Water and Water Metabolism PDF

Water and Water Metabolism Prof. Dr. Tamer YILMAZ Near East University Dental Faculty Director of Basic Medical Science Departmet Structure and Properties of Water  STRUCTURE OF WATER H H O 1 molecule of water is ma...

Water and Water Metabolism Prof. Dr. Tamer YILMAZ Near East University Dental Faculty Director of Basic Medical Science Departmet Structure and Properties of Water  STRUCTURE OF WATER H H O 1 molecule of water is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms bonded with 1 oxygen atom  STRUCTURE OF WATER + + H _ _ H O The bond that forms water + _ is a covalent bond + + -  STRUCTURE OF WATER H H O The bond that forms water is a covalent bond + + H H O -  Polarity of Water This structure is polar: – Because oxygen is more electronegative, the region around oxygen has a partial negative charge. – The region near the two hydrogen atoms has a partial positive charge. A water molecule is a polar molecule with opposite ends of the molecule with opposite charges.  POLAR MOLECULE The positive hydrogen ends of 1 molecule are attracted to the negative end of the oxygen of another molecule. H H H O O H  HYDROGEN BONDS – The slightly negative regions of one molecule are attracted to the slightly positive regions of nearby molecules, forming a hydrogen bond. – Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with up to four neighbors. – They form, break, and reform with great frequency Hidrojen bağları http://www.theochem.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/research/marx/topic6b.de.html  The properities of water: Cohesion, Adhesion, Capillary action, Specific heat, Universal solvent,  COHESION Because water is a polar molecule, it is attracted to itself. Cohesion – is the attractive force between water molecules. H H – + H O O – H COHESION Water molecules like to stick to each other.  ADHESION Because water is a polar molecule, it is attracted to other substances. Adhesion – occurs when molecules of water are attracted to other substances. WINDSHIELD Adhesion is going on between the pane and the water droplet. WATER DROPLET Cam, levha ADHESION  COHESION Water molecules like to stick to each other. ADHESION Water molecules like to stick to other things.  The properities of water: Cohesion, Adhesion, Capillary action, Specific heat, Universal solvent,  Capillary action The combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of the surrounding material. Cohesion + Adhesion  Capillary Action “Wettable” surfaces cause a film of water to partially pull away from other water molecules and cling to the surface. Capillary action is important in soil and plant/water relations.  Adhesion and cohesion = capillerity Capillarity is responsible for the transport of the water column in plants Cohesion and adhesion play a key role in the transport of water against gravity in plants. soil  The properities of water: Cohesion, Adhesion, Capillary action, Specific heat, Universal solvent,  Body temperature regulation Water has a large heat capacity which helps limit changes in body temperature in a warm or a cold environment. Water allows the body to release heat when ambient temperature is higher than body temperature. The body begins to sweat, and the evaporation of water from the skin surface very efficiently cools the body. pulse  The properities of water: Cohesion, Adhesion, Capillary action, Specific heat, Universal solvent,  Universal Solvent Why is water so good at dissolving things? Because water is a polar molecule and is able to break up substances into smaller pieces (dissolve).  Universal Solvent This is a nickname given to water. Water dissolves LOTS of things. – SOLVENT = the thing doing the dissolving – SOLUTE = the thing that dissolves away Other polar molecules can be dissolved by water.  Major water compartments Whole body water is distributed in two main parts: 1. Intracellular fluid (Intracellular compartment) 2. Extracellular fluid (Extracellular “ ) Body Fluid Compartments Intracellular Intracellular Extracellular  Major Compartments for Fluids INTRACELLULAR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID FLUID (ICF) (ECF) Inside cell Outside cells 40% of the body fluid. Most of body fluid Intravascular fluid - within here blood vessels (5%) 40% of body weight Interstitial fluid - between 60% of body fluid cells & in lymph vessels Decreased in elderly (15%) Transcellular fluid - cerebrospinal, bile, pericardial , synovial (20%)  Extracellular fluid (ECF) Extracellular fluid is divided into extravascular and intravascular compartments. Intravascular compartments = blood plasma Extravascular fluid: – Interstitial fluid and lymph fluid – Transcellular fluid. http://www.as.wvu.edu/~sraylman/physiology/human_lymphatic.swf  Composition of compartments Extracellular fluids: – High in Na+, Cl-, Ca++, HCO3- Blood plasma has more protein than interstitial fluid and lymph. Intracellular fluids: – High in K+, phosphate, Mg++, and more protein than plasma.  Extracellular fluid Blood plasma It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid. Blood plasma is the pale-yellow liquid component of blood. Normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.  