dj ikuk Hkh vR;ar dfBu Fkk NksVh lfefr;k¡ fd Hkkjr eas yksdra=k lalnh; gks ;k vè;{kkRed rFkk lafoèkku viuh ewy foÙk ,oa deZpkjh (LVkiQ) lfefr & MkW- jktsaæ çlkn çÑfr esa osQUæhdj.k dh LFkkiuk dk ç;kl djs ;k foosQUæhdj.k dkA bu çR;k;d (ØsMsfUl;y lfefr)& vYykfn Ñ".kkLokeh vÕ;j lHkh pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djus osQ fy, lafoèkku lHkk us ewyr% nks uhfr;k¡ lnu lfefr& ch- iV~VkfHklhrkjeSÕ;k viukb±& igyh] loZlEefr ls fu.kZ; rFkk nwljh] lek;kstu dk fl¼kar dk;Z lapkyu lfefr& MkW- osQ- ,e- eaq'kh ftldk vFkZ nks ijLij fojksèkh le>s tkus okys fl¼karksa osQ chp leUo; jk"Vª èot lacaèkh rnFkZ lfefr & MkW- jktsaæ çlkn LFkkfir djuk FkkA lafoèkku lHkk osQ dk;ks± osQ fy, lfefr& th- oh- ekoyadj loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fy, rnFkZ lfefr & ,l- ojnkpkjh (tks fd lHkk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh fo'ks"krk,¡ osQ lnL; ugha Fks) (Features of Indian Constitution) eq[; vk;qDrksa osQ çkarksa osQ fy, lfefr & ch- iV~VkfHklhrkjeSÕ;k fo'o osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ lafoèkkukas ,oa U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa rFkk laoèS kkfud fo'ks"kKksa la?kh; lafoèkku osQ foÙkh; çkoèkku & ufyuh jatu ljdkj (tks fd osQ fopkjksa ls çHkkfor ^Hkkjr dk lafoèkku* fo'o dk lokZfèkd O;kid lafoèkku lacaèkh lfefr lHkk osQ lnL; ugha Fks)A gSA rc Hkh] ;g fons'kh lafoèkkuksa dk vuqdj.k ek=k u gksdj vius vki esa ,d çk:i lafoèkku dh tk¡p osQ fy, & tokgjyky usg: fo'ks"k lfefr loZFkk vuqie vkSj uwru ç;ksx gS] D;kafs d lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us vius jk"Vª dh çsl nh?kkZ lfefr & mQ"kk ukFk lsu vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fliZQ ogh rRo viuk,] tks Hkkjr osQ fy, ukxfjdrk ij rnFkZ lfefr & ,l- ojnkpkjh (tks fd lHkk osQ lnL; ugha Fks) mi;ksxh Fks rFkk muesa vko';drkuqlkj ifjorZu Hkh fd,A lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gaSμ çk:i lfefr lafoèkku lHkk dh lHkh lfefr;ksa esa lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ fyf[kr vkSj fo'kky lafoèkku Fkh& çk:i lfefrA bldk xBu 29 vxLr] 1947 dks gqvk FkkA ;g og lfefr Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,d ^fyf[kr* rFkk ^fo'kky@yack* lafoèkku gS] ftldk Fkh] ftls u, lafoèkku dk çk:i rS;kj djus dh ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZ FkhA blesa fuekZ.k ,d fo'ks"k lafoèkku lHkk }kjk fd;k x;k gSA ;g fczfV'k lafoèkku lkr lnL; Fks] ftuosQ uke bl çdkj gSa& dh rjg ^vfyf[kr* rFkk ^fodflr* ugha gSA ;g vkdkj dh n`f"V ls fo'o 1- MkWDVj ch-vkj- vacsMdj (vè;{k)A osQ vU; lHkh lafoèkkuksa ls fo'kky Hkh gSA blosQ ekSfyd laLdj.k esa 395 2- ,u- xksikyLokeh vk;axjA vuqPNsn] 22 Hkkx vkSj 8 vuqlwfp;k¡ Fkha] fdUrq dbZ la'kksèkuksa osQ ckn orZeku 3- vYyknh Ñ".kLokeh vÕ;jA esa blesa 470 vuqPNsn] 25 Hkkx vkSj 12 vuqlfw p;k¡ gSAa è;krO; gS fd] Hkkjrh; 21 Hkkjr esa laoS/kfud fodkl ,oa Hkkjrh; lafo/ku lafoèkku esa lwph dh n`f"V ls vHkh Hkh 395 vuqPNsn gh gSa] D;kasfd la'kksèkuksa gks tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa lafoèkku osQ vfèkdka'k micaèkksa dks la'kksfèkr djus osQ osQ ekè;e ls tks Hkh vuqPNsn blesa tksM+s x, gSa] os fdlh u fdlh vuqPNsn osQ fy, laln osQ lnL;ksa osQ cgqer osQ vfrfjDr mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZ foLrkj osQ :i esa tksM+s x, gSa] tSls& vuqPNsn 21(d)] 51(d)] vuqPNsn cgqer dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj dqN micaèkksa] tSls&jk"Vªifr osQ pquko] 300 (d) bR;kfnA ,slk blfy, fd;k x;k gS] rkfd vuqPNsnksa dk ewy Øe u mPpre U;k;ky; ls lacafèkr fo"k;ksa rFkk vuqPNsn esa la'kksèku osQ fy,] blosQ cnys vkSj mUgsa iVosQ esa Hkkjrh; la?k dh çÑfr ,dy (Unitary) gks tkrh gS] ijUrq vU; cuke osQjy jkT; osQ okn (Case) osQ fu.kZ; ls n`kSrs dk ifj.kke ugha gSA blosQ vfrfjDr ik¡poha vkSj NBh vuqlwph esa vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa vkSj tutkrh; fdlh Hkh jkT; dks Hkkjr la?k ls vyx gksus dk vfèkdkj ugha gSA {ks=kksa osQ ç'kklu osQ fy, dqN fo'ks"k micaèk Hkh fd, x, gSaA lafoèkku lHkk 'kq: eas jkT;ksa dks iw.kZ Lok;Ùkrk nsus osQ i{k esa Fkh] fdUrq vuqPNsn 2 esa dgk x;k gS fd] ¶laln] fofèk }kjk] ,sls fuc±èkuksa vkSj 'krks± ij] tks Hkkjr&ikd foHkktu osQ ckn mudh jk; cnyh fd osQUæ dh 'kfDr jkT;ksa ls og Bhd le>s] la?k esa u, jkT;ksa dk ços'k ;k mudh LFkkiuk dj losQxhA vFkkZr~ vfèkd gksA vusd fj;klrksa ls feydj cus ns'k osQ le{k jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj laln osQ ikl u, jkT;ksa dks la?k esa 'kkfey djus rFkk u, jkT; LFkkfir djus dh v[kaMrk cuk, j[kuk ,d cM+h pqukSrh FkhA jkT;ksa dks vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk nsus ls 'kfDr gSA u;s jkT;ksa dks Hkkjr esa 'kkfey djus osQ fy, laln dks jkT;ksa osQ leFkZu Hkfo"; esa jk"Vªh; ,drk dks [krjk u gks] tSlk fd vesfjdk esa gqvkA vesfjdk dh t:jr ugha gSA ;fn laln dks mfpr yxs rks mls ,slk djus dh iwjh NwV gSA dks ;g fl¼ djus osQ fy, fd mudk la?k vfouk'kh gS] x`g;q¼ djuk iM+kA vuqPNsn 2 (d) flfDde ,dek=k ,slk jkT; Fkk] tks Lora=k ns'k FkkA bls lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us Hkfo"; osQ fooknksa ls cpkus osQ fy, vkjaHk esa gh la?k 36osa lafoèkku la'kksèku 1975 }kjk la?k esa 'kkfey dj Hkkjr osQ vU; jkT;ksa osQ dh Li"V O;k[;k dj nhA gekjk la?k ^foHkkftr jkT;ksa dk vfoHkkftr la?k* gSA led{k cuk;k x;kA vuqPNsn 3 esa dgk x;k gS fd] laln fofèk }kjk u, jkT;ksa vuqPNsn 1 (2) esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd] jkT; vkSj jkT;{ks=k os gkasxs tks dk fuekZ.k vkSj orZeku jkT;ksa osQ {ks=kksa] lhekvksa ;k ukeksa esa ifjorZu fuEu rjg lafoèkku dh igyh vuqlwph esa fufnZ"V fd, x, gSaA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ls dj losQxhA igyh vuqlwph esa lHkh jkT;ksa osQ uke rFkk HkkSxksfyd {ks=k fn, x, gSa& fdlh jkT; esa ls mldk jkT;{ks=k vyx djosQ vFkok nks ;k vfèkd jkT;ksa vuqPNsn 1(3) esa Hkkjr osQ jkT; {ks=k dks rhu oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& dks ;k jkT;ksa osQ Hkkxksa dks feykdj vFkok fdlh jkT;{ks=k dks fdlh jkT; jkT;ksa dk jkT; {ks=k osQ Hkkx osQ lkFk feykdj u, jkT; dk fuekZ.k dj losQxhA la?k jkT; {ks=k fdlh jkT; dk {ks=k ckSrk nksuksa ns'kksa us (vkWijs'ku iksyks) ,oa foy; i=k ij gLrk{kj djosQ ckn esa feyk;k x;kA vius lhek lacaèkh fooknksa ls fuiVus rFkk lhek dks rdZlaxr cukus osQ mís'; 1950 esa lafoèkku esa Hkkjrh; la?k osQ jkT;ksa dks Hkkx&d] Hkkx&[k] Hkkx&x ls fd;k Fkk ftlosQ vuqlkj ^cs:ckM+h la?k* Hkkjr }kjk ikfdLrku dks fn;k ,oa Hkkx&?k esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;kA Hkkx&d esa os jkT; Fks] tgka fczfV'k Hkkjr tkuk Fkk rFkk dwp fcgkj osQ dqN {ks=kksa dks fy;k tkuk FkkA bl le>kSrs osQ esa xoZuj dk 'kklu Fkk] Hkkx&[k esa 9 jkT; foèkkueaMy osQ lkFk 'kkgh 'kklu] 31 la?k vkSj mldk jkT;{ks=k Hkkx&x Hkkjr dk osQUæhÑr ç'kklu rFkk Hkkx&?k esa vosQys vaMeku ,oa (iquxZBu) vfèkfu;e] 1971* }kjk bls ,d iw.kZ jkT; dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA fudksckj }hi lewg dks j[kk x;k FkkA o"kZ 1953 esa xfBr jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx ef.kiqj rFkk f=kiqjkμ ^mÙkj&iwohZ {ks=k (iquxZBu) vfèkfu;e] 1971* dh lykg ij laln us 7osa lafoèkku (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e 1956 ls ^jkT; }kjk bu nksuksa gh osQUæ'kkflr çns'kksa dks jkT; dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA iquxZBu vfèkfu;e 1956* osQ ekè;e ls Hkkjr osQ laiw.kZ jkT;{ks=k dks nks oxks± flfDdeμ 35osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1974 osQ }kjk igys esa foHkkftr dj jkT; rFkk la?k jkT; {ks=k dk fuekZ.k fd;kA la?k jkT; {ks=k esa bls lgk;d jkT; (Associate State) dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA ckn esa 36osa ogh jkT; 'kkfey Fks] tks Hkkx&x vkSj Hkkx&?k esa lfEefyr FksA la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1975 }kjk bls iw.kZ jkT; dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA fetksjeμ fetksje jkT; vfèkfu;e] 1986 }kjk bls iw.kZ jkT; dk ntkZ èkj vk;ksx vkSj tsohih lfefr feykA blls igys] 1971 osQ ^iwoksZÙkj {ks=k (iquxZBu) vfèkfu;e* osQ 1948 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us ,l- osQ- èkj dh vè;{krk esa Hkk"kk;h çkar vk;ksx dh rgr bls la?k 'kkflr {ks=k cuk;k x;k FkkA fu;qfDr dhA vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ esa fliQkfj'k dh fd jkT;kas dk iquxZBu v#.kkpy çns'kμ v#.kkpy çns'k jkT; vfèkfu;e 1986 }kjk bls Hkk"kk;h vkèkkj ij u gksdj ç'kklfud lqfoèkk osQ vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A blls iw.kZ jkT; dk ntkZ feykA blls igys] 1971 osQ ^iwoksZÙkj {ks=k (iquxZBu) vR;fèkd vlarks"k iSQyk] ftlosQ dkj.k dkaxzsl us 1948 esa ts-oh-ih- lfefr vfèkfu;e* osQ rgr bls la?k 'kkflr {ks=k cuk;k x;k FkkA dk xBu fd;k x;kA blus viuh fjiksVZ esa jkT;ksa osQ iquxZBu dk vkèkkj Hkk"kk xksokμ xksok] neu o nho iquxZBu vfèkfu;e] 1987 osQ }kjk xksok] neu gksuh pkfg,] bl ckr dks vLohdkj fd;k] ijarq yksdfç; ek¡x osQ vkèkkj ij o nho osQUæ'kkflr çns'k ls xksok dks vyx djosQ iw.kZ jkT; dk ntkZ fn;k çkarksa osQ xBu dks lgefr çnku dhA x;k] ijUrq neu vkSj nho osQUæ'kkflr çns'k gh jgsA vDVwcj 1953 esa Hkkjr ljdkj dks Hkk"kk osQ vkèkkj ij igys jkT; dk xBu NÙkhlxk tk,xk ysfdu mls ukxfjdrk dh çkfIr osQ fy,] le; rd fons'k esa fuokl djrs gS rFkk muosQ O;ogkj ls ;g çrhr gks fd mudh ea'kk lEc¼ ns'k esa Hkkjr osQ jktuf;d çfrfufèk }kjk Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd osQ :i esa vfuf'pr dky rd Hkkjr ls ckgj jgus dh gS rks mls vfuoklh Hkkjrh; dk ntkZ fn;k iathÑr dj fy;k x;k gksA tkrk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk la;qDr jk"Vª la?k rFkk vU; fons'kh fu;qfDr;ksa ij Hksts x, vuqPNsn 9& lafoèkku osQ bl vuqPNsn esa ;g micaèk gS fd] ;fn dksbZ O;fDr O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh vfuoklh Hkkjrh; dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gSA vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dks nksgjh ukxfjdrk dk migkj nsus osQ ckn ljdkj }kjk mUgsa ernku dk vfèkdkj çnku fd;k x;k LosPNk ls fons'kh ukxfjdrk Lohdkj ys rks og vuq 5] 6 ;k 8 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr gSA yksd çfrfufèkRo foèks;d esa la'kksèku djosQ 2011 esa ljdkj us vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dk ukxfjd ugha ekuk tk,xkA blesa fufgr gS fd Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,dy dks ernkrk osQ :i esa iathÑr gksus dh lqfoèkk çnku dj nh gSA ukxfjdrk dks gh ekU;rk çnku djrk gS] ,d ls vfèkd ns'kksa dh ukxfjdrk dh vuqefr ugha