Kannada Lessons for Beginners PDF

© 2016 Shashank Rao ಕನ#ಡದ &ಠಗ) ಆರಂ-ಗ./ Kanṇadada Pāṭhagaḷu Arambhigakke Kannada Lessons for the Beginner by Shashank Rao edited by KV Ramaprasad and Rajesh Mudigere © 2016 Shashank Rao Preface...

© 2016 Shashank Rao ಕನ#ಡದ &ಠಗ) ಆರಂ-ಗ./ Kanṇadada Pāṭhagaḷu Arambhigakke Kannada Lessons for the Beginner by Shashank Rao edited by KV Ramaprasad and Rajesh Mudigere © 2016 Shashank Rao Preface Hello! My name is Shashank Rao, and thank you for choosing to learn Kannada, a fascinating and rich language! Kannada is a Dravidian language spoken primarily in the state of Karnataka in South India, as well as in border areas of states surrounding it. Like several other Indian languages, Kannada grammar is relatively complex and requires careful study. Kannada’s vocabulary is drawn primarily from its Dravidian roots, which includes words that it may share with other South Indian Dravidian languages, and from Sanskrit, a classical and liturgical language of India. Many common, everyday words are of primarily Dravidian origin, and most complex, technical, and area-specific words are mostly of Sanskrit origin, though occasionally they turn up in everyday language. It also should be noted that Kannada speakers generally prefer the Dravidian form of most words, and many Sanskrit equivalents to existing words are often used in poetry and literary works. As a child, I did not know Kannada very well, because of a speech disorder, and because my parents were advised to refrain from teaching me anything but English. My journey in learning Kannada has been an exercise in my ability to re-learn a language that I grew up speaking poorly, and immerse myself in my heritage. The lack of a Kannada-speaking community might have compelled me to abandon the language entirely, but I decided that I was going to learn, because this language was a part of me and who I was. I hope this text will help other Kannadigas who are isolated from our mother tongue as I was, and allow us to keep the tradition of passing down our mother tongue from generation to generation. This text is intended as a guide for beginners in Kannada as well as those who are familiar with only the basics. While by no means exhaustive of all the cultural and idiomatic nuances of the language, this aims to provide a decent understanding of the language. Kannada speaking communities can be difficult to find outside of Karnataka, and the best way to find them is through the Kannada Kootas in the United States, as well as the Kannada Balaga in the UK. I hope that you enjoy learning this language, and can begin to appreciate one of the most ancient living languages in the world! © 2016 Shashank Rao Section 1: Introduction to the Written Language and Grammar Like almost every Indian language, Kannada has its own writing system (01 - lipi), which is classified as an abugida, a specific type of writing system where each letter has an innate vowel. Unlike the Roman alphabet used to write some languages in the West, Kannada’s writing system works differently in that letters are not isolated consonants. Consonant letters in Kannada each have an innate