Extracellular fluid Blood plasma It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and contains: – dissolved proteins (6-8 gr %) (i.e.—serum albumins, globulins,and fibrinogen), – glucose, – clotting factors, – electrolytes (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-, etc.), – hormones, and – carbon dioxide Plasma also being the main medium for excretory product transportation.  Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid): Interstitial fluid is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid. The interstitial fluid is found in the interstitial spaces, also known as the tissue spaces.  Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid): It makes up about 15% of the body's total extracellular fluid volume. (On average, a person has about 10 litres). Interstitial fluid bathes the cells of the tissues. This provides a means of delivering materials to the cells, intercellular communication, as well as removal of metabolic waste. surrounded  Extracellular fluid Lymph Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system. The lymph fluid is formed when the interstitial fluid is collected through lymph capilleries. It is then transported through lymph vessels to lymph nodes and empties ultimately into the right or the left subclavian vein, where it mixes back with blood.  Extracellular fluid The main function of the lymphatic system is to collect and transport tissue fluids from the intercellular spaces in all the tissues of the body, back to the veins in the blood system. It plays an important role in returning plasma proteins to the bloodstream. Digested fats are absorbed and then transported from the villi in the small intestine to the bloodstream via the lacteals and lymph vessels.  Extracellular fluid New lymphocytes are manufactured in the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes play an important role in the defence mechanism of the body. The body to build up an effective immunity to infectious diseases with lymphocytes. They filter out micro-organisms (such as bacteria) and foreign substances such as toxins, etc. It transports large molecular compounds (such as enzymes and hormones) from their manufactured sites to the bloodstream.  Extracellular fluid Transcellular fluid Transcellular fluid is the portion of total body water contained different spesific material. The main task is to transport different chemical materials between various tissues. It is the smallest component of extracellular fluid. It is often not calculated as a fraction of the extracellular fluid, but it is about 2.5-5 % of the total body water.  Extracellular fluid Transcellular fluid is found in: Cerebrospinal fluid The gastrointestinal tract: – Saliva – Gastric juice – Pancreatic juice – İntestinal juice – Bile The urinary tract – Urine  Extracellular fluid Transcellular fluid is found in: The ducts of glands – Salivary glands – Sweat glands Serous cavites – Pleura fluid – Cerebrospinal fluid – Synovial fluid (Joint fluid) – Seminal fluid (sperm fluid) – Amniotic fluid  Function of water (1) Acts as a medium and reactant for chemical reactions. (2) Acts as a transport vehicle for nutrients, electrolytes, blood gases and metabolic wastes. (3) Importance for the regulation of body temperature. a)The water can absorb more heat with less increase of body temperature. (specific heat) b)More heat can be eliminated with sweat (enthalpy of vaporization) c)Heat within the body is easy to be eliminated from the surface because of the high mobility of water.  Function of water (1) Acts as a medium and reactant for chemical reactions. (2) Acts as a transport vehicle for nutrients, electrolytes, blood gases and metabolic wastes. (3) Importance for the regulation of body temperature. a)The water can absorb more heat with less increase of body temperature. (specific heat) b)More heat can be eliminated with sweat (enthalpy of vaporization) c)Heat within the body is easy to be eliminated from the surface because of the high mobility of water.  Function of water (1) Acts as a medium and reactant for chemical reactions. (2) Acts as a transport vehicle for nutrients, electrolytes, blood gases and metabolic wastes. (3) Importance for the regulation of body temperature. a)The water can absorb more heat with less increase of body temperature. (specific heat) b)More heat can be eliminated with sweat (enthalpy of vaporization) c)Heat within the body is easy to be eliminated from the surface because of the high mobility of water.  Function of water (4) Acts as lubricant (surround all of the interface of organs) (5) Acts as a cushion (cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid for fetus)  Taking nutrient and oxygene and flushing out waste product Human need some organic and inorganic molecules: Amino acids CH (glucose, fructose, galactose) Fatty acids Vitamins Ca, Fe, K, Mg, ect. Those chemical molecules must be taken with foods.  