nsrk gSA vuqPNsn 6& lafoèkku osQ bl vuqPNsn esa ikfdLrku ls Hkkjr dks çoztu djus vuqPNsn 10& bl vuqPNsn esa ukxfjdrk osQ vfèkdkjksa osQ cus jgus dk okys dqN O;fDr;ksa dh ukxfjdrk osQ lEcUèk esa çkoèkku fd;k x;k gSA çkoèkku gSA bl vuqPNsn osQ vuqlkj] çR;sd O;fDr tks vuqPNsn 5 ls 9 esa bl vuqPNsn esa dgk x;k gS fd] dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Hkkjr dk ukxfjd rHkh le>k fd, x, micaèkksa esa ls fdlh osQ vèkhu Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS ;k le>k tkrk gS] tk,xk] tc og nks 'krs± iwjh djrk gks& ,slh fofèk osQ micaèkksa osQ vèkhu jgrs gq,] tks laln }kjk cukbZ tk,] Hkkjr dk mldk ;k mlosQ ekrk&firk vFkok mlosQ nknk&nknh@ukuk&ukuh esa ls ukxfjd cuk jgsxkA bczkfge othj cuke cacbZ jkT; 1954 osQ okn esa U;k;ky; fdlh dk tUe ^Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;ee 1935* }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Hkkjr }kjk ;g dgk x;k fd ukxfjd dh ukxfjdrk dk vfèkdkj] lalnh; foèkku osQ jkT;{ks=k esa gqvk gksA osQ vfrfjDr fdlh vU; jhfr ls] Nhuk ugha tk ldrkA nwljh 'krZ] 19 tqykbZ 1948 ls igys vkSj ckn osQ çzoztu djus okyksa osQ vuqPNsn 11& bl vuqPNsn osQ varxZr] ns'k dh ukxfjdrk osQ lacaèk esa fy, vyx&vyx gSA bl frfFk ls igys vkus okys O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, laln dks ifjfLFkfr osQ vuqdwy dkuwu cukus dk iwokZfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA fliZQ bruh 'krZ gS fd os vkus osQ ckn ls lkèkkj.kr% Hkkjr esa jg jgs gkasA laln dk ;g vfèkdkj ukxfjdrk&çkfIr osQ lacaèk esa dkuwu cukus rd fdUrq bl frfFk dks ;k blosQ i'pkr~ vkus okys O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, t:jh lhfer ugha gS] vfirq ukxfjdrk osQ var rd blls lacaèk j[kus okys vU; gS fd mUgksaus l{ke vfèkdkjh osQ ikl Lo;a dks Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd osQ fo"k;ksa ls Hkh tqM+k gSA rkSj ij iathÑr djk fy;k gSA ;g iathdj.k rHkh gks ldrk gS] tc ,slk ;g vuqPNsn] laln dks Hkkjr dh ukxfjdrk dh çkfIr] lekfIr o mlls O;fDr ukxfjdrk osQ fy, vkosnu djus dh frfFk osQ 6 eghus igys ls lacafèkr lHkh fo"k;ksa osQ lacaèk esa foèkku cukus dh fuckZèk 'kfDr;ka çnku djrk Hkkjr esa jg jgk FkkA gSA bUgha 'kfDr;ksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, laln us ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e] 1955 uksV& 19 tqykbZ 1948 dh frfFk ls Hkkjr ls ikfdLrku rFkk ikfdLrku ls ikfjr fd;k] ftlesa ukxfjdrk dh çkfIr rFkk lekfIr dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ Hkkjr vkus tkus osQ fy, vuqefr i=k dh ç.kkyh 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA gSA fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd] lafoèkku osQ çkjaHk osQ ckn ukxfjdrk vuqPNsn 7& lafoèkku osQ bl vuqPNsn esa Hkkjr ls ikfdLrku dks çoztu djus osQ vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr lHkh ekeyksa dk fuiVkjk blosQ micaèkksa osQ vuqlkj okys dqN O;fDr;ksa dh ukxfjdrk osQ vfèkdkj ls lacafèkr micaèk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA vuqPNsn 7 osQ vuqlkj] 1 ekpZ] 1947 osQ ckn ikfdLrku dks çokl djus okyk O;fDr Hkkjr dk ukxfjd ugha ekuk tk,xk] fdUrq mu O;fDr;ksa dh n'kk esa O;fDr;ksa osQ fofHkUu oxZ (Different Classes of Persons) viokn fd;k x;k gS] tks Hkkjr esa iquokZl osQ fy, ijfeV osQ vkèkkj ij Hkkjr ykSV vk;s Fks] ,sls O;fDr dks Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd gksus dh vgZrk çkIr gksxh] ;fn ukxfjd& ^ukxfjd* fdlh ns'k osQ ^iw.kZ lnL;* gksrs gaSaA os jkT; rFkk os ikfdLrku ls çokl djus okys O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, (vuqPNsn 6 osQ vèkhu) lafoèkku osQ çfr fu"Bk j[krs gSaA mUgsa lHkh ewy vfèkdkj o cgqr ls fuèkkZfjr 'krks± dks iwjk djrs gksaA dkuwuh vfèkdkj çkIr gksrs gSa rFkk muls jkT; }kjk ?kksf"kr drZO;ksa dk bldk vFkZ gS fd] ,sls O;fDr dks iathdj.k osQ fy, vkosnu djuk gksxk ikyu djus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA vkSj ,slk vkosnu de ls de 6 eghus rd Hkkjr esa jgus osQ ckn gh fd;k tk vU;ns'kh; O;fDr& ;s os O;fDr gSa] tks fdlh vU; ns'k osQ ukxfjd gSaA losQxkA rduhdh rkSj ij bUgsa ^fons'kh* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa vuqPNsn 8& lafoèkku osQ bl vuqPNsn esa fons'kksa esa jgus okys Hkkjrh; ewy osQ dks nks oxks±Z esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS& ^fe=k vU;ns'kh;* rFkk dqN O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, ukxfjdrk osQ vfèkdkj dk micaèk gSA ^'k=kq vU;ns'kh;*A ftu ns'kksa osQ lkFk gekjk ;q¼ py jgk gksrk gS] muosQ fuxe osQ lanHkZ esa U;k;ky; dh O;k[;k ukxfjdksa dks ^'k=kq vU;ns'kh;* dgrs gSa] tcfd 'ks"k ns'kksa osQ ukxfjd dqN le; rd bl fo"k; esa dkiQh erHksn cuk jgk fd] D;k fuxe Hkh dkuwuh O;fDr;ksa ^fe=k vU;ns'kh;* dgykrs gSaA osQ rgr ukxfjdrk osQ nk;js esa vk ldrs gS\a fdUrq ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e us ;g Li"V dj jkT;foghu O;fDr& dHkh&dHkh ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ukxfjdrk lacèa kh fn;k fd fuxe ukxfjd ugha gSaA mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh dgk gS fd fuxe vuqPNsn 19 nLrkostksa osQ vHkko esa dksbZ O;fDr jkT;foghu ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tk,A osQ vèkhu vfèkdkjksa dk nkok ugha dj ldrsA os rks osQoy ukxfjdksa osQ fy, gSaA 'kj.kkFkhZ& 'kj.kkFkhZ mu O;fDr;ksa dks dgk tkrk gS] ftUgksaus vius ewy bl vuqPNsn esa fons'kksa esa jgus okys Hkkjrh;ksa dh ukxfjdrk lacaèkh Hkkoh ns'k esa uLy] èkeZ] Hkk"kk] jk"Vªh;rk] jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk ;k lkekftd t:jrksa dk è;ku j[kk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; ewy osQ vusd O;fDr jkstxkj ;k vU; igpku osQ vkèkkj ij mRihM+u lgus ;k mRihM+u osQ Hk; osQ dkj.k fdlh ç;kstuksa gsrq fons'kksa esa jg jgs gSa ;k ogka çokl dj x, gSaA ,sls O;fDr;ksa osQ vU; ns'k esa 'kj.k yh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] nykbZ ykek rFkk muosQ fy, vuqPNsn 8 esa çkoèkku fd;k x;k gS fd] dksbZ O;fDr ;k mlosQ ekrk&firk leFkZd 1959 esa Hkkjr esa çfo"V gq, Fks vkSj mlosQ ckn Hkh cgqr ls vFkok firkeg esa ls dksbZ Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e] 1935 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa frCcrh] jksfgaX;k eqlyeku vkfn us Hkkjr esa 'kj.k yh gSA 35 ukxfjdrk Hkkjrh; ewy osQ yksx] tks iathdj.k dk vkosnu djus ls igys Hkkjr esa tUe ls ukxfjdrk dh çkfIr lkekU; :i ls 7 o"kks± rd jg pqosQ gksaA bl çkoèkku osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjrh; jkT; {ks=k esa tUe ysus okyk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr] Hkkjrh; ewy osQ yksx] tks Hkkjr osQ ckgj fdlh ns'k ;k LFkku osQ lkekU; ftldk tUe 26 tuojh] 1950 dks ;k mlosQ ckn gqvk gS] rFkk mlosQ :i ls fuoklh gksaA ekrk&firk nksuksa Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd gks vFkok mlosQ ekrk&firk esa ls dksbZ ,d efgyk,¡] ftudk fookg Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ls gqvk gS ;k gqvk Fkk] Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks rFkk nwljk voSèk vçoklh u gks] Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ekuk iathdj.k gsrq vkosnu djus ls Bhd igys 7 o"kk±s ls lkèkkj.kr% Hkkjr tk,xkA ijUrq] mlosQ nks viokn gSaμ fons'kh jktuf;dksa osQ cPps rFkk 'k=kqvksa esa jg jgh gSA osQ vèkhu Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkkx esa tUes O;fDr dks tUe ls Hkkjr dk ukxfjd tks Hkkjrh; ukxfjd gSa] muosQ vOk;Ld cPpsA ugha ekuk tk,xkA iw.kZ vk;q o {kerk okys O;fDr tks Lo;a ;k ftuosQ ekrk&firk esa ls dksbZ Hkkjr dk ukxfjd jg pqoQs gS vkSj vc iathdj.k dk vkosnu çLrqr djus mÙkjkfèkdkj ls çkIr ukxfjdrk ls Bhd ,d o"kZ ls Hkkjr esa jg jgs gSaA 26 tuojh] 1950 ;k mlosQ ckn 10 fnlacj] 1992 ls igys Hkkjr osQ ckgj iw.kZ vk;q o {kerk okys O;fDr tks 5 o"kks± ls ^leqæzikjh; Hkkjrh; tUe ysus okys ,sls O;fDr ftlosQ firk ml le; Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd gks]a dks ukxfjd* osQ :i esa iathÑr gS vkSj ukxfjdrk gsrq iathdj.k dk vkosnu mÙkjkfèkdkj }kjk Hkkjr dh ukxfjdrk çkIr gksxhA fnlacj 1992 dks ukxfjdrk nsus ls Bhd igys ,d o"kZ ls Hkkjr esa jg jgs gSAa mls Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ la'kksèku ykxw gqvk Fkk] ;fn fdlh O;fDr dk tUe mlosQ ckn gqvk gks rFkk mlosQ çfr fu"Bk dh 'kiFk ysuh gksxhA ekrk&firk esa ls dksbZ ,d mlosQ tUe osQ le; Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA xkSjryc vfuoklh Hkkjrh;A gS fd 3 fnlacj 2004 dks ;k mlosQ ckn Hkkjr osQ ckgj tUek dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Hkkjr dh ukxfjdrk (Citizenship of India) oa'k osQ vkèkkj ij Hkkjr dk ukxfjd rHkh gks ldrk gS] ;fn mlosQ tUe osQ ,d D;k og O;fDr Hkkjr dk çèkkuea=kh cu ldrk gS] ftldk tUe rks Hkkjr esa u gqvk gks] o"kZ osQ Hkhrj Hkkjrh; nwrkokl esa mlosQ tUe dk iathdj.k djk fn;k x;k gksA fdUrq iathdj.k vFkok fdlh vU; jhfr ls mlus Hkkjr dh ukxfjdrk çkIr dj yh gks\ iathdj.k }kjk çkIr ukxfjdrk 13oha yksdlHkk esa fuokZfpr gksus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl dh vè;{kk lksfu;k xk¡èkh osQ çèkkuea=kh cuus dh lEHkkouk us bl fookn dks tUe fn;k fd ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e esa iathdj.k }kjk ukxfjdrk nsus dk micaèk gSA tks iathdj.k (Registration) vFkok ns'kh;dj.k (Naturalization) osQ }kjk ukxfjdrk O;fDr voSèk vçoklh ugha gS] ogh Hkkjr dk ukxfjd cuus gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj çkIr djus okyk dksbZ O;fDr ^Hkkjr dk okLrfod :i esa mPpre in* (vFkkZr~ osQ le{k vkonsu çLrqr dj ldrk gSA ukxfjdrk çkIr djus dh ;g fofèk çèkkuea=kh dk in) ij vklhu gks ldrk gS ;k ughaA fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa ls fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks miyCèk gks ldrh gSaμ bl lUnHkZ esa lkafoèkkfud fLFkfr bl çdkj gS& Hkkjrh; ewy dk O;fDr] tks vkosnu nsus ls iwoZ lkr o"kZ Hkkjr esa jgk gksA vuqPNsn 14] fofèk osQ le{k lerk dk vk'oklu nsrk gSA vuqPNsn 15 rFkk vuqPNsn Hkkjrh; ewy dk O;fDr] tks fdlh vU; ns'k eas jg pqdk gksA 16 foHksn (Discrimination) dk çfr"ksèk djrk gS vkSj volj dh lerk gsrq ljdkj ftlus Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ls fookg fd;k gks vkSj vkosnu nsus ls iwoZ lkr osQ ladYi dks çfrikfnr djrk gSA o"kZ ls Hkkjr esa jg jgk gksA vuqPNsn 16] ljdkjh fu;kstuksa (Employments) o fu;qfDr;ksa (Appointments) osQ Hkkjrh; ukxfjd osQ ukckfyd cPpsA lEcaèk esa volj dh lerk dk vk'oklu nsrk gSA dksbZ O;fDr] tks iwjh vk;q rFkk {kerk dk gks rFkk mlosQ ekrk&firk Hkkjr tgk¡ rd yksdlHkk dh fdlh lhV ij pquko yM+us dk ç'u gS] gekjk lafoèkku osQ ukxfjd osQ :i esa