vowel attached to them, and for other vowels, they change shape. Notice in the chart that each consonant has the innate vowel a [a]. There are also subscript consonant diacritics, which are altered forms of consonant letters placed below or to the bottom right of the letter. Below is a chart of the consonants. © 2016 Shashank Rao In the vowel diacritics, the letter ಕ [ka] is used as the example letter, and one can see how it changes depending on what vowel is being used in conjunction with it. Each vowel also has a complete form that cannot take diacritics of any kind. As for consonant diacritics, the chart above shows the most common diacritics that you will need to know, as well as some of the irregularly shaped ones. Most of the consonant diacritics are formed by removing the topmost line and placing it to the bottom right of the letter being modified. However, some are less obvious, including those for t, r, y, n, m, l, ṣ as well as a unique form for the posterior r. © 2016 Shashank Rao Pronunciation and vocabulary are tricky subjects in Kannada, because the written language and spoken language sound completely different. This text will teach you speak Kannada as it is written, since it is one medium that all Kannada speakers will understand, even if it sounds odd. The only people who may genuinely speak this way on a daily basis are people from Mysore and Mangalore, to an extent, as well as newscasters and public figures. Those dialects of Kannada sometimes sound like the way most people talk, but use a very pure vocabulary that consists of mostly Kannada words, with very little English and other loanwords. It’s important to understand that Sanskrit-derived words are not really considered loanwords, except by Dravidian purists, who are a minority. As for actual pronunciation of letters, use the audio files on this page: http:// www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm. You can also use the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet), if you are familiar with it, given on this page: http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/ charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm. To learn the way most Kannada speakers actually talk, it is best to learn from them in person and also to talk in Kannada often. Colloquial Kannada often takes loanwords from surrounding languages, including English and other Indian languages, even if there are already words in Kannada for certain concepts. This is especially true of English, since most people in India speak English at a minimum conversational degree. Kannada speakers, especially abroad, frequently import English words for things that might have a rather long, complicated, and Sanskrit-derived equivalent. That said, Kannada speakers in Karnataka use a significantly lower number of English and other loanwords, due to their greater exposure to the language on a daily basis, though not to the extent that newscasters and public figures do. In the vocabulary lists, when there is more than one acceptable word for any given definition, the source will be given: (D - Dravidian, S - Sanskrit, F - Perso-Arabic). Nouns (2ಮಪದ - nāmapada) are decline into one of seven cases: nominative - ಕತ6ಾ8ಭ:;/ಪ?