Exercise Physiology Midterm PDF

Here are 40 multiple-choice questions based on the physiology information provided in the sources: Endocrine System 1. Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ? ○ A. Pituitary ○ B. Thyroid ○ C. Liver ○ D. Adrenal 2. What is the term for the time required to reduce a hormone's blood conc...

Here are 40 multiple-choice questions based on the physiology information provided in the sources: Endocrine System 1. Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ? ○ A. Pituitary ○ B. Thyroid ○ C. Liver ○ D. Adrenal 2. What is the term for the time required to reduce a hormone's blood concentration by one half? ○ A. Half-life ○ B. Lifespan ○ C. Reduction Rate ○ D. Clearance Time 3. Which type of hormone is synthesized on demand from precursors? ○ A. Amine Hormones ○ B. Peptide Hormones ○ C. Steroid Hormones ○ D. Catecholamines 4. Where are the receptors for steroid hormones located? ○ A. On the cell membrane ○ B. Cytoplasm or nucleus ○ C. Extracellular space ○ D. Within the Golgi apparatus 5. What is the function of cyclic AMP in hormone action? ○ A. It acts as a hormone receptor. ○ B. It transports hormones through the blood. ○ C. It acts as a second messenger to activate protein kinase. ○ D. It inhibits hormone breakdown. 6. Which of the following is NOT a way hormones alter cellular reactions? ○ A. Modifying the rate of intracellular protein synthesis. ○ B. Changing the rate of enzyme activity. ○ C. Altering plasma membrane transport via a second-messenger system. ○ D. Directly altering DNA sequence. 7. The extent of target cell activation by a hormone depends on all of the following EXCEPT: ○ A. Hormone concentration in the blood. ○ B. Number of target cell receptors for the hormone. ○ C. Sensitivity of the union between the hormone and its receptor. ○ D. The size of the target cell. 8. Hormonal stimulation of endocrine glands refers to: ○ A. Hormones influencing the secretion of other hormones. ○ B. Changes in levels of ions and nutrients in body fluids stimulating hormone release. ○ C. Neural activity impacting hormone release. ○ D. Environmental factors like temperature influencing hormone release. 9. What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH)? ○ A. Promote cell division and proliferation. ○ B. Regulate blood sugar levels. ○ C. Stimulate the immune system. ○ D. Control calcium balance. 10. How does physical activity affect GH's action on target tissues? ○ A. It inhibits GH release. ○ B. It has no effect on GH action. ○ C. It augments GH's action. ○ D. It redirects GH to different target tissues. 11. What are the main functions of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? ○ A. Stimulate the production of red blood cells. ○ B. Mediate many of GH’s effects. ○ C. Regulate the sleep-wake cycle. ○ D. Control appetite and satiety. 12. What is the primary function of thyrotropin (TSH)? ○ A. Regulate calcium levels. ○ B. Control thyroid gland secretion. ○ C. Stimulate milk production. ○ D. Promote red blood cell production. 13. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a key role in: ○ A. Regulating sleep patterns. ○ B. Regulating adrenal cortex output. ○ C. Controlling blood pressure. ○ D. Stimulating growth and development. 14. Which hormone initiates and supports milk secretion from mammary glands? ○ A. Oxytocin ○ B. Growth Hormone ○ C. Prolactin ○ D. Insulin 15. What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? ○ A. Stimulate uterine contractions. ○ B. Inhibit water excretion by the kidneys. ○ C. Increase blood sugar levels. ○ D. Regulate thyroid hormone production. 16. What are the two main thyroid hormones? ○ A. TSH and TRH ○ B. T4 and T3 ○ C. Calcitonin and PTH ○ D. GH and IGF-1 17. What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? ○ A. Control blood calcium balance. ○ B. Regulate blood sugar levels. ○ C. Stimulate the production of red blood cells. ○ D. Promote protein synthesis. 18. What are the two main structures of the adrenal glands? ○ A. Cortex and Islets of Langerhans ○ B. Medulla and Cortex ○ C. Anterior and Posterior Pituitary ○ D. Thyroid and Parathyroid 19. What is the main function of aldosterone? ○ A. Control blood sugar levels. ○ B. Regulate mineral balance in extracellular fluids. ○ C. Stimulate protein synthesis. ○ D. Promote red blood cell production. 