iathÑr gksA lkekU; ukxfjd (Ordinary Citizen) rFkk ns'kh;Ñr ukxfjd (Naturalized Citizen) dksbZ O;fDr tks iwjh vk;q rFkk {kerk dk gks rFkk og ;k mlosQ ekrk&firk esa dksbZ Hksn ugha djrkA vr,o çèkkuea=kh cuus osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh yksdlHkk lnL; Lora=k Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd osQ :i esa iathÑr gks ;k og iathdj.k dk bl lkafoèkkfud :i ls vfèkÑr gS] ;fn mls yksdlHkk esa vko';d leFkZu çkIr gSA çdkj vkosnu nsus ds ckjg eghus ls lkèkkj.kr% fuokl dj jgk gSA mijksDr lkafoèkkfud fLFkfr ls Li"V gS fd] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku fdlh ns'kh;Ñr ukxfjd dksbZ O;fDr leqæ ikj fdlh ns'k osQ ukxfjd osQ :i esa ikap o"kZ ls (Naturalized Citizen) dks çèkkuea=kh cuus ls jksdrk ugha gSA iathÑr gks ;k og iathdj.k dk bl çdkj dk vkosnu nsus ds ckjg vr,o lksfu;k xk¡èkh osQ çèkkuea=kh cuus dk fojksèk djus okyksa dk i{k roZQlaxr eghus ls fuokl dj jgk gksA ,oa laoSèkkfud ugha gSA ijUrq] bl rF; ij fuf'pr :i ls è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd muosQ ikl çèkkuea=kh osQ in ij vklhu gksus dh vfuok;Z n{krk gS] vFkok ughaA ,dy ukxfjdrk (Single Citizenship) ;|fi Hkkjrh; lafoèkku la?kkRed gS] ijarq fiQj Hkh ;gka ,dy ukxfjdrk dk çkoèkku Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e 1955 fd;k x;k gSA vesfjdk vkSj fLoV~tjySaM osQ ifjla?kh; lafoèkkuksa osQ foijhr Hkkjr esa (Indian Citizenship Act 1955) çR;sd O;fDRk dks ,d gh jk"Vªh; ukxfjdrk çkIr gS vkSj jkT;ksa gsrq vyx ls ukxfjdrk dk çkoèkku ugha gSA Hkkjrh; jkT; vius ukxfjdksa dks fliZQ Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk èkkj.k lafoèkku }kjk vuqPNsn 11 osQ varxZr çnÙk 'kfDr;ksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] ,d lkFk ,dkfèkd ns'kksa dh ughaA Hkkjr esa fliQZ çkÑfrd laln us Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e] 1955 dks ykxw fd;k] 1955 ls O;fDr;ksa dks ukxfjdrk nh tkrh gS] fofèkd O;fDr;ksa tSls daiuh fuxe vkfn dks ughaA baXySaM tSls ,dkRed ns'kksa esa ,dy ukxfjdrk dh èkkj.kk çpyu esa gS] tcfd vesfjdk 2005 osQ chp laln us dqy 8 ckj bl vfèkfu;e esa la'kksèku fd, gS ,oa fLoV~tjySaM tSls la?kkRed ns'kksa esa nksgjh ukxfjdrk dk fu;e ykxw gSA rFkk ledkyhu t:jrksa osQ vuqlkj ukxfjdrk osQ fu;eksa dks cnyk gSA bu ns'kksa osQ ukxfjd] ns'k osQ ukxfjd Hkh gksrs gSa vkSj vius çkar osQ HkhA nksuksa ukxfjdrkvksa vfèkfu;e esa lafoèkku osQ çorZu osQ fnu ls Hkkjr dh ukxfjdrk çkIr djus osQ rgr mUgsa dqN vfèkdkj o drZO; çkIr gksrs gSA ukxfjdrk osQ fo"k; esa Hkkjrh; dh ik¡p fofèk;k¡ gSaμ lafoèkku ,dkRedrk osQ i{k esa >qdk gS] u fd la?kkRedrk osQ i{k esaA ukxfjdrk 36 ,dy ukxfjdrk osQ viokn& lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 15(1) fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa osQ chp Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e 2005 èkeZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax] tUe LFkku ;k buesa ls fdlh vkèkkj ij HksnHkko djus dk nksgjh ukxfjdrk osQ fu"ksèk dk dkj.k ;g gS fd] ukxfjdkas ls dqN drZO; visf{kr gSA fu"ksèk djrk gS] fdUrq bu vkèkkjksa esa fuokl LFkku 'kkfey ugha gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd] ;fn Hkkjrh; ewy osQ yksxksa dks nksgjh ukxfjdrk nsus lacaèkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk (la'kksèku) dksbZ jkT; ljdkj pkgs rks viuh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa vius jkT; osQ fuokfl;ksa dks fo'ks"k vfèkfu;e 2005] ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e] 1955 dks la'kksfèkr djrk gS] ftlosQ varxZr lqfoèkk,a (tSls nkf[kys esa vkj{k.k ;k 'kqYd esa NwV) ns ldrh gSA vuqPNsn 16(3) laln ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e] 1955 dh pkSFkh vuqlwph dks fudky fn;k x;k gSA dks vfèkdkj nsrk gS fd] og fdlh jkT; ;k la?k jkT;{ks=k ls lacafèkr inksa ij fu;qfDr osQ fy, ml jkT; ;k la?k jkT;{ks=k esa fuokl lacaèkh vgZrk ykxw dj ldrh gSA orZeku blosQ varxZr ikfdLrku ,oa ckaXykns'k dks NksM+dj vU; ns'kksa esa 26 tuojh] 1950 esa vkaèkz çzns'k dks NksM+dj fdlh Hkh jkT; esa ,slh O;oLFkk ykxw ugha gSA ;g O;oLFkk osQ ckn tkdj cls Hkkjrh; ewy osQ lHkh ukxfjd dks Hkkjr ukxfjdrk çkIr djus lafoèkku osQ ^32osa la'kksèku] 1973* }kjk lafoèkku esa vuqPNsn 371 (?k) tksM+dj ykxw osQ ;ksX; gSaA dh xbZ FkhA vuqPNsn 19(1) (?k) rFkk (M-) osQ rgr Hkkjr esa dgha Hkh vckèk lapj.k fdlh vijkèk esa fyIr ;k lafnXèk vkpj.k okys çoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dks nksgjh ukxfjdrk rFkk fuokl dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gS] fdUrq vuqPNsn 19(5) esa mlosQ ;qfDr;qDr ugha fey losQxhA fucZUèkuksa osQ varxZr crk;k x;k gS fd lkèkkj.k turk ;k vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fgr nksgjh ukxfjdrk osQ vkèkkj ij çoklh ernku esa Hkkx ugha ys ldrs gS] yksdlHkk@ esa bu Lora=krkvksa dks lhfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA vuqPNsn 370 osQ rgr] tEew&d'ehj jkT;lHkk@foèkkulHkk@ foèkku&ifj"kn osQ pquko esa Hkkx ugha ys ldrs gSa vkSj u gh jkT; dks fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;k FkkA bl vuqPNsn osQ rgr tkjh fd, x, vkns'kksa osQ dksbZ laoSèkkfud in tSls jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] loksZPp U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; vuqlkj] tEew&d'ehj foèkkueaMy osQ ikl ;g 'kfDr Fkh fd (d) og ifjHkkf"kr osQ U;k;kèkh'k osQ in ij fu;qDr gks ldrs gSaA djs fd tEew&d'ehj osQ LFkk;h fuoklh dkSu gS rFkk ([k) tEew&d'ehj osQ LFkk;h fuokfl;ksa dks jkT; ljdkj dh ukSdfj;ksa] vpy laifÙk;ksa dh [kjhn] jkT; esa fuokl rFkk Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e 2016 muosQ cPpksa dks f'k{kk osQ fy, Nk=ko`fÙk ,oa vU; lqfoèkk,a çznku djsA orZeku esa ;g [Indian Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2016] çfLFkfr lekIr gks pqdh gS vkSj tEew&d'ehj Hkkjr dk ,d osQaæ'kkflr çns'k gS] ftls ogh vfèkdkj vkSj nkf;Ro çkIr gS tks vU; la?k 'kkflr çns'k dks gSaA blds rgr Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e 1955 esa fuEu la'kksèku fd, ns'kh;dj.k (Naturalization) }kjk çkIr ukxfjdrk x, gS& ns'kh;dj.k }kjk ukxfjdrk çkIr djus dk vFkZ] yacs fuokl osQ vkèkkj ij fdlh ns'k dk ukxfjd cu tkus ls gSA tks O;fDr tUe] oa'k] oSokfgd orZeku esa Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk osQ fy, Hkkjr esa yxkrkj ,d o"kZ rd jguk lacaèk rFkk Hkkjrh; ewy tSls vkèkkjksa osQ vHkko esa igys rhuksa oxks± esa vfuok;Z gS] ysfdu vxj osQUæ ljdkj larq"V gS rks fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa 'kkfey ugha gks ikrs] muosQ fy, ns'kh;dj.k dk fodYi gSA osQUæ ljdkj esa blesa NwV nh tk ldrh gSA bl çdkj dh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ckjs dks vfèkdkj gS fd og fdlh Hkh O;fDr tks voSèk vçoklh ugha gS] dks esa fyf[kr fjdkWMZ ntZ djus osQ ckn fo'ks"k 12 ekg osQ fy, NwV nh tk ns'kh;dj.k dk çek.k i=k tkjh dj ldrh gS] ;fn og fuEufyf[kr 'krs± iwjh ldrh gS] tks vfèkdre 30 fnu osQ fy, vyx&vyx varjky osQ ckn djrk gS& nh tk ldrh gSA mls iw.kZ vk;q o {kerk okyk O;fDr gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks vks-lh-vkbZ- dh 'krks± rFkk ukckfyx cPpksa dk mls ml ns'k dk ukxfjd ugha gksuk pkfg,] tgk¡ ns'kh;dj.k osQ }kjk çoklh Hkkjrh; ukxfjd osQ rkSj ij iathdj.k dh 'krks± dks mnkj cuk;k Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks ukxfjdrk ysus ls jksdk tkrk gksA tk,xkA mlus nwljs ns'k dh ukxfjdrk NksM+ nh gksA bl foèks;d osQ çkoèkkuksa osQ vuqlkj] vc OCI dkMZèkkjdksa dk ykHk og ns'kh;dj.k (Naturalization) osQ vkosnu djus dh frfFk osQ iwoZ 12 mudh pkSFkh ihkSrk (1985)_ ckaXykns'kh 3- cFkZ lfVZfiQdsV Lora=krk ls ,d fnu igys 24 ekpZ 1971 dh vkèkh jkr dks jkT; esa ços'k djus 4- cSad @ ,yvkbZlh @ iksLV vkWfiQl fjdkWMZ okys ckaXykns'kh 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds uke ernkrk lwph ls gVkus vkSj okil ckaXykns'k 5- jk'ku dkMZ Hkstus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA vle dh vkcknh yxHkx 33 fefy;u gSA ;g 6- ernkrk lwph esa uke ,dek=k jkT; gS] ftlus NRC dks viMsV fd;k gSA ,uvkjlh dh çfØ;k 7- dkuwuh :i ls Lohdk;Z vU; nLrkost 2013 esa lqçhe dksVZ ds vkns'k ij 'kq: gqbZ FkhA 8- fookfgr efgykvksa ds fy, ,d ldZy vfèkdkjh ;k xzke iapk;r lfpo }kjk fn;k x;k çek.k i=k 39 ukxfjdrk iQkbuy ,uvkjlh lwph tkjh (Final NRC List Released) 10- LFkk;h vkoklh; irk vofèk vle esa vafre NRC lwph 31 vxLr] 2019 dks tkjh dh xbZ FkhA bl lwph 11- 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk 14- lkekU; fuokl dk irk esa 19]06]657 yksxksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k] tcfd 3-11 djksM+ bl 12- O;olk; 15- ?kj ds eqf[k;k ls lEcUèk ukxfjdrk lwph esa 'kkfey fd;s x;s gSaA bl lwph esa dqy 3-29 djksM+ yksxksaus 13- orZeku irs ij jgus dh vkosnu fd;k FkkA NPR dh orZeku fLFkfr D;k gS\ D;k lwph ls cfg"dj.k dk eryc fons'kh ?kksf"kr gksuk gS\ (What is the Current Status of the NPR) ugha_ tks yksx lwph ls ckgj fd, x, gSa] os mu fons'kh fVªC;wuyksa ij vkosnu jk"Vªh; tula[;k jftLVj ds fy, MsVk 2010 esa Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2011 ds dj ldrs gSa tks 1964 ds dkuwu ds rgr vèkZ U;kf;d fudk; gSAa ;s yksx lwph lkFk ,d=k fd;k x;k FkkA tux.kuk ds nkSjku ,d=k fd, x, MsVk dks 2015 tkjh gksus ds 120 fnu ds Hkhrj bu U;k;kfèkdj.kksa ls vihy dj ldrs gSaA esa igys gh viMsV fd;k tk pqdk gS vkSj bls fMftVy Hkh cuk;k tk pqdk gSA ;fn fdlh dks fons'kh fVªC;wuy esa fons'kh ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS rks og mPp vc ljdkj us tux.kuk 2021 ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; tula[;k jftLVj dks U;k;ky;ksa dk #[k dj ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh dks vnkyrksa }kjk fons'kh ?kksf"kr fd;k viMsV djus dk iQSlyk fd;k gSA ,uihvkj ds viMs'ku ls ljdkj dks ns'k ds tkrk gS rks mls fxjÝrkj djds utjcanh dsæa esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA tqykbZ 2019 rd_ yf{kr lewgksa dk vkdyu djus esa enn feysxh] rkfd dsaæ iksf"kr ;kstukvksa 1]17]164 O;fDr fons'kh ?kksf"kr fd, x, gS]a ftuesa ls 1]145 fgjklr esa gSAa ds dk;kZUo;u ls igys mfpr ;kstuk cukbZ tk ldsA PIO dkMZ jk"Vªh; tula[;k jftLVj (NPR) Hkkjr ljdkj us ^ilZUl vkWiQ bafM;u vkWfjftu* PIO dkMZ Ldhe dks vxLr] 2002 jk"Vªh; tula[;k jftLVj (NPR)_ tUe frfFk] oSokfgd fLFkfr] tUe LFkku esa la'kksfèkr fd;k gS] ftldk mís'; viuh tM+ksa dh vksj ykSVus dh ;k=kk dks vfèkd vkSj jk"Vªh;rk (?kksf"kr) vkfn ls lacfa èkr Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dk ,d MsVk csl gS ljy] vklku] yphyk vkSj iw.kZ :i ls leL;kvksa ls