@ೕಯ8ಭ:; - karmavibhakti/dvitiyavibhakti - 2nd instrumental-ablative - ಕರಣ8ಭ:;/ತೃ@ೕಯ8ಭ:; - karaṇavibhakti/tṛtīyavibhakti - 3rd dative case - ಸಂಪcೕಯ Tೕ^/_ೕb>cೕರ TೕU? - Hēgiddiya nīnu/Hēgiddira nivu? - How are you? (informal/ polite) (Note: Sometimes _ೕ is replaced with _ಂ) 2^ d2#b>cೕT. - Nānu cennāgiddini. - I’m fine. ಧನefದ(ಗ)). - Dhanyavāda(gaḷu). - Thank you. ಎಲi ಸjkblk? - Ellā sariyāgiddiyā? - (Is) everything well/alright? ಎಲi ಸjಯblc. - Ellā sariyagidde. - Everything’s fine. ಏ^ ಸmnರ? - Ēnu samācāra? - What’s the latest/What’s up? ಏ^ ಇಲi. - Ēnu illa. - Not much. 2^ (Hಂo) ಸಂpೕಷfblcೕ] Tನ#/Tಮ` qೕr ಮ>>cಂದ. - Nānu (tuṃba) santōṣavāgiddēne ninna/nimma bhēṭi maḍiddinda. - I’m (very) pleased to meet you. (informal/polite) © 2016 Shashank Rao *stೕದಯ - śubhōdaya - Good morning/day (formal and rare) *sಭ ಮueಹ# - śubha madhyāhna - Good afternoon (formal and rare) *sಭ Xಯಂwಲ - śubha sāyankāla - Good evening (formal and rare) *sಭx@< - śubharātri - Good night (formal and rare) ಅನಂತರ/ಆyೕz {ೕ|ೕಣ - anantara/āmēle noḍoṇa - See you after/later }ಂ>ನ oj {ೕ|ೕಣ - mundina bāri noḍoṇa - See you next time ~ - haudu - Yes ಇಲi - illa - No ದಯ8€ - dayaviṭṭu - please ‚X?ಗತ - susvāgata - welcome ಪರfbಲi/ಏ^ ಧನefದ ƒೕwbಲi. - Paravāgilla/Ēnu dhanyavāda bekāgilla. - No need for thanks. (inf/form.) ಇಲi, ಇಲi - illa, illa - Not at all Tನ#/Tಮ` ಊS kವ ? - Ninna/Nimma ūru yāvadu? - Where are you from? (informal/polite) ನನ# ಊS… - Nanna ūru… - I’m from… ನನ… (noun or verb) ಇಷ ಆZತ;l/ಆZತ;†. - Nanage (noun or verb) iṣṭa aguttade/aguttave. - I like (thing). (sing/plural) ಇಲiವ/ಅಲiವ? - Illava/Allava? - Isn’t it?/Right? ಅ-ನಂದ]ಗ)! - Abhinandanegaḷu - Congratulations! ‡Jˆ! - Kshamisi - Excuse me! (Very formal) Fj ‰Š/‰‹ - Dāri biḍu/biḍi - Make way/Excuse me (informal/polite) ಏ^/kS ಅ ? - Ēnu/Yāru adu? - What/Who is it? (Kannada speakers frequently answer the phone this way; it may sound rude or confrontational but it isn’t) ಎŒ ಗಂ /wಲ ಆŽH? - Eṣṭu ganṭe āyitu? - What time is it? (Number) ಗಂ ಆŽH. - (Number) ganṭe āyitu. - It’s (number) o’clock. Tನ…/Tಮ`… ಎŒ ವಷ6 ಇ>cೕಯ? - Ninage/nimmage eṣṭu varṣa iddiya? - How old are you? ನನ…... ವಷ6 ಇl. - Nanage (number) varṣa ide. - I am… years old. *It should be noted that these words are somewhat “contrived”, in the sense that they are words made to be equivalents to English or Western expressions. Most Kannada speakers will never use such expressions, at least outside of formal speech. There are many such words in Kannada, created to address relatively new concepts, most of which include words involving technology. Kannada speakers often use English words in everyday conversation, but learning these words in Kannada are important learn in order to comprehend texts and news in Kannada. Using these expressions will be seen as somewhat odd, but not misunderstood. Vocabulary: Sports wz ಂ ಟ - kālcenḍāṭa - football/soccer : - haḷadi - yellow @ ಯ - tiḷiya - clear/light/pale ಕ”´ - kappu - dark Vocabulary: Verbs ಕತ;j‚ - kattarisu - to cut ˆœ´ ‚0 - sippe suli - to peel 8L‚ - vidhisu - to prescribe/impose/levy.}` - kemmu - to cough ಸ?