الفصل الأول - مصادر دراسة تاريخ مصر القديم
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The first chapter discusses the sources for studying ancient Egyptian history and civilization. It covers archaeological sources, including temples, tombs, and artifacts like statues and papyri. It also examines the limitations of solely relying on archaeological sources and highlights the importance of contemporary sources and religious texts in understanding the complexities of ancient Egyptian society.
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# الفصل الأول ## مصادر دراسة تاريخ مصر القديم وحضارتها" تعد المصادر هي المادة الأولية التي يستنتج منها الباحث معلوماته التاريخية والحضارية، إذ أنها تمتاز بكونها معاصرة أو قريبة العهد للأحداث والتجارب التي مر بها الإنسان المصري القديم في سبيل بناء حضارته. ## أولا: المصادر الأثرية (الآثار المصرية)...
# الفصل الأول ## مصادر دراسة تاريخ مصر القديم وحضارتها" تعد المصادر هي المادة الأولية التي يستنتج منها الباحث معلوماته التاريخية والحضارية، إذ أنها تمتاز بكونها معاصرة أو قريبة العهد للأحداث والتجارب التي مر بها الإنسان المصري القديم في سبيل بناء حضارته. ## أولا: المصادر الأثرية (الآثار المصرية) تتمثل الآثار المصرية فيما تركه المصريون القدماء من مخلفات تخص الحياة الدنيوية والأخروية مثل المعابد، والمقابر، وما تحتويه بداخلها من نقوش، فضلا عن التماثيل، والمسلات، والتوابيت والمومياوات، وأوراق البردي، وغيرها. وقد انفردت مصر بثروة ضخمة من الآثار التي تنتشر في جميع أرجاء البلاد، وترجع أسباب وفرتها وانتشارها في أرض مصر إلى العوامل الآتية: 1. سيطرة العقائد الدينية على عقول المصريين القدماء، الأمر الذي جعلهم يقوموا بتشييد الكثير من الآثار لخدمة هذه العقائد، فعلى سبيل المثال إيمانهم بعقيدة البعث والخلود جعلهم يمارسون تحنيط الجثث التي عرفت في وقتنا الحالي باسم "المومياوات"، كما كان إيمانهم بعقيدة الملكية الإلهية سببًا في بنائهم للأهرامات الضخمة كمقابر للملوك. 2. تقدم المصريون القدماء في العلوم الهندسية والمعمارية الأمر الذي أتاح لهم تشييد الكثير من الأبنية كالأهرامات والمعابد والمقابر، بالإضافة إلى تقدمهم في فنون النحت التي تمثل في إقامة التماثيل ذات الأحجام المتنوعة، وتقدمهم في الفنون الصغرى كالنقش والرسم والتصوير. 3. ساعد مناخ مصر الجاف على حفظ هذه الآثار وصيانتها من عوامل التلف والزمن، على الرغم من مرور آلاف السنين على تشييدها. وعلى الرغم من أهمية المصادر الأثرية، إلا أنها لا تعطينا صورة كاملة عن تاريخ مصر القديمة وحضارتها، إذ يتخللها عدة نقاط ضعف أو سلبيات نذكر منها الآتي: * **تعبر هذه الآثار عن الحياة الدينية في مصر القديمة وسيطرة الدين على عقول المصريين، إذ أن معظمها عبارة عن مقابر ومعابد (المساكن الأبدية، بينما لم يهتم المصريين بأماكن بناء القصور والمنازل المساكن الدنيوية الزائلة، فبنوها بالقرب من الأراضي الزراعية فتعرضت لعوامل التعرية والرطوبة، ولذلك لم يتبق منها إلا القليل.** * **تعبر "هذه" "الآثار" عن وجهة نظر الملوك، وفي نفس الوقت تعبر عن نظرة المصريين القدماء لهم، فإيمان المصريين بعقيدة الملكية الإلهية على سبيل المثال جعلهم يرون" الملك إلها لا يُهزم في الحروب التي تخوضها مصر مع أعداءها، ولذلك كانت معظم النصوص الأثرية تذكر انتصار الملوك في معاركهم، وقد تكون الحقيقة غير ذلك.** * **سوء توزيع المادة الأثرية في أرجاء مصر، فمناطق الصعيد تتمتع بالنسبة الأكبر منها على حساب مناطق الدلتا، ويرجع سبب ذلك إلى طبيعة المناخ الجافة في الصعيد التي ساعدت على حفظ البقايا الأثرية فيه، بينما تعاني مناطق الدلتا من ارتفاع نسبة الرطوبة، وبالتالي قلة البقايا الأثرية الموجودة فيها.** * **وبالمثل نجد وفرة في الآثار التي تخص عصر معين من تاريخ مصر القديمة دون عصر آخر، ويرجع ذلك بدرجة كبيرة إلى الأوضاع السياسية التي كانت سائدة في البلاد، فتزيد المخلفات الأثرية وتزدهر في فترات القوة والرخاء واستقرار الأوضاع السياسية، وتقل أو تندر في فترات الضعف السياسي والاضطرابات.** وتبرز أهمية هذه **"المصادر"** الأثرية فيما تمدنا به من معلومات عن كافة أوجه الحياة في مصر الفرعونية كما يأتي: 1. **معلومات عن حياة الملوك الأسرية، ومن أمثلة ذلك المنظر المنقوش على ظهر كرسي العرش الخاص بالملك "توت عنخ أمون"، "الذي" ي"ظهر" فيه الملك جالسًا "وزوجته" "الملكة" ماثلة أمامه، وتقوم بتعطيره في مشهد تتجلى فيه الحياة الأسرية في أروع صورها**. 2. **معلومات عن الأنشطة الدينية والعبادات، مثل تقديم الملوك الهبات والأوقاف للمعبودات، والاحتفال بأعياد الآلهة الدينية وإقامة المسلات لها، ومن ذلك النص الذي تذكر فيه الملكة "حتشبسوت" إقامتها لمسلتين للمعبود "أمون" بين الصرحين الرابع والخامس في الكرنك**. 3. **معلومات "في" مجال "الحكم" "و" الإدارة، "و" "من" ذلك النص "الذي" "جاء" "على" لسان "ا" "الم" "ل" "ك" "ت" "ح" "ت" "م" "س" "ث" ا"لث" "الث" "الث" ثالث "" "عند" "تعيين" "ه" "ل" "ل" "ل" "و" "ز" "ي" "ر" "خ" "م" "ي" "ر" "ع" "،" "إ" ط" "ز" "ط" "ر" "ك" "م" "م" "ك" "و" "ح" "ل" "ا" "ل" "ح" "ل" "ا" "ل" "ح" "ل" "ا" "ل" "ح" "ل" "ا" "ل" "ح" "ل" "ا" "ل" "ح" "ل" "ا" "ل" "ح" "ل" "ا" "ل" "ء" " " " " " " وأض" "و" "ر" "و" "ر" "و" "ر" "و" "ر" "ه" "ه" "ه" "ه" "ه" " أ" "أ" "أ" "ء" "ء" "ء" "ء" "ء" " " " " " " " " أ" "أ" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "ء" "ء" "ء" "ء" "ء" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 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