eqDr cukuk gSA PIO Ldhe vFkkZr NPR ns'k ds lHkh ukxfjdksa ds tulkaf[;dh fooj.kksa dk MsVk gSA lHkh 1999 esa vkjaHk dh xbZ FkhA ukxfjdksa ds fy, ,uihvkj esa iathdj.k vkSj ljdkj dks lgh fooj.k crkuk PIO dkMZ osQ fy, ik=krk vfuok;Z gSA KkrO; gS fd] Hkkjr esa iwoZ çèkkuea=kh Lo- vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ,slk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr] tks dHkh Hkh Hkkjrh; ikliksVZ dk èkkjd jgk gks] ;k og ;k mlosQ ds usr`Ro okyh ljdkj ds rgr dkjfxy leh{kk lfefr us xSj&ukxfjdksa vkSj ekrk&firk ;k firkeg&ekrkegh ;k çfirkeg&çekrkegh dk tUe 1935 osQ Hkkjr ukxfjdksa ds vfuok;Z iathdj.k dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA bu fliQkfj'kksa dks ljdkj vfèkfu;e esa mfYysf[kr Hkkjr vkSj mu vU; {ks=kksa eas gqvk gks] tks mlosQ ckn 2001 esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr osQ vax cus] vkSj og ;gk¡ LFkk;h :i ls jgk gksA orZeku esa tkjh ,uihvkj viMsV dh çfØ;k vle dks NksM+dj lHkh jkT;ksa og O;fDr] tks Hkkjr dk ukxfjd ;k mi;ZqDr mfYyf[kr Hkkjrh; ewy osQ O;fDr dk vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa esa dh tk,xhA ifr@iRuh gksA ;g ;kstuk cgqr O;kid gS] D;ksafd ;g pkj ihfwBh ;kfpdkvksa dks ca>V osQ gh foèkkf;dk esa tk ldas rFkk vPNs fofèk fuekZ.k esa enn dj losQAa ijarq vkSj u gh vesfjdk dh lhusV dh Hkk¡fr 'kfDr'kkyh mPp lnu gSA ;g fupys orZeku p;u izfØ;k us jkT;lHkk dh vko';drk ij gh iz'u fpÉ yxk fn;k gSA lnu dh ek=k èkq¡èkyh Nk;k Hkh ugha gSA fiNys dqN o"kks± dh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa ls Lo;a Li"V gS fd] vius fy, ,d vk'p;Ztud Hkwfedk fodflr djus esa jkT;lHkk ds i{k esa rdZ ;g liQy gqbZ gS rFkk cgl osQ ,d 'kkunkj ,oa cqyna eap osQ :i esa vius gkFk mijksDr ?kVukvksa osQ ckotwn jkT;lHkk dk egÙo de ugha gksrk gSA vc Hkh iSQykus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gSA jkT;lHkk egÙoiw.kZ dk;ks± dk osQanz gS rFkk dbZ egÙoiw.kZ foèks;dksa osQ lanHkZ laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ vè;;u ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd] yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk esa blosQ lq>ko mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA ;g laLFkk yksdlHkk dh dk;Zokfg;ksa ij ls vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gSA fu%lansg jkT;lHkk dks laln dk mPp o yksdlHkk leh{kd dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA vc Hkh dbZ fo'ks"kK bl lnu osQ ekè;e dks fuEu lnu dgk tkrk gS] fdarq ,d dks vfèkd vkSj nwljs dks de djosQ ls viuh fo'ks"kKrk dk ykHk fofèk fuekZ.k gsrq iznku djrs gSaA bl laLFkk osQ vk¡dk ugha tkuk pkfg,] D;ksfa d blls ^izfr}af}rk dh dVq ijaijk* dks izkRs lkgu ekè;e ls foèkk;u osQ varxZr oqQN gn rd uhfr;ksa dh fujarjrk cuh jgrh feyrk gS] tcfd nksuksa osQ eè; lg;ksx vkSj lkeatL; dh ijaijk gksuh pkfg,A gS] D;ksafd bldk fo?kVu ugha gksrk gSA jkT;lHkk esa dqN lnL;ksa dk p;u iwjh jkT;lHkk dh mi;ksfxrk fuEufyf[kr vkèkkjksa ij gS& laLFkk csdkj ugha lkfcr gks tkrhA 1- ;g dsUnz ds vuko';d gLr{ksi ds fo#¼ jkT;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djds la?kh; larqyu dks lkekU; j[krh gSA yksdlHkk ,oa jkT;lHkk dks la;qDr :i ls izkIr 2- jk"Vªifr 12 ,sls vuqHkoh ,oa is'ksxr yksxksa dks euksfur djrs gSa tks lhèks 'kfDr;k¡ pquko dk lkeuk ugha dj ldrs gSaA jkT;lHkk dks oqQN ,slh 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSa] tks fn[kkrh gS] fd jkT;lHkk] 3- yksdlHkk }kjk 'kh?kzrk ls nks"kiw.kZ ,oa vfoosdiw.kZ :i esa cuk;s x;s yksdlHkk osQ leku gh 'kfDr'kkyh gS%µ foèkku dh leh{kk vkSj ml ij fopkj ds micaèk ds :i esa tkap mik; gSA lafoèkku la'kksèku osQ lanHkZ esa& jkT;lHkk dks laoSèkkfud la'kksèkuksa jkT;lHkk dh vko';drk ij cgl osQ ekeys esa leku vfèkdkj izkIr gSa] D;ksafd lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj] jkT;lHkk] laln dk mPp lnu gSA jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dk pquko jkT; dh ,slk foèks;d nksuksa lnuksa esas fo'ks"k cgqer }kjk ikfjr gksuk pkfg,A ;g foèkkulHkkvksa ds fuokZfpr lnL;ksa }kjk ,dy laØe.kh; er i¼fr osQ }kjk foèks;d laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lafoèkku gksrk gS] ftlesa lnL; vizR;{k :i ls ernku djrs gSaA orZeku le; esa esa ,slk dksbZ izkoèkku ugha gS] ftlls nksuksa lnuksa osQ eè; xfrjksèk gksus ij jkT;lHkk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh rFkk pquko dks ysdj dkiQh fookn jgk gSA 80&90 jk"Vªifr laln dh la;qDr cSBd cqyk,A osQ n'kd esa jkT;lHkk dh mi;ksfxrk ij ;g dgdj iz'u fpÉ yxk;k tkrk jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu ,oa egkfHk;ksx osQ lanHkZ esa& jkT;lHkk dks Fkk] fd ;g laLFkk pquko esa gkjs gq;s jktuhfrKksa rFkk oiQknkj ukSdj'kkgksa dh jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu o egkfHk;ksx esa yksdlHkk osQ leku 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr 'kj.kLFkyh gSA blesa lÙkk:sA dksbZ ldrk gS] tSlk fd lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn&94 esa izkoèkku gS%µ Hkh lfefr vè;{k dh iwokZueq fr osQ fcuk u rks laln Hkou ls ckgj viuh mlosQ lnu osQ lnL; u jgus ijA cSBd dk vk;kstu dj ldrh gS vkSj u gh ljdkj osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ;fn og vè;{k gS rks mikè;{k dks lEcksfèkr vius gLrk{kj lfgr in xokgh osQ fy, cqyk ldrh gSA R;kx djus ij (mikè;{k dh fLFkfr esa vè;{k dks)A yksdlHkk vFkok mlls lEcfUèkr ekeyksa ls lafoèkku vFkok fu;eksa dh yksdlHkk lnL;ksa }kjk cgqer ls ikfjr izLrko (ijarq bl ladYi dks O;k[;k djus dk vfèkdkj] lekpkj&i=kksa eas okn&fookn dk osaQnz ugha izLrkfor djus ls de&ls&de pkSng fnu osQ iwoZ lwpuk nsuk vifjgk;Z) cuk;k tk ldrkA }kjk mls vius in ls gVk;s tkus ijA og lnu dh dk;Zokfg;ksa osQ lEcUèk esa le;≤ ij jk"Vªifr dks lwpuk ijarq tc dHkh yksdlHkk dk fo?kVu fd;k tkrk gS rks fo?kVu osQ i'pkr~ gksus nsrk jgrk gS] ftlls jk"Vªifr ,oa laln osQ eè; lkeatL; cuk jgrk gSA okys yksdlHkk osQ izFke vfèkos'ku osQ Bhd igys rd vè;{k vius in dks ny&cny lEcUèkh ekeykas dk fuèkkZj.k rFkk lnL;kasa dh ;ksX;rk vFkok fjDr ugha djsxkA v;ksX;rk dk fuèkkZj.k vè;{k gh djrk gSA tc vè;{k dks gVk;s tkus dh dk;Zokgh gksrh gS] rks og vè;{krk ugha dj vr% yksdlHkk vè;{k dk in vR;fèkd egÙoiw.kZ rFkk lEeku;qDr gSA ldrk gS ijarq mls yksdlHkk esa cksyus rFkk dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysus dk vfèkdkj vè;{k lnL;ksa osQ O;fDrxr rFkk ny ;k xqVksa osQ vkèkkj ij izkIr vfèkdkjksa gksrk gSA mls izFker;k ernku djus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gS] ijarq er cjkcj gksus rFkk fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dk j{kd gksrk gSA vè;{k lnu dh 'kfDr;kas] dk;kZsa rFkk dh n'kk esa ernku djus dk vfèkdkj ugha gksrk gSA lEeku dk izrhd gSA vè;{k dh Hkkafr gh mikè;{k dk pquko Hkh yksdlHkk osQ lnL; }kjk gh gksrk laln dk l=k gSA mikè;{k rc rd vius in ij cuk jgrk gS] tc rd fd og lnu dk lnL; jgrk gS rFkk og Lo;a bLrhiQk ugha ns nsrk gS vFkok lnu esa cgqer ls jk"Vªifr osQ ikl nksuksa lnuksa dks vkgwr djus dh] l=kkolku vkSj yksdlHkk dk ikfjr ,d izLrko osQ }kjk mls gVk ugha fn;k tkrkA vè;{k dh vuqifLFkfr fo?kVu djus dh 'kfDr gSA laln osQ l=k dks vkgwr djus osQ ckjs esa lafoèkku us esa mikè;{k lnu dh dk;Zokgh dh vè;{krk djrk gS vkSj dk;Zokgh osQ jk"Vªifr ij vuqPNsn&85 (1) ds }kjk ,d drZO; vfèkjksfir fd;k gS fd] fu;ekuqlkj vè;{k osQ lHkh vfèkdkjksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA vè;{k osQ foijhr og nksuksa lnuksa dks ,sls varjky ij vkgwr djsxk fd ,d l=k dh vafre cSBd mikè;{k dks lnu esa ,d lnL; dh gSfl;r ls cksyus] lnu dh dk;Zokgh vkSj mlosQ ckn osQ l=k dh izFke cSBd osQ fy, fu;r rkjh[k osQ chp 6 ekg esa Hkkx ysus vkSj fdlh Hkh eqís ij ernku djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gS ysfdu ls vfèkd dk varjky ugha gksxkA mikè;{k ;g lc oqQN mlh fLFkfr eas dj ldrk gS] tcfd vè;{k lnu dh laln osQ lanHkZ eas l=kkolku] fo?kVu ,oa LFkxu ls vyx&vyx vfHkizk; vè;{krk dj jgk gksA fy;k tkrk gSA laln osQ izFke vfèkos'ku vkSj mlosQ l=kkolku ;k fo?kVu osQ chp dh vofèk dks ^l=k* dgk tkrk gSA ^nh?kkZodk'k* laln osQ l=kkolku vè;{k dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z gksus vkSj u, l=k esa mlosQ leosr gksus osQ chp osQ le; dks dgrs gSAa lnu dh yksdlHkk osQ vè;{k dk in lnu dk lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ] ijEijkxr ,oa cSBd fo?kVu] l=kkolku ;k LFkxu }kjk lekIr dh tk ldrh gSA vkSipkfjd in gSA vè;{k yksdlHkk dk lokZsPPk izkfèkdkj izkIr vfèkdkjh osQ fo?kVu osQ lanHkZ esa ;g izko/ku gS fd osQoy yksdlHkk dk gh fo?kVu gks gksrk gS] tksfd mldh vUkU; fu"i{krk ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA vè;{k dh ldrk gSA jkT;lHkk ,d LFkk;h lnu gS vr% bldk fo?kVu ugha gks ldrk gSA vfèkdka'k 'kfDr;kasa ,oa dk;kZsa dk mYys[k lafoèkku osQ varxZr fd;k x;k gS] fo?kVu nks izdkj ls gksrk gS& 91 la?kh; fo/kf;dk 1- le; O;rhr gks tkus ij vFkkZr~ 5 o"kZ dh vofèk dh lekfIr ij ;k esa ljdkj dk cgqer lekIr gks tkus vkSj fdlh Hkh ny osQ ikl Li"V cgqer vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk osQ nkSjku foLrkfjr vofèk dh lekfIr ijA osQ ugha gksus ij jk"Vªifr }kjk yksdlHkk dk fo?kVu dj fn;k tkrk gSA fo?kVu 2- jk"Vªifr }kjk vuqPNsn&85(2) osQ vèkhu 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx }kjkA ls yksdlHkk dk thoudky lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj iqu% pquko }kjk u;h jk"Vªifr fo?kVu vkSj l=kkolku dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx eaf=kifj"kn dh lykg yksdlHkk dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA osQ vuqlkj djrk gSA yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk dh nSfud cSBdksa dks LFkfxr djus dh 'kfDr Øe'k% yksdlHkk osQ vè;{k vkSj jkT;lHkk osQ lHkkifr dks laln dk l=kkolku gSA fo?kVu ls yksdlHkk dk var gks tkrk gSA l=kkolku ls osQoy l=k dh laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ fy, ,d l=k ls nwljs l=k osQ chp osQ vodk'k osQ lekfIr gksrh gSA LFkxu ls laln osQ l=k dh fofèkekU;rk dk var ugha gksrk le; dks l=kkolku dgk tkrk gS] ftldh ?kks"k.kk jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA osQoy fofufnZ"V le; osQ fy, dkedkt dk vkxs pyuk LFkfxr gks tkrk gSA LFkxu ?kaVs] fnu ;k lIrkg osQ fy, gks ldrk gSA fo?kVu ls fo|eku yksdlHkk l=kkolku D;ksa osQ thoudky dk var gks tkrk gS] ftlls lnu osQ le{k yfECkr lHkh fo"k; l=kkolku dk izkoèkku blfy, fd;k x;k gS fd] bl le; turk osQ izfrfufèk fo?kVu ij lekIr gks tkrs gSaA ;fn bu fo"k;ksa dks vkxs cs**A vr% laln osQ l=k dks vkgwr laln dh la;qDr cSBd djuk ljdkj ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn&108 osQ vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr dks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa O;oèkkuksa osQ dkj.k gksus okys LFkxuksa lfgr] fofHkUu dkj.kksa osQ pyrs laln dh cSBosQa (jkT;lHkk ,oa yksdlHkk) dh la;qDr cSBd cqykus dk vfèkdkj gSA laln dh 120 fnu izfro"kZ ls ?kVdj 65&70 fnu izfro"kZ gks x;h gSaA la;qDr cSBd mUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cqyk;h tk ldrh gS_ ;fnµ jkT; foèkkulHkkvksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh Hkh ,d xaHkhj fLFkfr iznf'kZr djrh gSA fiNys ik¡p ,d lnu }kjk ikfjr foèks;d nwljs lnu }kjk vLohdkj dj fn;k tk,A o"kks± esa 20 foèkkulHkkvksa osQ vkadM+s bafxr djrs gSa fd mudh ,d o"kZ esa vkSlru ek=k foèks;d esa fd, tkus okys la'kksèkuksa osQ ckjs esa nksukas lnu vafre :i ls 29 fnuksa osQ fy, gh cSBosaQ gqbZA vlger gks x, gksaA nwljs lnu dks foèks;d izkIr gksus dh rkjh[k ls mlosQ }kjk foèks;d ikfjr yse&Md l=k fd, fcuk N% ekg ls vfèkd le; chr x;k gksA ;g u;h yksdlHkk osQ xBu ls iwoZ orZZeku yksdlHkk dk vafre l=k gksrk gSA bl izdkj dh la;qDr cSBdksa dh vè;{krk yksdlHkk osQ Lihdj }kjk dh tkrh orZeku yksdlHkk osQ os lnL;] tks u;h yksdlHkk gsrq fuokZfpr ugha gks ikrs] gS rFkk lHkh fu.kZ; mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ cgqer ls fy, tkrs gSaA lafoèkku osQ ^yse&Md* dgykrs gSaA bls yaxM+h cÙk[k Hkh dgrs gSA ykxw gksus ls vHkh rd osQoy rhu ckj nksuksa lnuksa dk la;qDr vfèkos'ku vkgwr fd;k x;k (1961] 1978 ,oa 2002 esa)A ekpZ 2002 esa iksVk (vkradokn laln dk fo?kVu fujks/d vf/fu;e) foèks;d dks ikfjr djus osQ fy, nksuksa lnuksa dk la;qDr yksdlHkk osQ dk;Zdky dh lekfIr osQ i'pkr~ vFkok fdlh le; yksdlHkk vfèkos'ku cqyk;k x;kA la?kh; fo/kf;dk 92 fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij laln dh la;qDr cSBd dk izkoèkku ugha gS%µ ;s lnu osQ lkewfgd fo'ks"kkfèkdkj gSa] ftudk vfrØe.k laln dh voekuuk èku foèks;d osQ lanHkZ esaA ekuk tkrk gS vkSj laln blosQ fy, fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks n.M ns ldrh gSA lafoèkku la'kksèku foèks;d osQ lanHkZ esaA voekuuk osQ lanHkZ esa lnu dh n.M nsus dh 'kfDr ij U;k;ky; }kjk gLr{ksi lalnh; fo'ks"kkfèkdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA laln Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dk loksPZ p fudk; gS ftlosQ lqpk: :i ls dk;Z djus fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa ds laca/ esa erHksn osQ fy, laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dk lafoèkku osQ vèkhu dqN fo'ks"kkfèkdkj gSaA Hkkjr esa U;k;ky;ksa us ;g ckr ekuh gS fd] fdlh fo'ks"k ekeys esa fo'ks"kkfèkdkj izR;sd lnu osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks fuEufyf[kr nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k Hkax gqvk gS] ;k ughaA bl iz'u dk iSQlyk djus dk vfèkdkj osQoy laln ;k tk ldrk gS% jkT; foèkkue.My dks gSA ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fn;k x;k gS fd] voekuuk djus osQ 1- laln lnL;ksa osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkjA dkj.k naM nsus dh lnu dh 'kfDr oSlh gh gS] tSls fd ^gkWml vkWiQ dkWeUl* 2- lnu osQ lkewfgd fo'ks"kkfèkdkjA dh gSA ml 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx dh Nkuchu djus osQ fy, U;k;ky; v{ke gksxkA D;k vki tkurs gSa\ laln] fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks lafgrkc¼ dj ldrh gSA lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn& 105(3) esa fuèkkZfjr gS fd lafoèkku esa mfYyf[kr fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa osQ vykok] fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa osQ Ïksr& ewyr% bls fczfV'k gkml vkWiQ dkWeUl ls fy;k x;k gSA lHkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks lafgrkc¼ djus osQ fy, dksbZ dkuwu ugha gSA ;s ikap fofHkUu Ïksrksa ij laln fofèk }kjk vius fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks le;≤ ij ifjHkkf"kr dj vkèkkfjr gS]a laoèS kkfud izkoèkku] laln osQ fofHkUu dkuwu] nksuksa lnuksa osQ fu;e] lalnh; ldrh gS] ijarq bl micaèk osQ vuqlj.k esa] izR;sd lnu dh vkSj mlosQ lnL;ksa lEesyu vkSj U;kf;d fuoZpuA dh lfefr;ksa dh 'kfDr;ksa] fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa vkSj mUeqfDr;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, laln }kjk vc rd dksbZ fofèk ugha cukbZ xbZ gSA okLro esa] laln dk laln lnL;ksa ds fo'ks"kkf/dkj ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj ;g gS] fd fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks lafgrkc¼ u fd;k tk,] os oSls gh vifjHkkf"kr jgus pkfg,] tSls fd vkt gSa] vkSj tSls fd os gj lnL; }kjk O;fDrxr :i ls miHkksx fd, tkus okys fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks lnk jgs gSaA fuEu fcUnqvksa osQ varxZr ns[kk tk ldrk gSµ tgk¡ rd bl laoSèkkfud micaèk dk (vFkkZr~ ^tc rd laln }kjk] fofèk }kjk fxjÝrkjh ls mUeqfDrµ 1976 osQ vfèkfu;e&104 ds }kjk ;Fkk ifjHkkf"kr u fd;k tk,*) vkSj lalnh; fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh ifjHkk"kk djus ;k la'kksfèkr flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk dh èkkjk 135&d osQ varxZr lnL;ksa dks mUgsa lafgrkc¼ djus osQ iz'u dk lacaèk gS] bl ckjs esa erHksn gSaA lnu ;k mldh fdlh lfefr osQ ftldk og lnL; gS] vfèkos'ku osQ pyrs jgus osQ nkSjku ;k lnuksa ;k lfefr;ksa dh la;qDr cSBd osQ nkSjku laln dh 'kfDr;k¡ rFkk vfèkos'ku ;k cSBd ls iwoZ ;k i'pkr~ 40 fnu dh vofèk osQ nkSjku laln dks viuk dk;Z fuckZèk :i ls pykus osQ fy, dbZ 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh x;h fxjÝrkjh ls NwV nsrh gSA ;g mUeqfDr flfoy ekeyksa esa fxjÝrkjh rd gh gSaA laln osQ izR;sd lnu dks fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSa& lhfer gSA vkijkfèkd ekeyksa esa ;k fuokjd fujksèk dh fofèk osQ vèkhu vU; O;fDr;ksa dks fdlh Hkh le; nh?kkZ ls gVkus dh 'kfDr& fxjÝrkjh esa ugha gSA izfØ;k osQ fu;eksa osQ vèkhu vè;{k vkSj lHkkifr dks ;g vfèkdkj gS lk{kh osQ :i esa gkftjh ls eqfDrµ baXySM a osQ lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj] tc fd vtufc;ksa dks lnu osQ fdlh Hkkx ls ckgj pys tkus dk vkns'k nsA laln l=k esa gks rc lnu dh vuqefr osQ fcuk fdlh lnL; dks lk{; nsus vius vkarfjd ekeyksa dk fofu;eu djus dh 'kfDr& laln osQ osQ fy, lEeu ugha fn;k tk ldrkA izR;sd lnu dks ;g 'kfDr gS fd] og viuh dk;Zokfg;ksa dks fu;af=kr oko~Q&Lokra=;µ izR;sd lnu dh pgkjnhokjh esa okd~&Lora=krk gksxhA vkSj fofu;fer djs vkSj pkjnhokjh osQ Hkhrj mRiUu gksus okys ekeyksa bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd ogk¡a dgh xbZ fdlh ckr osQ fy, dksbZ dkjZokbZ ugha dk U;k;ky; osQ gLr{ksi osQ fcuk fofu'p; djsA laln dh pkjnhokjh dh tk ldrhA lkekU; ukxfjd dk okd~&Lora=krk vuqPNsn&19(1) osQ Hkhrj tks dgk ;k fd;k tkrk gS] mlosQ ckjs esa dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; tk¡p (,) esas fofufnZ"V fucZaèkuksas osQ vèkhu gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy, ekugkfu ls ugha dj ldrk gSA lacafèkr fofèk osQ vèkhuA lnL; dks laln ;k mldh lfefr esa dgh xbZ lnL;ksa vkSj ckgjh O;fDr;ksa dks lnu osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks Hkax fdlh ckr osQ fy, U;k;ky; eas mÙkjnk;h ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA djus osQ fy, nafMr djus dh 'kfDr& izR;sd lnu fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa osQ Hkax ;k voekuuk osQ fy, naM ns ldrk gSA ;g naM HkRlZuk] naM ;k lnu ds lkewfgd fo'ks"kkf/dkj voekuuk osQ :i esa gks ldrk gSA fCyV~t osQ fo[;kr ekeys esa ml blosQ vUrxZr laln dks fuEu vfèkdkj izkIr gSa& lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks yksdlHkk esa cqyk;k x;k vkSj laln osQ ppkZ vkSj dk;Zokfg;k¡ izdkf'kr djus vkSj vU; O;fDr;ksa }kjk izdkf'kr lnL; dh izfr"Bk osQ izfrdwy ys[k izdkf'kr djus osQ fy, naM fn;k djus ls jksdus dk vfèkdkj] x;kA 1990 esa ,d iwoZ ea=kh Jh osQ- osQ- frokjh dks jkT;lHkk us blh izdkj vU; O;fDr;kas dks vioftZr djus dk vfèkdkjA dk naM fn;k FkkA lnu osQ vkarfjd ekeyksa dks fofu;fer djus dk vkSj pkjnhokjh osQ laln esa foèkk;h izfØ;k Hkhrj mRiUu gksus okys ekeyksa dks fuiVkus dk vfèkdkjA lalnh; dnkpkj dks izdkf'kr djus dk vfèkdkjA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku us oSèkkfud fofèk osQ fy, dqN O;oLFkk,a fuf'pr dh gqbZ lnL;kas dks vkSj ckgjh O;fDr;ksa dks lnu osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks Hkax djus gSaA bu O;oLFkkvksa osQ vfrfjDr oSèkkfud izfØ;k osQ fo"k; esa foLr`r fooj.k osQ fy, nafMr djus dk vfèkdkj vkfnA yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk osQ fofèkfu;eksa esa vafdr gSaA 93 la?kh; fo/kf;dk fof/ fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k lkèkkj.k foèks;d laln dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z dkuwu cukuk gSA blosQ fy, lHkh izLrko foèks;dksa laln dh foèkk;h izfØ;k esa lkèkkj.k foèks;d dks ikl djus dh oSèkkfud osQ :i esa laln osQ lkeus vkus pkfg,A foèks;dksa dh fo"k;&oLrq osQ vkèkkj fofèk bl izdkj gS& ij budk oxhZdj.k bl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS& ewwy foèks;d] ftlesa izLrkoksa] fopkjksa vkSj uhfr;ksa lacaèkh micaèk gksrs gSaA foèks;d izLrqr djuk la'kksèku foèks;d] ftldk míss'; orZeku vfèkfu;eksa esa :iHksn djuk izFke okpu& lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn& 107(1) osQ vuqlkj] èku ;k ;k la'kksèku djuk gksrk gSA foÙkh; foèks;d ls fHkUu lkèkkj.k foèks;d fdlh Hkh lnL; }kjk fdlh foèks;d] ftldk vk'k; fdlh ,d fo"k; ij orZeku fofèk;ksa dks Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks lnL; foèks;d izLrqr djrk lesfdr djuk gksrk gSA gS] mldks ,d ekl dh vfxze lwpuk lnu osQ vè;{k ;k lHkkifr dks ,sls foèks;d] ftldk mís'; O;ixr gksus okys vfèkfu;eksa dks tkjh nsuh iM+rh gSA ,slh lwpuk osQ lkFk gh foèks;d dks is'k djus osQ dkj.k] j[kuk gksrk gSA foèks;d dk mís'; ,oa foèks;d ij vkus okys O;; dk fooj.k vkfn ,sls foèks;d] tks jk"Vªifr }kjk tkjh fd, tkus okys vè;kns'kksa dk LFkku of.kZr djuk vko';d gSA blosQ ckn vè;{k foèks;d dks is'k djus ysrs gSaA dh frfFk fuf'pr djrk gSA fuf'pr frfFk osQ vuqlkj foèks;d dks is'k lafoèkku la'kksèku foèks;dA fd;k tkrk gSA foèks;d is'k djuk ,d vkSipkfjdrk gksrh gS rFkk izFkk osQ vuqlkj] bl voLFkk esa foèks;d ij ppkZ ugha dh tkrh gSA ,d fnu izfØ;k osQ vkèkkj ij foèks;dksa dk oxhZdj.k esa fdrus gh foèks;d is'k fd;s tk ldrs gSAa tc foèks;d lnu esa is'k gks tkrk gS rks mls Hkkjr osQ jkti=k esa izzdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA f}rh; okpu& f}rh; okpu es]a foèks;d dh foLr`r ,oa ckjhdh ls tk¡p dh tkrh gSA nwwljs ;k f}rh; okpu osQ nks