ಚûmŠ - svacchamāḍu - to clean pš - toḷe - to wash &Ù mŠ - pālu māḍu - to share © 2016 Shashank Rao ಅŠ… mŠ - aḍuge māḍu - to make food ƒೕô - bēyu - to cook (in any way, including frying, roasting, etc.) ಇŠ - iḍu - to put/place @^# - tinnu - to eat @T#‚ - tinnisu - to feed Y bಲil (Xô/XŽ‚) - hoṭṭegillade (sāyu/sāyisu) - to starve (intr./tran.) ¡Š - koḍu - to give ƒೕwbS - bēkāgiru - to need/require (something) (noun in dative case) ಹˆU ಆZ - (…) hasivu āgu - to be hungry (3rd person singular only) (noun in dative case) okj. ಆZ - (…) bāyārike āgu - to be thirsty (3rd person singular only) (noun in dative case) Tl< ಬS - (…) nidre baru - to be sleepy (3rd person singular only) ಇl/ಇ† - ide/ive - there is/are (singular, plural) Additional Vocabulary: The Body ಶjೕರ - śarīra - body _ಣ/ಶವ - heṇa/śava - dead body ಚಮ6 - carma - skin.ೖ - kai - arm/hand ತz - tale - head ÊದÙ - kūdalu - hair Hr - tuṭi - lips ›Z - mūgu - nose :8 - kivi - ear }ಖ - mukha - face oŽ - bāyi - mouth 20… - nālige - tongue ಕH; - kattu - neck ಗಂಟÙ - ganṭalu - throat ಹÙiಗ) - hallugaḷu - teeth ಕ –ಗ) - kaṇṇugaḷu - eyes ¥™ü - hubbu - eyebrow J ) - miduḷu - brain ýಜ - bhuja - shoulder “ಣ.ೖ - moṇakai - elbow ಎl - ede - chest ƒ^# - bennu - back ಪ./Ù™ - pakkelubu - ribs ಹೃದಯ - hṛdaya - heart Â?ಸ¡ೕಶ - śvāsakōśa - lungs © 2016 Shashank Rao.ೖƒರ) - kaiberaḷu - finger wÙ - kālu - foot/leg wಲƒರ) - kālaberaḷu - toe ಕಣwÙ - kaṇakālu - ankle ºಮ`‹ - himmaḍi - heel ಮ±ಕ€ - maṇikaṭṭu - wrist Y - hoṭṭe - stomach/belly ಉZS - uguru - nail The Instrumental-Ablative Case and Dative Case The instrumental-ablative case is somewhat complicated, as it combines two different cases into one declension. We will first cover the instrumental definition, which means “through, by way of,” or “using”. The ablative definition means “from, away/moving from, since,” or “beginning at”. 1st Class 2nd Class 3rd Class 4th Class Instrumental- -Tಂದ ->ಂದ -ಇಂದ -ಇTಂದ Ablative Ex. ಮರ*ಂದ ಹ – ಬSತ;l. Maradinda haṇṇu baruttade. Fruit comes from the tree. 2U ಈ ರ˜;Žಂದ ಬಂ>lcU. Nāvu ī rasteyinda bandiddevu. We came through/by way of this road. The dative case is similar to the accusative case, in that it marks the noun that is being acted upon by a verb. However, it is for a different kind of verb; the dative case marks a noun that is recipient. The dative case roughly translates to “to, for,” or “on the behalf of”. It is used with verbs that have meanings like “give, teach,” or “tell”. However, it has another use, usually with the ablative function of the instrumental-ablative case. In this situation, the dative case can mean “to,” or “toward” in a directional sense. Ex. Tೕ^ ಅವ-. _ ¡Š@;ö. Nīnu avanige heḷikoḍuttiye. © 2016 Shashank Rao You teach him. (Think: You give to him instruction). ಅವ) ಇ0iಂದ lೕವX×ನ./ YೕZ¾;š. Avaḷu illinda dēvasthānakke hoguttāḷe. She goes to(ward) the temple from here. 1st Class 2nd Class 3rd Class 4th Class Dative -T… -./ -… -ಇ… There is yet another use of the dative case in Kannada, one which is purely idiomatic. Many sensations and feelings conveyed using the dative case and the verbs ಆZ (āgu - to become/ happen) and ಇl/ಇ† (ide/ive - there is/are). Look at the examples below. Ex. ಅವj… Hಂo ಜ?