Exercise Physiology - Hormonal Response PDF

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY – Hormonal response to Exercise AFTER THE LECTURE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND: BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY HORMONES: REGULATION AND ACTION HORMONAL CONTROL OF SUBSTRATE MOBILIZATION DURING EXERCISE  NEUROENDOCRINOLOG...

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY – Hormonal response to Exercise AFTER THE LECTURE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND: BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY HORMONES: REGULATION AND ACTION HORMONAL CONTROL OF SUBSTRATE MOBILIZATION DURING EXERCISE  NEUROENDOCRINOLOG Y “A BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY DEDICATED TO THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF CONTROL SYSTEMS” TWO MAJOR HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL AND REGULATION OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONS ARE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS NERVES USE NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO RELAY MESSAGE FROM ONE NERVE TO THE OTHER- NERVE IMPULSE ENDOCRINE GLANDS RELEASE HORMONES INTO BLOOD BLOOD HORMONE CONCENTRATION THE HORMONE CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD IS DEPENDED UPON: THE RATE OF SECRETION OF THE HORMONE FROM THE ENDOCRINE GLAND THE RATE OF METABOLISM OR EXCRETION OF THE HORMONE THE QUANTITY OF TRANSPORT PROTEIN CHANGES IN THE PLASMA VOLUME HORMONES: REGULATION AND ACTION HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE PITUITARY GLAND THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS THE ACTIVITY OF BOTH THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND AND HORMONES: ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE) FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE) LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE) MSH (MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE) TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE) GH (GROWTH HORMONE) PROLACTIN (WHILE PROLACTIN DIRECTLY STIMULATES THE BREAST TO PRODUCE MILK)  HORMONES: REGULATION AND ACTION POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND AND HORMONES: RELEASES TWO HORMONES: ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (REDUCES WATER LOSS FROM THE BODY) INCREASES WITH EXERCISE(DURING EXERCISE, PLASMA VOLUME DECREASES AND OSMOLALITY INCREASES AND FOR EXERCISE INTENSITIES IN EXCESS OF 60% OF VO2MAX, ADH SECRETION IS INCREASED. THIS FAVORS THE CONSERVATION OF WATER TO MAINTAIN PLASMA VOLUME.) OXYTOCIN (POWERFUL STIMULATOR OF SMOOTH MUSCLES AND HELPED IN RELEASE OF MILK FROM THE BREAST). HORMONES: REGULATION AND ACTION THYROID GLAND: THYROID HORMONES T3 AND T4 ARE IMPORTANT IN MAINTAINING THE METABOLIC RATE AND ALLOWING OTHER HORMONES TO BRING ABOUT THEIR FULL EFFECT INCREASE FREE T3 AND T4 CALCITONIN: DECREASES PLASMA CALCIUM(CALCITONIN IS NOT INCREASED AS A RESULT OF EXERCISE) PARATHYROID GLAND: PTH: INCREASES PLASMA CALCIUM INCREASES WITH EXERCISE(PARATHYROID HORMONE INCREASES DURING BOTH INTENSE AND PROLONGED EXERCISE. THE INCREASE IS RELATED TO A LOWER CA++ CONCENTRATION AND THE EXERCISE-INDUCED INCREASES IN PLASMA H+ AND CATECHOLAMINE CONCENTRATIONS)  HORMONES:REGULATION AND ACTION ADRENAL CORTEX: CORTISOL: INCREASES GLUCONEOGENESIS, FFA MOBILIZATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INCREASES WITH HEAVY EXERCISE DECREASES WITH LIGHT EXERCISE ALDOSTERONE: INCREASES POTASSIUM SECRETION AND SODIUM REABSORPTION AT KIDNEY INCREASES WITH EXERCISE ADRENAL MEDULLA: EPINEPHRINE(80%): INCREASES GLYCOGENOLYSIS INCRESES WITH EXERCISE NOREPINEPHRINE(20%): INCREASES FFA MOBILIZATION,HR,SV AND PR INCREASES WITH EXERCISE HORMONES:REGULATION AND ACTION PANCREAS: INSULIN: INCREASES GLUCOSE,FFA,AA UPTAKE INTO THE TISSUES DECREASES WITH EXERCISE GLUCAGON: INCREASES GLUCOSE AND FFA MOBILIZATION;GLUCONEOGENESIS INCREASES WITH EXERCISE TESTES & OVARIES: TESTOSTERONE: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS, SEX DRIVE, SPERM PRODUCTION SMALL INCREASE WITH EXERCISE ESTROGEN : FAT DEPOSITION;SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS,OVUM DEVELOPMENT SMALL INCREASE WITH EXERCISE BLOOD GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS DURING EXERCISE PLASMA GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IS MAINTAINED THROUGH FOUR DIFFERENT PROCESSES: MOBILIZE GLUCOSE FROM LIVER GLYCOGEN STORES MOBILIZE PLASMA FFA FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE TO SPARE PLASMA GLUCOSE GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM AA,LACTI ACID AND GLYCEROL BLOCK GLUCOSE ENTRY INTO CELLS TO FORCE THE SUBSTITUTION OF FFA AS A FUEL  PERMISSIVE AND SLOW ACTING HORMONES THE HORMONES THYROXIN, CORTISOL AND GROWTH HORMONE ACT IN A PERMISSIVE MANNER TO SUPPORT THE ACTIONS OF OTHER HORMONES DURING EXERCISE GH AND CORTISOL ALSO PROVIDE A “SLOW ACTING” EFFECT ON CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE  FAST ACTING EPINEPHRINE HORMONES AND NOREPINEPHRINE: DUE TO THEIR ACTION PLASMA GLUCOSE COME TO NORMAL QUICKLY GLUCOSE IS TAKEN UP SEVEN TO TWENTY TIMES FASTER DURING EXERCISE THAN AT REST-EVEN WITH THE DECREASE IN PLASMA INSULIN INCREASES IN IC CALCIUM AND OTHER FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE THE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE TRAINING CAUSES A REDUCTION IN E,NE,GLUCAGON AND INSULIN RESPONSES TO EXERCISE CHANGES IN PLASMA E AND NE RESPONSES TO A FIXED WORKLOAD OVER 7 WEEKS OF ENDURANCE TRAINING  HORMONE-SUBSTRATE INTERCATION THE PLASMA FFA DECRESES DURING HEAVY EXERCISE EVEN THOUGH THE ADIPOSE CELL IS STIMULATED BY A VARIETY OF HORMONES TO INCREASE TRIGLYCERIDE BREAKDOWN TO FFA AND GLYCEROL THIS MAY BE DUE TO: HIGH LEVELS OF LACTATE DURING EXERCISE THAT RESYNTHESIZE OF TRIGLYCERIDES AN INADEQUATE BLOOD FLOW TO ADIPOSE TISSUE INSUFFICIENT ALBUMIN NEEDED TO TRANSPORT THE FFA IN THE PLASMA. CHANGES IN PLASMA FFA DUE TO INCREASE IN LACTIC ACID EFFECT OF LACTIC ACID ON THE MOBILIZATION OF FFA FROM ADIPOSE CELLS