20. Which of the following is NOT an effect of cortisol? ○ A. Promotes breakdown of protein to amino acids. ○ B. Promotes triacylglycerol breakdown to glycerol and fatty acids. ○ C. Suppresses immune system function. ○ D. Stimulates calcium uptake by bones. 21. What are the two types of cells found in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas? * A. Alpha and Beta Cells * B. Delta and Gamma Cells * C. Acinar and Ductal Cells * D. Chief and Oxyphil Cells 22. What is the primary function of insulin? * A. Increase blood sugar levels. * B. Regulate glucose entry into tissues. * C. Stimulate protein breakdown. * D. Promote fat storage. 23. Which of the following is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes? * A. Low blood pressure * B. High HDL cholesterol * C. Body mass exceeding 20% of ideal * D. Low triglyceride levels 24. What is glycosuria? * A. Excessive thirst * B. Frequent urination * C. Glucose in the urine * D. Extreme hunger 25. Which test for diabetes measures blood sugar levels 2 hours after drinking 75g of glucose? * A. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test * B. Hemoglobin A1c test * C. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) * D. Random plasma glucose test 26. What is the Hemoglobin A1c test (HbA1c) used to measure? * A. Average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. * B. Insulin levels in the blood. * C. C-peptide levels, a marker of insulin production. * D. Ketone levels in the urine. 27. How does regular physical activity affect the risk of developing type 2 diabetes? * A. Reduces the risk * B. Increases the risk * C. Has no effect * D. The relationship is unclear 28. What is the primary function of glucagon? * A. Increase blood sugar levels. * B. Lower blood sugar levels. * C. Promote protein synthesis. * D. Stimulate fat storage. 29. How does endurance training affect the hormonal response to exercise? * A. Increases the magnitude of the response. * B. Produces a decline in the magnitude of the response. * C. Has no effect on the response.* D. Causes an unpredictable response. 30. Which two hormones are primarily responsible for adaptations to resistance training? * A. Insulin and Glucagon * B. Cortisol and Aldosterone * C. Testosterone and GH * D. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Altitude, Thermoregulation, and Exercise Physiology 31. What percentage of oxygen is present in the air at the top of Mount Everest? ○A. 10%○B. 15%○C. 21%○D. 25% 32. Why does the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) decrease at higher altitudes? ○A. The percentage of oxygen in the air decreases.○B. The atmospheric pressure decreases.○C. The temperature decreases.○D. The humidity increases. 33. What is the primary physiological response to altitude exposure? ○A. Decreased heart rate.○B. Increased respiratory drive leading to hyperventilation.○C. Decreased blood flow to the extremities.○D. Increased appetite. 34. What happens to resting blood pressure in the early stages of altitude adaptation? ○A. It decreases.○B. It stays the same.○C. It increases.○D. It fluctuates unpredictably. 35. How does prolonged cold stress affect hormonal output? ○A. It decreases epinephrine and norepinephrine release.○B. It stimulates the release of thyroxine.○C. It inhibits the release of cortisol.○D. It suppresses the production of growth hormone. 36. What is the most important factor determining the effectiveness of evaporative heat loss? ○A. Air temperature ○B. Wind speed ○C. Relative humidity ○D. Altitude 37. What is the primary mechanism for heat dissipation during exercise? ○A. Radiation ○B. Conduction ○C. Convection ○D. Evaporation 38.During exercise in the heat, what cardiovascular demands compete for blood flow? ○A. Muscles requiring oxygen and the periphery for cooling ○B. The brain and the digestive system ○C. The lungs and the kidneys ○D. Bone marrow and the spleen 39. What is the ideal condition for fluid replacement during exercise? ○A. Drink only when thirsty. ○B. Overhydrate before exercise. ○C. Replace water loss at a rate close to or equal to sweating rate. ○D. Avoid fluids altogether to prevent stomach discomfort. 40. Which electrolyte is particularly important to include in rehydration drinks? ○A. Calcium ○B. Magnesium ○C. Potassium ○D. Sodium