ರ ಇl. Avarige tuṃba jvara ide. He/she (polite) has a a high fever. lit. With/for him/her (polite) there is much fever. ನಮ`… wz ಂ ಟ ಇಷ ಆZತ;l. Nammage kālceṇḍāta iṣṭa āguttade. We like soccer. lit. To/for us, soccer becomes much pleasure. Personal Pronouns - Instrumental-Ablative and Dative Cases ನT#ಂದ/ನನ… - nanninda/nanage ಆದcjಂದ/ಅದj. - āddarinda/adarike TT#ಂದ/Tನ… - ninninda/ninage ನJ`ಂದ/ನಮ`… - namminda/nammage TJ`ಂದ/Tಮ`… - nimminda/nimmage TೕUಗ ಂದ/TೕUಗ … - nīvugaḷinda/nīvugaḷige ಅವTಂದ/ಅವT… - avaninda/avanige ಅವjಂದ/ಅವj… - avarinda/avarige ಅವ ಂದ/ಅವ … - avaḷinda/avaḷige ಅವಗ ಂದ/ಅವಗ … - avagaḷinda/avagaḷige The Negative Form A peculiar feature of Kannada grammar is that negated verbs do not indicate person, gender, or plurality, or tense. To form this, simply append -ಉವ>ಲi to the base form. For second class verbs, add a final ï, and then append -ಉU>ಲi instead. © 2016 Shashank Rao Ex. 2^ ಬªôU>ಲi. Nānu bareyuvudilla. I do not write. 2^ YೕZವ>ಲi. Nānu hoguvadilla. I do not go. Demonstratives Demonstratives in Kannada are only “this” and “that”. The root forms of these two determiners are ಈ (ī - this) and ಆ (ā - that). Unlike other adjectives, the demonstratives do decline for case, though one could say that the demonstrative pronouns are the nouns that decline. Below is a table for all the forms. All cases will be shown here, since it will be fairly useful later on. Special meanings will be indicated as necessary. Form “This" “That” Adjectival ಈ-ī ಆ-ā Pronoun/Nominative ಇ - idu ಅ - adu Accusative ಇದ^# - idannu ಅದ^# - adannu Instrumental-Ablative ಇದjಂದ - idarinda ಆದcjಂದ - āddarinda Dative ಇದj. - idarike ಅದj. - adarike Genitive ಇದರ c - idaraddu ಅದರ c - adaraddu Locative ಇ0i - illi “here” ಅ0i - alli “there” Vocative ಇl - ide ಅl - ade ಕನ#ಡ ಅ&'ಸ - Kannaḍa Abhyāsa - Kannada Practice A. Decline the following nouns into the instrumental and dative cases. 1. zೕಖT (lēkhani) 2. ಅueಪಕ (adhyāpaka) 3. ನ8Ù (navilu) 4. ಆ] (āne) 5. ಮರ (mara) © 2016 Shashank Rao 6. yೕ¹ (mēju) 7. Tfಸ (nivāsa) 8. :ೕ0.ೖ (kīlikai) 9. ಪ c (paddu) 10. x˜; (rāste) B. Write the following verbs in the negative form. 1. ತª 2. ನ¢ 3. YೕZ 4. ಈ¹ 5. ‚0 6. pš 7. ಕತ;j‚ 8. ಎ±‚ 9. ಬS 10. ಕª C. Translate the following sentences into Kannada. 1. He takes from the bowl. 2. We go home from school. 3. I come from America. 4. They (person) go to India. 5. It gives me food. 6. Āsha (female) gives Ramā (female) an apple. 7. They (non-person) come from the south (dakṣina). 8. We go from the kitchen to the altar. 9. You (non-polite) write for me. 10. You all go from here to there. © 2016 Shashank Rao Section 4: Conditions and Feelings Vocabulary: Postpositions ಬ ಯ0i/ಹ@;ರ/ಪಕ/ದ0i - baḷiyalli/pakkadalli - beside/next to *ಹ@;ರ - hattira - near.ಳ… - keḷage - under/down ಅ‹ - aḍi - under/on the ground/at one’s feet }ಂl/}ಂದಗ¢ - munde/mundagaḍe - in front ºಂl/ºಂದಗ¢ - hinde/hindagaḍe - behind/back/ago yೕz - mēle - on top/upon/above/up/after m‹ - māḍi - upstairs/up there þರ - dūra - far/distant ‚ತ; - sutta - around ಒಳ… - oḷage - inside Yರಗ¢ - horagaḍe - outside }ಂd - munce - before ಆyೕz/(ಅ)ನಂತರ - āmēle/(a)nantara - after ತಂಕ/ರವª… - tanka/ravarege - until/till ì\ - jote - with ಇಲil - illade - without ಬ…¯/8ಷಯ - bagge/viṣaya - about/concerning Õೕಸ< - gōsra - for (as in for the benefit of)s ನŠ† - naḍuve - between *Unlike other postpositions, it does not use the locative case to indicate the physical relationship. By placing it after a noun in the genitive case, one can express possession. Vocabulary: Conditions and Feelings ಲ‡ಣ - lakṣṇa - attribute/future ‚X;Z - sustāgu - tired ¥ÿS - huṣāru - well ¥ÿSವ>ಲi - huṣāruvadilla - sick !N - khuṣi - happy ಃಖ - duhkha - sad wಯ6ಮಗ# - kāryamagna - occupied/busy ಸ?ಚû/sÀkದ - svaccha/śuciyāda - clean ¡ಳwದ - koḷakāda - dirty ƒೕಗ - bēga - fast Tuನ - nidhāna - slow © 2016 Shashank Rao ಪಟ - diṭṭa - daring ಶಕ; - śakta - capable ದ‡ - dakṣa - clever.ಟ - keṭṭa - bad ಷ - duṣṭa - evil :j:jUಂ€ - kirikirivunṭu - annoying wŠವ - kāḍuvu - bothersome Hಂ‰ದ - tumbida - full Æ0kದ - khāliyāda - empty Xಧe - sādhya - possible Vocabulary: Animals *& - handi - pig/swine ಹ‚ - hasu - cow ¡ೕ ಯ - kōḷiya - chicken ಹ://ಪ— - hakki/pakṣi - bird (D/S) Òಂ. - jinke - deer ಕರ‹ - karaḍi - bear #ƒ - gūbe - owl §ಂ>0 - kundili - rabbit ಅ Ù - aḷilu - squirrel ಇ0 - ili - mouse/rat ಕ1 - kapi - monkey ಹಂಸ - haṃsa - swan ˆಂಹ/ˆಂಗ - sinha/singa - lion oH¡ೕ - bātukōḷi - duck ¥0 - huli - tiger ನj - nari - fox ¤U/ಸಪ6 - hāvu/sarpa - snake (D/S) ಆ]/ಗಜ - āne/gaja - elephant (D/S) §j - kuri - sheep § ª/ಅಶ? - kudure/aśva - horse (D/S) ¥) - huḷu - insect/bug ಮš ¥) - maḷe huḷu - rain bug (a type of insect that appears in wet areas in India) © 2016 Shashank Rao $ೕ^ ¥) - jēnu huḷu - bee $ೕಡ(ರ ¥)) - jēḍa(ra huḷu) - spider ಕಣಜ (¥)) - kaṇaja hụlu - wasp À /ಪತಂಗ (¥)) - ciṭṭe/patanga (huḷu) - butterfly >ೕಪದ ¥) - dīpada huḷu - moth ©šÞ ¥) - soḷḷe (huḷu) - fly *You can also add -ಮj (-mari) to make nouns small, young, and/or cute. Additional Vocabulary: The Weather and the Sky ಹ† - have - weather wಲ/ಸಮಯ - kāla/samaya - time ‡ಣ/ಚಣ - kṣaṇa/caṇa - moment ಆwಶ - ākāśa - sky Rಯ6 - sūrya - sun ಚಂದ< - candra - moon ನ‡ತcೕj - nīvu/tāvu iddiri ಅವS ಇFcª - avaru iddāre ಅವ^ ಇFc] - avanu iddāne ಅU ಇದc† - avu iddave ಅವ) ಇFcš - avaḷu iddāḷe © 2016 Shashank Rao Note: Some texts, particularly older ones, will write these conjugations of ಇS using ಇ ' as the infinitive, making it a highly irregular verb. Most Kannada speakers would pronounce and even write this using ಇ c. Ex. mŠತ; + ಇlcೕ] = mŠ@;lcೕ] māḍutta + iddēne = māḍuttiddēne present adverbial participle + 1st person singular form of ಇS Ex. 2^ ಊಟ mŠ@;lcೕ]. Nānu ūṭa māḍuttiddēne*. I am eating a meal. ಅವ^ ಅವ … ಒಡ† ¡Š@;Fc]. Avanu avaḷige oḍave koḍuttiddāne. He is giving her jewelry. *Even though @^# (tinnu) does mean “to eat”, ಊಟ mŠ (ūṭa māḍu) is a specific expression that means “to eat/take a meal”. The latter is the preferred way of talking about eating a meal. However, for the past and the future tense, one needs to pay closer attention, as now, ಇS must conjugated in the past and future tenses, respectively. However, the present adverbial participle and the conjugated form of ಇS are still elided together. Ex. 2^ @^#@;lc. Nānu tinnuttidde. I was eating. TೕU YೕZ@;S8j. Nīvu hōguttiruviri. You (polite) will be going. The Relative Clause The relative clause in English is also called the dependent clause. It is a part of