pj.k gSaA izFke pj.k esa] lewps foèks;d ij lkekU; ppkZ gksrh gSA bl pj.k esa lnu pkgs rks foèks;d dks lnu dh izoj lfefr ;k nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr lfefr dks fufnZ"V dj ldrh gS ;k pkgs rks lhèks bl ij fopkj dj ldrh gSA foèks;d ij mi;qZDr lfefr;ksa }kjk xgjkbZ ls fopkj djus osQ i'pkr la'kksfèkr izfrosnu dks Nki fn;k tkrk gS] blosQ ckn fcy ;k foèks;d dk izLrko j[k ldrk gS& izoj lfefr }kjk fjiksVZ fd, gq, fcy ij fopkj fd;k tk,A lfefr osQ ikl fcy iqu% Hksstk tk,A foèks;dksa dk oxhZdj.k fcy dks tuer osQ fy, iqu% izlkfjr fd;k tk,A ;fn ea=kh ;k izLrkod ;g izLrko is'k djrk gS fd] foèks;d ij izfrosfnr :i foèks;dksa dks eq[;r% nks izdkj ls ns[kk tkrk gS& ljdkjh foèks;d vkSj esa fopkj fd;k tk, rks ml ij okn&fookn dh vuqefr nh tkrh gSA xSj& ljdkjh foèks;dA f}rh; okpu esa izfrosnu osQ :i esa foèks;d ij okn&fookn djus dk izLrko LohÑr gks tkus osQ i'pkr~ foèks;d dh izR;sd èkkjk ij cgqr lw{e :i ls 1- ljdkjh foèks;d& ;s foèks;d eaf=k;ksa }kjk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA lnu esa fopkj gksrk gSA izR;sd [kaM ;k èkkjk ppkZ osQ fy, vyx ls lnu osQ 2- xSj&ljdkjh foèks;d& ;s foèks;d xSj&ljdkjh lnL;ksa }kjk 'kqØokj le{k j[kk tkrk gS rFkk izR;sd èkkjk ij ernku fd;k tkrk gS tks la'kksèku osQ fnu izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA LohÑr gks tkrs gSa] os foèks;d dk vax cu tkrs gSaA yksxksa osQ izfrfufèk;ksa dks yksd egÙo osQ fofHkUUk ekeyksa ij vius fopkj r`rh; okpu& r`rh; okpu esa foèks;d dh ,d lnu esa vafre O;Dr djus dk volj iznku djus vkSj ljdkj dks dk;ZØe vkSj uhfr;kas osQ voLFkk gksrh gSA bl voLFkk esa 'kkfCnd] vkSipkfjd vkSj fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, jkth djus dh n`f"V ls laln osQ fu;eksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa vkuq"kkafxd la'kksèku gh is'k fd, tk ldrs gSaA D;ksafd foèks;d esa xSj&ljdkjh lnL;ksa }kjk Hkh foèks;d dh 'kq:vkr djus dk micaèk fd;k osQ lkekU; fl¼kUrksa ij lgefr gks pqdh gksrh gS rFkk mldh x;k gSA xSj ljdkjh lnL;ksa }kjk yk, tkus okys foèks;dksa ij ppkZ djus ls foLrkjiwoZd tk¡p Hkh gks pqdh gksrh gSA rRi'pkr~ ea=kh ;g izLrko lnu dks leL;kvksa dks le>us dk vkSj muosQ lHkh igyqvksa ij fopkj djus dj ldrk gS fd] foèks;d dks ikfjr fd;k tk,A dk volj feyrk gSA blls ,d ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd ljdkj ;fn vko';d le>s rks ml fo"k; ij O;kid foèks;d Lo;a yk ldrh gSA xSj&ljdkjh nwljs lnu esa ikfjr fd;k tkuk lnL;ksa osQ foèks;dksa osQ fy, fu;r fnu dks is'k fd, tkus okys lHkh foèks;d mi;qZDr rhuksa okpuksa ls xqtjus osQ i'pkr foèks;d dks nwljs lnu esa Hkstk ml fnu dh xSj&ljdkjh lnL;ksa dh dk;Z&lwph esa lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSaA tkrk gSA nwljs lnu esa foèkss;d mu lHkh voLFkkvksa (pj.kksa) ls xqtjrk gS] xr o"kks± esa vkt rd yksdlHkk ,oa jkT;lHkk esa 14 xSj&ljdkjh foèks;d ftlls foèks;d izFke lnu esa xqtjk FkkA ;fn nwljk lnu foèks;d dks mlh ikfjr gks losQ gSaA :i esa ikfjr dj ns] rks foèks;d jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy, Hksstk tkrk UkksV& fofèk fuekZ.k izfd;k osQ varxZr izR;sd foèks;d dks dkuwu cukus ls iwoZ gSA ijarq ;fn nwljk lnu mldks jí dj ns ;k la'kksèku dj ns tks izFke lnu izR;sd lnu esa ikap fLFkfr;ksa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA blosQ rhu okpu gksrs gSaA dks Lohdkj ugha gS ;k 6 ekg rd ml foèks;d ij dksbZ dk;Zokgh u djs rks la?kh; fo/kf;dk 94 jk"Vªifr nksuksa lnuksa dk la;qDr vfèkos'ku cqyk ldrs gSaA ;fn la;qDr Hkz"Vkpkj fujksèkd dkuwu (1988) la'kksèku osQ fy, 2013 esa is'k fd;k x;k FkkA blosQ vfèkos'ku esa foèks;d dks nksuksa lnuksa osQ mifLFkr lnL; cgqer ls ikfjr ckn bl foèks;d dks laln dh LFkk;h lfefr osQ ikl Hkstk x;k FkkA LFkk;h lfefr us bl ij vius fopkj j[kus osQ ckn bldks izoj lfefr osQ ikl Hkstk Fkk] ftlosQ ckn bls dj nsa rks og foèks;d nksuksa lnuksa ls ikfjr le>k tk;sxkA ijarq lafoèkku osQ leh{kk osQ fy, fofèk vk;ksx osQ ikl Hkh Hkstk x;kA var esa lfefr us o"kZ 2016 esa viuh vuqPNsn&108 osQ vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr bl vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx eaf=kifj"kn osQ fjiksVZ lkSia h Fkh] ftlosQ ckn o"kZ 2017 esa bl foèks;d dks nksckjk laln esa is'k fd;k x;k ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj gh dj ldrk gSA Fkk] tks fd o"kZ 2018 essa ikfjr gqvkA jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr fdl vfèkfu;e esa la'kksèku djrk gS\ ;g foèks;d Hkz"Vkpkj dh jksdFkke vfèkfu;e] 1988 esa la'kksèku djrk gSA dksbZ Hkh foèks;d jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fcuk dkuwu ugha cu ldrk gSA bl foèks;d esa D;k micUèk gSa\ blfy, nksuksa lnuksa ls ikfjr gksus osQ ckn foèks;d dks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr bl foèks;d esa fj'or ysus okys osQ lkFk fj'or nsus okyk Hkh leku :i ls ftEesnkj osQ fy, Hksstk tkrk gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr LohÑfr nss ns rkss mldks Hkkjrh; xtV esa ekuk x;k gSA foèks;d esa ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd fdlh dks csotg ijs'kku ugha izdkf'kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA fd;k tk,A bl izdkj og foèks;d ns'k osQ dkuwu dk :i èkkj.k djrk gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr u, dkuwu osQ rgr fj'or ysus okyksa dh rjg fj'or nsus okyksa dks Hkh 3 ls 7 lky dh foèks;d dks LohÑfr ls badkj dj ns rFkk foèks;d dks laln osQ ikl lq>koksa oSQn dk izkoèkku fd;k x;k gSA blosQ lkFk gh tqekZuk Hkh yxk;k tk,xkA lfgr okil dj ns rks laln ml foèks;d ij iqu% fopkj djrh gSA ;fn laln tk¡p osQ nkSjku ;g Hkh ns[kk tk,xk fd fj'or fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fn;k x;k gSA foèks;d dks iqu% ikfjr djds jk"Vªifr ds ikl Hkstrk gS rks jk"Vªifr dks viuh u, dkuwu osQ eqrkfcd] fdlh Hkh yksd lsod ij Hkz"Vkpkj dk ekeyk pykus ls igys LohÑfr nsuh gh iM+rh gSA vxj og osaQnz dk gS rks igys yksdiky vkSj vxj yksd lsod jkT; dk gS rks jkT;ksa esa bl izdkj] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd] Hkkjrh; oSèkkfud fofèk bl izdkj yksdk;qDrksa dh vuqefr ysuh gksxhA fuf'pr dh xbZ gS fd ftlosQ }kjk foèks;d dk iw.kZr% voyksdu fd;k tk blosQ vykok ftl O;fDr ij fj'or nsus dk vkjksi gksxk] mldks viuh ckr j[kus osQ losQ] fojksèkh ny tu&fojksèkh foèks;dksa rFkk 'kkld ny osQ vR;kpkjksa dk fy, 7 fnu dk le; fn;k tk,xk ftls oqQN fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa 15 fnu rd cko nsrh gSA lfefr osQ lq>koksa ij lnu esa fopkjkFkZ izLrqr fo"k;ksa osQ fy, xfBr lfefrA cgl ugha gksrh gSA ijarq ;g lfefr viuk dk;Z iwjs o"kZ djrh gS rFkk viuk vuqlwfpr&tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr& tutkfr dY;k.k lfefrA n`f"Vdks.k lnu osQ le{k j[krh gSA L=kh l'kfDrdj.k lfefrA ykHk osQ inksa osQ fy, xfBr la;qDr lfefrA yksd&ys[kk lfefr yksd&ys[kk lfefr] foÙkh; {ks=k dh lcls iqjkuh lfefr ekuh tkrh gSA ;g ,d lnu osQ nSfud dk;ks± ls lEcfUèkr lfefr;k¡ la;Dq r lfefr gSA bleas yksdlHkk osQ 15 lnL; gksrs gSa rFkk 7 lnL; pqus tkrs dk;Z lykgdkj lfefrA gSAa dqy feykdj bl lfefr esa 22 lnL; gksrs s gSAa bldk xBu loZiFz ke Hkkjr lnL;ksa osQ futh foèks;dksa ,oa ladYiksa osQ fy, xfBr lfefrA ljdkj vf/fu;e] 1919 ds rgr 1921 eas fd;k x;k FkkA izk;% bl lfefr dk fofu;e lfefrA vè;{k lÙkk i{k ls ugha gksrk gSA bl lfefr esa Hkh ea=kh lnL; ugha gksrs gSAa bl lnu dh cSBdksa ls lnL;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ fy, xfBr lfefrA lfefr osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko Hkh vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh ldy laØe. kh; er ds vk/j ij }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl lfefr dks fu;a=kd rFkk egkys[kk lnu lfefr;k¡ vFkok lsok lfefr;k¡ (lnL;ksa dks lqfoèkk,¡ vFkok ijh{kd dk lg;ksx izkIr gksrk gSA ;g lfefr vke O;;ksa ij fuxjkuh j[krh gSA lsok,¡ iznku djus okys izkoèkkuksa ls lacafèkr) eq[; :i ls bu O;;ksa dks laln dh vuqefr izkIr gksuh pkfg,A ;g dk;Z Hkh lkekU; iz;kstu lfefrA lfefr }kjk laikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lfefr ljdkj dh uhfr&fo"k;d eqíksa lnu lfefrA ij vkykspuk ugha djrh gSA iqLrdky; lfefrA la?kh; fo/kf;dk 100 yksd&ys[kk lfefr osQ eq[; drZO; yksdlHkk lnL;ksa osQ dnkpkj dh tk¡p laca/h lfefr D;k iSlk mlh en esa [kpZ gqvk gS] ftlosQ fy, fn;k x;k Fkk\ ;g lfefr yksdlHkk lnL;ksa osQ dnkpkj vkSj muosQ }kjk lalnh; D;k bl [kpZ osQ fy, laln us vuqefr iznku dj nh gS\ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj vkSj lqfoèkkvksa dk nq#i;ksx djus osQ ekeyksa] ftuosQ ckjs esa D;k [kpZ laln dh vuqefr ls T;knk Fkk\ vfrfjDr [kpZ rks ugha gqvk gS\ yksdlHkk vè;{k dks le;≤ ij ekeys izkIr gksrs gSa] dh tk¡p djrh gS ;fn gqvk gS] rks blosQ fy, dkSu&lh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mÙkjnk;h gSa\ vkSj izR;sd ekeys esa] ;fn dksbZ gks] rks dk;Zokgh dh fliQkfj'k djrh gS vkSj bls vè;{k dks izLrqr djrh gSA lkFk gh] ;fn lfefr mi;qDr le>rh gS rks bl lkoZtfud miØe lfefr ckr ij Hkh xkSj djrh gS fd] fdlh lnL; osQ fdu&fdu ÑR;ksa dks dnkpkj lkoZtfud miØe lfefr foÙkh; lfefr gS] ftlesa 15 lnL; yksdlHkk ekuk tk, vkSj ,sls dnkpkjksa osQ ekeyksa esa dh tkus okyh dk;Zokgh osQ ckjs esa rFkk 7 lnL; jkT;lHkk ls vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA mfpr fliQkfj'k djrh gSA lfefr fofèk osQ lqLFkkfir fl¼karksa vkSj uSlfxZd bl izdkj oqQy feykdj 22 lnL; gksrs gSaA ;g lfefr loZizFke 1964 esa U;k; osQ vuq:i viuh Lo;a dh izfØ;k viukus osQ fy, izkfèkÑr gSA lfefr] rRdkyhu yksdlHkk vè;{k th-oh- eoyadj dh js[kjs[k essa xfBr gqbZ FkhA vke rkSj ij vè;{k }kjk fdlh ekeys dks Hksts tkus osQ ,d eghus osQ Hkhrj bldk Hkh lnL; ea=kh ugha gks ldrk gSA lfefr dk lHkkifr yksdlHkk lnL; viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA gksrk gSA ;g lfefr lkoZtfud miØeksa dh dk;Z dq'kyrk] Lok;Ùkrk rFkk LoLFk O;kolkf;d fl¼kar o O;ogkjksa dh tk¡p djrh gSA ijh{k.k ,oa fu;a=k.k ds fy, xfBr LFkk;h lfefr;k¡ tk¡p lfefr;k¡ ljdkjh vk'oklu lfefr laln fofHkUu ekeyksa dks tk¡p osQ fy, fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dks lkSairh gS tks eaf=k;ksa }kjk le;≤ ij fn, x, vk'okluksa] okpuksa vkSj fd, x, viuk er nsrh gSa vkSj mi;qDr dk;Zokgh dh vuq'kalk djrh gSaA izfrKkuksa vkfn dh tk¡p djuk vkSj muosQ ckjs esa izfrosnu nsuk fd] bl izdkj osQ vk'oklu vkfn dgk¡ rd fØ;kfUor fd, x, gSa vkSj ;g Hkh ns[kuk fd] ;kfpdk lfefr D;k mUgsa bl iz;kstu osQ fy, visf{kr le; esa fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k gS\ yksdlHkk dks izLrqr dh xbZ ;kfpdkvksa ij fopkj djuk vkSj izfrosnu