the sentence that can be a phrase but not a complete sentence. For example, take the sentence “The girl that kicks the ball”. The part after the word “that” is the dependent clause, and serves to describe © 2016 Shashank Rao the girl. In Kannada, the equivalent is a single word, and is a complete thought in and of itself. However, when there are multiple relative clauses, things get complicated. Kannada speakers, even with simple one-clause constructions, avoid this part of speech, preferring the equivalent of “That girl, she kicks the ball”. To make this construction, consider the tense, and then find the appropriate adjectival participle. Then simply attach the pronoun at the end. Look below for the Kannada version of the previous example sentence. Ex. dಂಡ^# ಒlôವ) Ceṇḍannu odeyuvaḷu This girl that kicked the ball Preferred: ಈ ¥Šb/ಈವ), dಂಡ^# ಒlô¾;š. Ī huḍugi/īvaḷu, ceṇḍannu odeyuttāḷe. While this wouldn’t be wrong or even necessarily non-native sounding, many people avoid this construction simply because the more information there is, the more complicated it gets. This form can only be used in the third person, and is used to specify a particular subject that isn’t present. Also, notice that the euphonic ಯ is added before the pronoun. An important skill is to recognize the patterns that require a euphonic ಯ or ವ. The Imperative Forms In Kannada, there are several types of commands, each with a separate connotation, and for a different person. The low imperative distinguishes male and female, with a somewhat dismissive connotation if used with young adults and older people. The standard imperative fits all people, though it is not polite. The polite imperative is used for people of higher status and worthy of respect or politeness, as well as a group of people. The honorific imperative is a very polite form, but can have connotations of pushiness or dismissiveness. There are also the optative and hortative forms, whose endings are affixed to the verb’s base form. The optative form is used only in the 3rd person (“shall/may…?”/“let…”) and the hortative is only used in the 2nd person plural (“let’s…). The example verb is mŠ. Low (male) m|ೕ (māḍō) © 2016 Shashank Rao Low (female) m¢ೕ (māḍē) Standard mŠ (māḍu) Polite m‹ (māḍi) Honorific m‹j (māḍiri) Optative mಡ0 (māḍali) Hortative* m|ೕಣ (māḍōṇa) Note: The low (male/female), standard, polite, and honorific forms of ಬS are irregular: oÜೕ (bārō), oª (bāre), o (bā), ಬT# (banni), ಬT#j (banniri). *The hortative requires the euphonic ï for second class verbs. Supplemental Vocabulary: Clothing and Shopping ಬÖS - bajāru - supermarket/bazaar (F) ಔಷಧದ ಅಂಗ‹ - auṣadhada aṅgaḍi - pharmacy/drug store :x± ಅಂಗ‹ - kirāṇi angaḍi - general/grocery store ಒಡ†/ಆಭರಣ ಅಂಗ‹ - oḍave/ābharaṇa aṅgadi - jewelry store Ür ಯಂಗ‹ - roṭṭiyangaḍi - bakery 1ೕ(ೕಪಕರಣಗಳ ಅಂಗ‹ - pīṭhōpakaraṇagaḷa aṅgadi - furniture store ಬ ಯ ಅಂಗ‹ - baṭṭeya aṅgadi - clothing store ದಜ6ಿಯ - darji - tailor/outfitter )jಕ/ಹÖಮ - kṣaurika/hajāma - barber (S/F) Vocabulary: Items for Sale and Other Terms ರತ#/ಮ± - ratna/maṇi - jewel (D/S) ಒಡ†/ಆಭರಣ - oḍave/ābharaṇa - jewelry (D/S) ಅಲಂwರ - alankāra - decoration/ornament ಉಂZರ/ಅಂZ0ೕಯ - ungura/angulīya - ring (D/S) (.ೖ)ಬš - (kai)baḷe - bangle/bracelet ಕಂಠ¤ರ/ರತ#¤ರ - kanṭhahāra/ratnahāra - necklace ಸರ - sara - chain (usually for jewelry; can also be a very plain necklace) ಓz/ಕಡ§ - ōḷe/kaḍaku - earring.ೖಗ‹kರ - kaigaḍiyāra - wristwatch (ಬ /ಉŠ…)/ವಸÏ - (baṭṭe/uḍuge)/vastra - clothing (D/S) (ಬ can also just mean “cloth”) §ತ6ಾ (œೖÖಮ) - kurta (paijāma) - kurta (Indian menswear) (œೖÖಮ refers to the pants) ಪr - paṭṭi - belt © 2016 Shashank Rao ಲಂಗ - langa - skirt *ೕತ - hāsige/gādi - bed ಶöe - śayye - bedding “ೕಡ - mōḍa - a type of cylindrical stool >ಂ™ - diṃbu - pillow/cushion ಜಮÆ] - jamakhāne - carpet nœ - cāpe - mat ಚದರ ‰zi - cadara bille - tile ƒz/:ಮ`H; - bele/kimmattu - price (D/F) ಆö/ - āyke - choice úಭ/ಸಂ&ದ] - lābha/sampādane - profit ವಟ /©ೕ‹ - vaṭṭa/sōḍi - discount ಖಚ6ು - kharcu - expense ಡಂಡ/-ರ - ḍaṇḍa/caura - waste of money ಮ c/ಔಷಧ - maddu/auṣadha - medicine (D/S) RÒ À:\õ - sūji cikitse - acupuncture ಆôವ6ೇದ - āyurveda - traditional Indian medicine mxಟ/‰ಕj/fe&ರ - mārāṭa/bikari/vyāpāra - sale (transaction) Vocabulary: Verbs @ೕಮ6ಾT‚ - tirmānisu - to decide ಸಂLmŠ - sandhimāḍu - to negotiate -wÉ - caukāśi - to bargain ಸjkbS/ಒ”´ - sariyāgiru/oppu - to fit/look good ಆj‚ - arisu - to choose ಕನ#ಡ ಅ&'ಸ - Kannaḍa Abhyāsa - Kannada Practice A. Decline the following nouns into the locative case. 1. m‹ 2. 2Š © 2016 Shashank Rao 3. ಮˆೕ> 4. ಮ] 5. ‰S¿ 6. Öಗ 7. ಆwಶ 8. ಅಂಗ‹ 9. ºmಲಯ 10. ಬÖS B. Conjugate the following verbs in the present progressive for the given pronoun. 1. ತª, I 2. ನ¢, you (non-polite) 3. YೕZ, they (non-person) 4. ಈ¹, it 5. ‚0, we 6. pš, you all 7. ಕತ;j‚, she 8. ಎ±‚, he 9. ಬS, they (person) 10. ಕª, you (honorific) C. Conjugate the following verbs in the given imperative form. 1. ತª, optative 2. ನ¢, low (male) 3. YೕZ, polite 4. ಈ¹, low (female) 5. ‚0, hortative 6. pš, honorific 7. ಕತ;j‚, standard 8. ಎ±‚, polite 9. ಬS, standard 10. ಕª, hortative © 2016 Shashank Rao Section 5: Travel and Tourism Vocabulary: Modes of Travel and Signs ¿‹ - gāḍi - car o‹… wS - bāḍige kālu - taxi ªೖÙ ¿‹ - railu gāḍi - train (a normalized word meaning “rail vehicle”) fಹಣ - vāhaṇa - vehicle «ೕ± - dōṇi - boat/ferry wÙ† - kāluve - canal Vocabulary: Giving Directions >§//ಕ¢ - dikku/kaḍe - direction (ಕ¢ also means “side”) ಉತ;ರ(>§/) - uttara(dikku) - north (>§/ is optional) ದ—ಣ - dakṣiṇa - south ಪÉ ಮ - paścima - west.ವ6 - pūrva - east ಬಲಗ¢ - balagaḍe - right ಎಡಗ¢ - eḍagaḍe - left Ôಪಟ - bhūpaṭa - map ರ˜; - raste - road/street ˜ೕH†/ಸಂಕ - sētuve/sanka - bridge Vocabulary: Attractions and Tourism ಪ‚\;], ಮH; Tೕ^ ತರwjಯನ# ¡ಂŠ¡)Þ@;ö/ ಖjೕ>‚@;ö. (Nānu moṭṭegaḷanna konḍukoḷḷuttēne/kharīdisuttēne, mattu nīnu tarakāriyanna konḍukoḷḷuttiye/kharīdisuttiye.) 10. 2U ‚ಸ;fblcೕ†, ಆದª Tl< Yಡyೕz ಬS\;ೕ†. (Nāvu sustavāgiddēve, ādare nidre hoḍamēle baruttēve.) Section 8 A. Decline the following nouns into the vocative case. 1. zೕಖ]ೕ (lēkhani) 2. ಅueಪ.ೕ (adhyāpaka) 3. ನ8zೕ (navilu) 4. ಆ]ೕ (āne) 5. ಮªೕ (mara) 6. yೕ$ೕ (mēju) 7. Tf˜ೕ (nivāsa) 8. :ೕ0.ೖöೕ (kīlikai) © 2016 Shashank Rao 9. ಪlcೕ (paddu) 10. x˜;ೕ (rāste) B. Conjugate the following verbs in the future tense. 1. ತS†^ 2. ನŠ† 3. YೕZವU 4. ಈ¹U 5. ‚Ù†U 6. pÙ8j 7. ಕತ;j‚ವ) 8. ಎ±‚ವ^ 9. ಬSವS 10. ಕS8j