izLrqr djukA fofHkUu O;fDr;ks]a laLFkkvksa vkfn osQ mu vH;kosnuks]a tks ;kfpdk lacèa kh fu;eksa vèkhuLFk foèkk;u lacaèkh lfefr osQ varxZr ugha vkrs gS]a ij Hkh fopkj djuk vkSj mUgsa fuiVkus osQ fy, funs'Z k nsukA vèkhuLFk foèkk;u lacèa kh lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z bl ckr dh tk¡p djuk vkSj yksdlHkk dks izfrosnu nsuk gS fd D;k fofu;e] fu;e] mifu;e] mifofèk vkfn fo'ks"kkfèkdkj lfefr cukus osQ fy, lafoèkku }kjk iznÙk vFkok laln }kjk izR;k;ksftr 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fo'ks"kkfèkdkj lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z yksdlHkk vFkok mlosQ fdlh lnL; dk;Zikfydk }kjk ml izR;k;kstu osQ varxZr leqfpr :i ls fd;k tk jgk gS\ vFkok fdlh lfefr osQ lnL; osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj osQ Hkax fd, tkus ls lacafèkr izR;sd iz'u dh tk¡p djuk] tks mls yksdlHkk vFkok vè;{k }kjk lkSaik tk,A lnu osQ iVy ij is'k nLrkostksa dh lfefr izR;sd ekeys osQ rF;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, bl ckr dk fu'p; djuk fd lnu osQ iVy ij is'k nLrkostksa dh lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z eaf=k;ksa }kjk yksdlHkk D;k fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dks Hkax fd;k x;k gS rFkk vius izfrosnu esa bl lacaèk esa iVy ij j[ks x, lHkh i=kksa (mu i=kksa dks NksMd + j tks vèkhuLFk foèkku lacèa kh mi;qDr fliQkfj'k djukA lfefr vFkok fdlh vU; lalnh; lfefr osQ dk;Z&{ks=k osQ varxZr vkrs gks)a dh tk¡p djuk vkSj yksdlHkk dks ;g izfrosnu izLrqr djuk gS fd& vkpkj lacaèkh lfefr D;k] lafoèkku esa] vfèkfu;e] fu;e vFkok fofu;e osQ mu micaèkksa dk vkpkj lacaèkh lfefr osQ fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gSa%µ ikyu gqvk gS] ftuosQ vèkhu og i=k yksdlHkk iVy ij j[kk x;k gS\ lnL;ksa osQ uSfrd rFkk dnkpkj O;ogkj dh fuxjkuh j[kukA D;k] i=k dks yksdlHkk iVy ij j[kus esa dksbZ vuqfpr foyac gqvk gS\ lnL;ksa osQ vuSfrd O;ogkj osQ lacaèk esa vFkok mlosQ lalnh; O;ogkj ;fn ,slk foyac gqvk gS] rks D;k mDr foyac osQ dkj.kksa dks Li"V djus ls lacafèkr dh xbZ izR;sd f'kdk;r dh tk¡p djuk rFkk mi;qDr le>h okyk fooj.k Hkh yksdlHkk iVy ij j[kk x;k gS] rFkk D;k os dkj.k tkus okyh fliQkfj'ksa djukA larks"ktud gSa\ ,sls fu;e cukuk tks ;g fofufnZ"V djrs gksa fd vuSfrd O;ogkj D;k gSA D;k] ml i=k osQ fgUnh rFkk vaxzsth nksuksa laLdj.k yksdlHkk osQ iVy ij lfefr tgk¡ Hkh vko';d le>s] lnL; osQ vuSfrd O;ogkj ls lacafèkr j[ks x, gSa\ ekeyksa lfgr] dnkpkj lacaèkh ekeyksa ij Loizsj.kk ls fopkj dj ldrh gS D;k] fgUnh laLdj.k yksdlHkk iVy ij u j[kus osQ dkj.kksa dks Li"V rFkk mudh tk¡p dj ldrh gS vkSj mi;qDr le>h tkus okyh fliQkfj'ksa djus okyk fooj.k yksdlHkk osQ iVy ij j[kk x;k gS rFkk D;k os dkj.k dj ldrh gSA bl lfefr }kjk lnL; osQ vuSfrd O;ogkj dh tk¡p djus osQ larks"ktud gSa\ fy, ogh izfØ;k viuk;h tk,xh] tks yksdlHkk ;k lnL; osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj yksdlHkk iVy ij j[ks x, i=kksa lacaèkh ,sls vU; dk;Z Hkh djuk] tks mYya?ku ls lacafèkr fdlh iz'u osQ ckjs esa viuk;h tkrh gSA yksdlHkk esa vè;{k }kjk le;≤ ij bl lfefr dks lkSais tk,¡xs\ izLrqr fo'ks"kkfèkdkj lfefr osQ izfrosnu ij fopkj djus vkSj yksdlHkk }kjk ,sls izfrosnuksa ij fopkj djus dh izkFkfedrk ls lacafèkr fu;e 315 ,oa 316 vuqlfw pr&tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlfw pr&tutkfr;ksa osQ dY;k.k lacèa kh lfefr osQ micaèk yksdlHkk esa izLrqr vkpkj lfefr osQ izfrosnuksa ij Hkh vko';d vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ dY;k.k lacaèkh lfefr osQ ifjorZuksa lfgr ykxw gkssaxsA eq[; dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%& 101 la?kh; fo/kf;dk la f oèkku os Q vuq P Ns n &338(5)(?k) os Q va r xZ r ] (jk"Vª h ; laln lnL; LFkkuh; {ks=k fodkl ;kstuk lacaèkh lfefr vuqlwfpr&tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr&tutkfr vk;ksx) is'k fd, x, laln lnL; LFkkuh; {ks=k fodkl ;kstuk lacaèkh lfefr osQ nks izeq[k izfrosnuksa ij fopkj djuk vkSj la?k&ljdkj] ftlesa la?k&jkT; {ks=kksa osQ dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%& iz'kklu Hkh 'kkfey gSa] osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj osQ vanj vkus okys ekeyksa osQ ckjs laln lnL; LFkkuh; {ks=k fodkl ;kstuk (yksdlHkk) dk dk;Z fu"iknu esa la?k&ljdkj }kjk fd, tkus okys ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa la?k&ljdkj }kjk rFkk fØ;kUo;u esa vk jgh leL;kvksa dh fuxjkuh rFkk iqujh{kk djukA fd, tkus okys mik;ksa dks izfrosfnr djukA ;kstuk osQ lacaèk esa yksdlHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh f'kdk;rksa ij fopkj djuk lfefr }kjk izLrkfor mik;ksa ij la?k&ljdkj vkSj la?k&jkT; {ks=kksa osQ rFkk laln lnL; LFkkuh; {ks=k fodkl ;kstuk osQ lacaèk esa ,sls dk;Z iz'kkluksa }kjk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh dk izfrosnu izLrqr djukA djuk] tks bls le;≤ ij vè;{k }kjk fn, tk;saA vuqlfw pr&tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlfw pr&tutkfr;ksa dk fofèkor izfrfufèkRo lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, vuqPNsn& 335 osQ micaèkksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, lnu ds nSfud dk;Z ls lacaf/r LFkk;h lfefr;k¡ la?k&ljdkj osQ fu;a=k.kkèkhu lsokvksa rFkk inksa esa (ftuesa ljdkjh {ks=k osQ miØeks]a lafofgr vkSj v¼Z ljdkjh fudk;ksa rFkk la?k&jkT; {ks=kksa esa fu;qfDr;k¡ dk;Z ea=k.kk lfefr Hkh 'kkfey gS)a la?k&ljdkj }kjk fd, x, mik;ksa ij fopkj djukA dk;Z ea=k.kk lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z ;g fliQkfj'k djuk gS fd] ljdkj osQ mu la?k&jkT; {ks=kksa esa vuqlfw pr&tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlfw pr&tutkfr;ksa osQ dY;k.k foèkk;h rFkk vU; dk;ks± ij] ftls vè;{k] lHkk osQ usrk osQ ijke'kZ ls lfefr lacaèkh dk;ZØeksa osQ dk;Zdj.k osQ ckjs esa izfrosnu djukA dks lkSia us dk funs'Z k ns] ppkZ djus osQ fy, fdruk le; fu;r fd;k tk,A ;g ,sls vU; ekeyksa ij fopkj djuk] ftls lfefr mfpr le>s ;k tks lnu lfefr Lo;a Hkh ljdkj ls fliQkfj'k djrh gS fd] og fo"k; fo'ks"k] lHkk esa vFkok vè;{k }kjk mls fo'ks"k :i ls fufnZ"V fd, tk,¡A ppkZ osQ fy, izLrqr djs lkFk gh ;g lfefr ,slh ppkZvksa osQ fy, le; fu;r djus dh fliQkfj'k dj ldrh gSA efgykvksa dks 'kfDr;k¡ iznku djus laca/h lfefr ;g lfefr ljdkj }kjk efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh fn'kk esa fd;s tk jgs iz;klksa dh fu;e lfefr tk¡p djrh gS rFkk jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ij vafre fVIi.kh djrh gSA fu;e lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z yksdlHkk esa izfØ;k rFkk dk;Z lapkyu osQ fu;eksa bl lfefr esa 30 lnL; gksrs gS]a ftuesa 20 yksdlHkk rFkk 10 jkT;lHkk osQ lnL; ij fopkj djuk rFkk bu fu;eksa esa ,sls la'kksèkuksa rFkk ifjo¼Zuksa dh fliQkfj'k 'kkfey gksrs gSAa bl lfefr dh lnL; osQoy efgyk,¡ gksrh gSAa djuk] tks vko';d le>s tk,¡A jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx }kjk izLrqr izfrosnuksa ij fopkj djuk vkSj bl ckr dh lwpuk nsuk fd la?k&jkT; {ks=k iz'kkluksa lfgr osQUnzh;&ljdkj osQ yksdlHkk ,oa jkT;lHkk dh cSBdksa ls lnL;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr lacèa kh lfefr vfèkdkj {ks=k esa vkus okys ekeyksa osQ lacaèk esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr@n'kk yksdlHkk ,oa jkT; lHkk dk cSBdksa ls lnL;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr lacaèkh lfefr lqèkkjus osQ fy, osQUnzh;&ljdkj }kjk D;k mik; fd, tkus pkfg,A dk eq[; dk;Z lHkk dh cSBdksa ls vuqifLFkfr dh vuqefr izkIr djus osQ fy, efgykvksa dks lHkh ekeyksa esa lekurk] mfpr ntkZ vkSj izfr"Bk fnykus lnL;ksa osQ lHkh izkFkZuk&i=kksa ij fopkj djuk vkSj ,sls izR;sd ekeys dh tk¡p gsrq osQUnzh;&ljdkj }kjk fd, x, mik;ksa dh tk¡p djukA djuk] ftlesas dksbZ lnL; 60 fnu ;k blls vfèkd le; rd fcuk vuqefr efgykvksa osQ fy, O;kid f'k{kk rFkk foèkk;h fudk;ksa@lsokvksa vkSj vU; osQ lHkk dh cSBdksa esa vuqifLFkr jgk gksA {ks=kksa esa muosQ i;kZIr izfrfufèkRo osQ fy, osQUnzh;&ljdkj }kjk fd, x, mik;ksa dh tk¡p djukA xSj&ljdkjh lnL;ksa osQ foèks;dksa rFkk ladYiksa lacaèkh lfefr efgykvksa osQ fy, dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa osQ dk;Zdj.k osQ ckjs esa lwfpr djukA xSj&ljdkjh lnL;ksa ds foèks;dksa rFkk ladYiksa lacèa kh lfefr ds eq[; dk;Z lfefr }kjk izLrkfor mik;ksa ij osQUnzh;&ljdkj rFkk la?k&jkT; {ks=k xSj&ljdkjh lnL;ksa osQ foèks;dksa rFkk ladYiksa osQ fy, le; fu;r djuk] lafoèkku iz'kkluksa }kjk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh osQ ckjs esa lwfpr djukA esa la'kksèku djus okys xSj& ljdkjh lnL;ksa osQ foèks;dksa dh] yksdlHkk esa mudks is'k ,sls vU; ekeyksa dh tk¡p djuk] tks lfefr dks mi;qDr yxs vFkok tks fd, tkus ls igys tk¡p djuk vkSj xSj&ljdkjh lnL;ksa osQ ,sls foèks;dks]a ftuesa bls yksdlHkk ;k vè;{k }kjk rFkk jkT;lHkk ;k jkT;lHkk osQ lHkkifr } lHkk dh foèkk;h {kerk dks pqukSrh nh xbZ gks] dh Hkh tk¡p djuk gSA kjk fo'ks"k :i ls Hksts tk,¡A lnu lfefr;k¡ vFkok lsok lfefr;k¡ ykHk osQ inksa lacaèkh la;qDr lfefr ykHk osQ inksa lacaèkh la;qDr lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z osQUnz&ljdkj rFkk lkekU; iz;kstuksa lacaèkh lfefr jkT;&ljdkjksa }kjk fu;qDr lfefr;ksa osQ xBu vkSj Lo:i dh tk¡p djuk vkSj bl lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z vè;{k dks lHkk osQ dk;ks± ls lacafèkr mu ekeyksa osQ ;g fliQkfj'k djuk fd dksbZ O;fDr laln dh fdlh ,d lHkk (yksdlHkk ckjs esa lykg nsuk] tks mls vè;{k }kjk le;≤ ij lkSais tkrs gSaA vkSj jkT;lHkk) dk lnL; pqus tkus rFkk mldk lnL; cus jgus osQ fy, lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn&102 osQ varxZr fdu inksa dks èkkj.k djus ls ^vugZ* vkokl lfefr gksuk pkfg, vkSj fdu inksa dks èkkj.k djus ls ^vugZ* ugha gksuk pkfg,A laln vkokl lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z yksdlHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ vkokl ls lacfa èkr lHkh (fujgZrk fuokj.k) vfèkfu;e& 1959 dh vuqlwph dh Hkh le;≤ ij iz'uksa ij fopkj djuk rFkk fnYyh esa lnL;ksa osQ fuokl LFkkuksa rFkk gksVyksa esa tk¡p djuk vkSj mDr vuqlwph esa dksbZ ifjo¼Zu vFkok yksi djus ;k vU;Fkk miyCèk djk;h xbZ vkokl] [kk|] fpfdRlk lgk;rk vkfn lacaèkh lqfoèkkvksa fdUgha la'kksèkuksa dh fliQkfj'k djuk gSA rFkk vU; lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa dh ns[k&js[k djuk gSA la?kh; fo/kf;dk 102 xazFkky; lfefr laHkkfor [krjksa rFkk Hkfo"; esa laHkkfor ifjn`'; osQ eísutj muls fuiVus xzFa kky; lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z xzFa kky; ls lacfa èkr ,sls ekeyksa ij fopkj djuk osQ fy, dne mBk;k tk,A rFkk lykg nsuk gS] tks vè;{k }kjk le;≤ ij bls Hksts tk,¡A xzaFkky; esa lqèkkj gsrq lq>koksa ij fopkj Hkh djuk rFkk xzaFkky; }kjk iznku dh tk jgh foHkkxh; LFkk;h lfefr;k¡ lsokvksa dk lHkk osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL;ksa }kjk iwjh rjg mi;ksx djus osQ fy, yksdlHkk osQ fu;eksa osQ ckjs esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa ls lacafèkr 8 vizSy] 1993 dks lnL;ksa dh lgk;rk djuk gSA 17 lfefr;kas dk xBu fd;k x;kA xkSjryc gS fd tqykbZ] 2004 esa fu;eksa esa la'kksèku fd;k] x;k rkfd ,slh gh lkr vkSj lfefr;k¡ xfBr dh tk loasQA bl laln lnL;ksa osQ osru rFkk HkÙks lacaèkh la;qDr lfefr izdkj vc bu lfefr;ksa dh la[;k&24 gks xbZ gSA laln lnL;ksa osQ osru rFkk HkÙks lacaèkh la;qDr lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z osQUnz& ljdkj osQ ijke'kZ ls nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL;ksa dks ;k=kk vkSj nSfud HkÙks] foHkkxh; lfefr;ksa osQ dk;Z fpfdRlk] vkokl] VsyhiQksu] Mkd] ikuh] fctyh] fuokZpu {ks=k lacaèkh rFkk bu lfefr;ksa osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj esa vkusokys ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa osQ lanHkZ esa lfpoky;h lqfoèkk,¡ vkfn nsus osQ ckjs esa fu;e cukuk gSA buosQ o`QR; bl izdkj gksaxs& vuqnkuksa dh ek¡xksa ij fopkj djukA laln Hkou ifjlj esa [kk|&izcaèku lacaèkh lfefr ,sls foèks;dksa dh tk¡p djuk tks jkT;lHkk osQ lHkkfir vFkok yksdlHkk laln Hkou ifjlj esa [kk| izcaèku lacaèkh lfefr osQ eq[; dk;Z vè;{k }kjk ;FkkfLFkfr lkSais x, gksaA fuEufyf[kr gSa%µ okf"kZd izfrosnuksa ij fopkj djukA laln Hkou ifjlj esa fLFkr jsyos [kku&iku bdkb;ksa }kjk miyCèk djk, lHkk esa izLrqr jk"Vªh; vkèkkjHkwr] nh?kkZofèk] uhfr lacaèkh nLrkostksa] tks tkus okys [kk| inkFkks± dh njksa esa la'kksèku djukA jkT;lHkk osQ lHkkifr ;k yksdlHkk vè;{k }kjk lfefr dks lkSais x, gksa] mu laln Hkou ifjlj esa jsyos [kku&iku bdkbZ pykus osQ fy, nh tkus okyh ekeyksa ij fopkj djukA lgk;rk iznku djukA lnL;ksa osQ fy, mRÑ"V oSaQVhu lsok dk izkoèkku djukA lykgdkj lfefr vU; lacafèkr eqíksa ij fopkj djukA lalnh; dk;Z ea=kky; lykgdkj lfefr dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] ftlesa laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA bldk eq[; mís'; vkilh HkkbZpkjs rFkk lnL;ksa laln lnL;ksa rFkk yksdlHkk lfpoky; osQ osQ chp utnhdh laacaèk cukuk gksrk gS] ftlls laln esa fofHkUUk jktuhfrd vfèkdkfj;ksa gsrq dEI;wVj dk izkoèkku djus okyh lfefr nykas esa vkilh rkyesy cuk jgs rFkk ljdkjh iz'kklu lqpk: :i ls pyrk lnL;ksa dks dEI;wVj dh vkiwfrZ djus osQ lacaèk esa vè;{k dks lykg nsukA jgsA izR;sd ea=kky; esa bl rjg dh lfefr cuk;h tkrh gSA lykgdkj lfefr dh U;wure lnL; la[;k 10 vkSj vfèkdre 30 gksrh gSA jk"Vªh; usrkvksa rFkk laln lnL;ksa dh rLohj@izfrek LFkkfir fd, egÙoiw.kZ gS fd] yksdlHkk osQ Hkax gks tkus ij ;g lfefr Hkh Hkax gks tkrh gS tkus lacaèkh lfefr ,oa ubZ yksdlHkk osQ lkFk bldk Hkh iquxZBu fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; usrkvksa rFkk laln lnL;ksa dh rLohj@izfrek LFkkfir fd, tkus lacaèkh lfefr osQ eq[; dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%µ uSfrd lfefr osQUnzh; d{k es]a laln Hkou ifjlj es]a vU;Fkk vU; fdlh LFkku ij jk"Vªh; lkalnksa osQ uSfrd vkpj.k rFkk O;ogkj ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dh ns[k&js[k osQ usrkvksa @laln&lnL;ksa dh rLohj yxk, tkus osQ izLrko ij fopkj djukA fy, yksdlHkk }kjk uSfrd&lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA bl lfefr esa foi{k laln Hkou rFkk laln Hkou ifjlj osQ fdlh vU; Hkkx esa jk"Vªh; osQ usrk lfgr 9 lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS] tks lkalnksa osQ vkpj.k ls usrkvksa@laln lnL;ksa dh izfrekvksa osQ ckjs esa fopkj djukA lEcfUèkr vkpkj lafgrk osQ fuekZ.k dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ckgjh laxBuksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa ls rLohj rFkk izfrek dh Loho`Qfr osQ ckjs D;k vki tkurs gSa\ esa fopkj djukA ftu LFkkuksa ij rLohj rFkk izfrek,¡ yxkbZ tk ldrh gSa] muosQ ckjs esa Hkkjr esa lfefr iz.kkyh dk fodkl izkphu dky esa gh gks x;k Fkk] fdUrq orZeku le; esa bldk fodkl& ^ek.VsX;w psEliQksMZ lqèkkj vfèkfu;e&1919* }kjk gqvkA lafoèkku ykxw fopkj djukA gksus osQ i'pkr~ lalnh; lfefr;k¡ ,d izdkj ls ^y?kq laln** dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrh gSaA vU; dksbZ dne mBk, tkus osQ ckjs es]a ftlls fd laln Hkou ifjlj vkSj lalnh; lfefr;ksa dk xBu ^^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn&118(1)* osQ varxZr] vfèkd vkd"kZd rFkk n'kZuh; yxs] osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; djukA fufeZr izfØ;k osQ rgr dk;Z lapkyu osQ fu;eksa osQ vkèkkj fd;k tkrk gSA laln Hkou ifjlj esa lqj{kk lfefr foHkkxh; LFkk;h lfefr;k¡ laln Hkou ifjlj esa lqj{kk lfefr osQ eq[; dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%µ ;g lq>ko fn;k tk jgk gS dh foHkkxh; LFkk;h lfefr;ksa (DRSC) dks iquxZfBr fd;k laln Hkou ifjlj esa] fo'ks"kdj 13oha yksdlHkk osQ nkSjku la;qDr tkuk pkfg,] rkfd ;s lfefr;k¡ vius tk¡p lacaèkh nkf;Roksa dk csgrj fuoZgu dj losQaA lalnh; lfefr }kjk dh xbZ fliQkfj'kksa osQ lanHkZ esa lqj{kk midj.k DRSC ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ rF; LFkkfir djus ls lacafèkr dk;Z dh izxfr dh leh{kkA lHkh foèks;dksa dks lfefr;ksa esa izLrqr ugha fd;k tkrk gS] tSls GST fcy dks fdlh Hkh fopkj [email protected]; ysus osQ fy, yafcr lqj{kk igyqvksa ij fopkj djukA DRSC esa izLrqr fd, fcuk ikfjr dj fn;k x;k FkkA laln dh lqj{kk osQ lacaèk esa ,d O;kid izfrosnu rS;kj djuk] ftlesa 103 la?kh; fo/kf;dk lfefr;ksa dh fliQkfj'ksa ckè;dkjh ugha gksrh gSaA varxZr mBk;k tkrk gSA bls jkT;lHkk esa fo'ks"k mYys[k (Special Mention) budh igq¡p osQoy cká fo'ks"kKksa rd gh gksrh gSA buesa dksbZ vkarfjd fo'ks"kKrk osQ tfj;s mBk;k tkrk gSA laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa iz'udky osQ Bhd ckn dk fo|eku ugha gksrh gSA le; dks 'kwU;dky dgk tkrk gSA bl dky esa mBk, tkus okys fo"k;ksa osQ lanHkZ ;g ea=kky; osQ nSfud iz'kklfud ekeyksa ij fopkj ugha djrh gSA esa dksbZ fo'ks"k fu;e ugha gksrs gSaA bl dky esa laln osQ lHkh lnL; leku :i DRSC D;k gSa\ ls okn&fookn ;k ifjppkZ esa Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA bUgsa Hkkjr dh y?kq laln (Mini Parliaments) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA o"kZ 1993 esa igyh ckj 17 DRSC dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA vkèks ?kaVs dh ppkZ orZeku esa 24 DRSC dk;Zjr gSa] ftuesa izR;sd esa oqQy 31 lnL; gksrs gSaA buesa ls izR;sd ftu iz'uksa dk mÙkj lnu esa fn;k tk pqdk gS] muls lacafèkr ekeyksa ij DRSC esa yksdlHkk osQ 21 vkSj jkT;lHkk osQ 10 lnL; gksrs gSaA vkèks ?kaVs dh ppkZ yksdlHkk esa lkseokj] cqèkokj vkSj 'kqØokj dks] cSBd osQ rnFkZ lfefr;ksa osQ foijhr] lfefr;k¡ LFkk;h izo`Qfr dh gksrh gSaA vafre vkèks ?kaVs esa dh tk ldrh gSA jkT;lHkk esa ,slh ppkZ lHkkifr }kjk bu buosQ rhu egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSaA iz;kstu osQ fy, fu;r fdlh fnu dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq ,slh ppkZ dk fo"k; muosQ le{k izLrqr foèks;d dh tk¡p djukA ^yksd egÙo* dk gksuk pkfg,] tks gky osQ fdlh rkjkafdr] vrkjkafdr ;k ea=kky;ksa ls lacafèkr fof'k"V fo"k;ksa dk p;u djuk ,oa ljdkj }kjk fd;s x, buosQ vYi&lwpuk iz'u dk fo"k; jgk gks vkSj ftlosQ mÙkj osQ fdlh rF;kRed dk;kZUo;u dh leh{kk djukA ekeys dk Li"Vhdj.k djuk vko';d gksA foHkkxksa ls lacafèkr ctVh; ifjO;;ksa (Budgetary Outlays) dh tk¡p djukA vYidkyhu ppkZ lnu osQ vè;{k ;k Lihdj }kjk bu lfefr;ksa osQ le{k foèks;d izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA vYidkyhu ppkZ osQ varxZr nksuksa lnuksa esa vke egÙo osQ fo"k; ij è;ku lalnh; izfØ;k lacaèkh egÙoiw.kZ 'kCn rFkk rF; vkÑ"V fd;k tkrk gS] ftls fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa Vkyk ugha tk ldrk gSA yksdlHkk vè;{k lIrkg esa nks fnu bl ppkZ osQ fy, le; fuèkkZfjr dj ldrk iz'u dky (Question Hour) gSA izk;% fo"k; dk pquko dk;Z ea=k.kk lfefr djrh gSA laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa izR;sd cSBd osQ igys ?kaVs osQ le; dks lkekU;r% iz'u dky è;kukd"kZ.k izLrko osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vDlj laln esa O;oèkku osQ dkj.k ;g cgqr de le; è;kukd"kZ.k izLrko esa vè;{k ;k lHkkifr dh LohÑfr ls dksbZ lnL; ^vfr gh py ikrk gSA bl dky esa eaf=k;ksa ls muosQ foHkkxksa osQ lanHkZ esa iz'u fd, tkrs gSAa lkoZtfud egÙo* osQ fdlh ekeys dh vksj ea=kh dk è;ku fnykrk gS vFkok mlls lacafèkr iz'u djrk gS rks bls è;kukd"kZ.k izLrko dgk tkrk gSA izLrko rkjkafdr iz'u osQ i'pkr~ lac¼ ea=kh rRdky laf{kIr oDrO; ns ldrk gS vFkok ckn esa ,sls iz'uksa dks rkjkafdr iz'u dgk tkrk gS] ftldk mÙkj lnu esa ekSf[kd :i oDrO; nsus osQ fy, le; dh ek¡x dj ldrk gSA ls fn;k tkrk gSA lnL;ksa }kjk ,sls iz'uksa osQ vuqiwjd iz'u Hkh iwNs tk ldrs gSaA ,sls iz'uksa dks rkjkafdr iz'u bl dkj.k dgk tkrk gS fd bu ij rkjs dk fu'kku LFkxu izLrko yxkdj vU; iz'uksa ls budk foHksn fd;k tkrk gSA LFkxu izLrko ljdkj osQ fo:¼ fuank izLrko gksrk gSA ;g izLrko fdlh lnL; }kjk xaHkhj lkoZtfud egÙo osQ fo"k;ksa ij lnu dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djus osQ vrkjkafdr iz'u fy, fd;k tkrk gSA LFkxu izLrko ij fopkj djus osQ fy, 'kke osQ pkj cts ,sls iz'u] ftudk fyf[kr :i ls tokc fn;k tkrk gS u fd rkjkafdr iz'uksa osQ dk le; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA mÙkj dh rjg ekSf[kd :i ls] vrkjkafdr iz'u dgykrs gSaA fyf[kr mÙkj osQ dkj.k bu ij vuqiwjd iz'u ugha iwNs tk ldrsA ,sls iz'uksa dks vrkjkafdr iz'u fuank izLrko blfy, dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd bu ij rkjs dk fu'kku ugha yxk gksrkA fuank izLrko fojksèkh ny osQ usrk ;k vU; lnL;ksa }kjk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djus osQ fy, is'k fd;k tkrk gSA izLrko dh oSèkrk dk iQSlyk vYi lwpuk iz'u yksdlHkk vè;{k djrk gSA blosQ fy, lnu dh vuqefr visf{kr ugha gksrh vfoyEcuh; yksd egÙo osQ fdlh ekeys osQ ckjs esa iz'u osQ ekSf[kd mÙkj osQ gSA fuank izLrko ikfjr gks tkus ij ekuk tkrk gS fd ljdkj us lnu dk fo'okl fy, lwpuk nl fnu ls de vofèk esa nh tkrh gSA ,sls iz'u dh lwpuk nsus okys [kks fn;k gS] vr% mls R;kxi=k nsuk iM+rk gSA lnL; dks vYi&lwpuk ij iz'u iwNus osQ dkj.k dks la{ksi esa Li"V djuk gksrk gSA dke jksdks izLrko 'kwU; dky (Zero Hour) fdlh lkoZtfud egÙo osQ fo"k; ij fopkj djus osQ fy, ;fn dksbZ lnL; 'kwU;dky 12 cts ls 1 cts rd gksrk gSA 'kwU;dky dk izpyu Hkh Hkkjrh; lnu dh orZeku dk;Zokgh dks can djus dk izLrko j[krk gS rks mls dke jksdks lalnh; ijaijk dh nsu gS