Taking nutrient and oxygene and flushing out waste product Two different physical phenomena plays an important role at this functions: Diffusion Osmosis – Osmotic pressure – Hydrostatic pressure  Diffusion The tendency of substances to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. At equilibrium, they remain as far apart as possible. Solvent Solute Solution  Diffusion The cells also take up some of their nutrients from the blood by diffusion.  Diffusion The cells also take up some of their nutrients from the blood by diffusion. When they breath-in, the oxygen is passed from lungs to all cells of the body through diffusion.  Diffusion The cells also take up some of their nutrients from the blood by diffusion. When they breath-in, the oxygen is passed from lungs to all cells of the body through diffusion. Similarly, when cell excretes carbon dioxide then again it is diffused from cells to lungs through the process of diffusion.  Diffusion The cells also take up some of their nutrients from the blood by diffusion. When they breath-in, the oxygen is passed from lungs to all cells of the body through diffusion. Similarly, when cell excretes carbon dioxide then again it is diffused from cells to lungs through the process of diffusion. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft so that the next nerve cell can pick up the signal and pass it along. If we open holes in the intermediate membrane container pull  Osmosis Osmosis is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. The water moves from the area of lower solute concentration to the area of higher solute concentration until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis  Osmosis Movement of the solvent or water across a membrane. Involves solution or water. Equalizes the concentration of ions on each side of membrane. Movement of solvent molecules across a membrane to an area where there is a higher concentration of solute that cannot pass through the membrane. Osmotic pressure is the force caused by a solution passing through a semi permeable surface by osmosis  The force of a highly concentrated solution attracting water is called osmotic power. Osmotic power The force of a highly concentrated solution attracting water is called osmotic power.  Osmotic pressure Pull that draws solvent through the membrane to the more concentrated side (or side with solute )  HYPOTONIC Solution of lower osmotic pressure Less salt or more water than isotonic If infused into blood, RBCs draw water into cells ( can swell & burst ) Solutions move into cells causing them to enlarge HYPERTONIC Solution of higher osmotic pressure 3% sodium chloride is example If infused into blood, water moves out of cells & into solution (cells wrinkle or shrivel) Solutions pull fluid from cells  Isotonic ISO - means alike TONICITY -Comparison of differences in osmotic pressure between two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Isotonic: means that solutions on both sides of selectively permeable membrane have established equilibrium. Any solution put into body with the same osmolality as blood plasma - 0.9% sodium chloride or 5 % glucose. gravity Hydrostatic Pressure  Hydrostatic Pressure Force of the fluid pressing outward against vessel wall. With blood not only refers to weight of fluid against capillary wall but to force with which blood is propelled with heartbeat. Fluid- pushing pressure inside a capillary.  COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE OR ONCOTIC PRESSURE Blood is a colloidal fluid. Blood has much more protein than the other body fluids. The protein concentration of blood is 6- 8 gr%. This high concentration of protein dissolve in water for to make colloid. Protein molecules are big molecules. They don’t across the wein wall.  COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE OR ONCOTIC PRESSURE Special kind of osmotic pressure. Created by substances with a high molecular weight (like albumin) https://drsvenkatesan.files.wordpress.com/ 2011/05/heart_beating.gif?w=500 Water loss Little molecules loss Water  Regulation of water and sodium metabolism Normal metabolism of water and sodium means: (1) normal volume, (2) normal composition (3) normal osmotic pressure of body fluid. It is regulated by nervous system and hormones: (1) Thirst (neuro-regulation) (2) Antidiuretic hormone, ADH (3) Aldosterone (4)Atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP). (5) Renal regulation Regulation of water and sodium metabolism lose  Regulation of water intake Main regulator is thirst. Dehydration (output>intake) as little as 1% decrease in body water causes: – Decreased production of saliva – Increased blood osmotic pressure – stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus – Decreased blood volume – renin is produced Causes of thirst: 1) Increase of ECF osmolarity (1~2%) stimulates the thirst center via osmoreceptor in anterior hypothalamus. Then there will be the sense of thirst. After the drink of water, the increased ECF osmolality will decrease to normal, then the sense of thirst will disappear.  2)Decrease of effective blood volume (hypovolemia) stimulates the thirst center via volume receptor in venae cavae and atrium (Atrial natriuretic peptide). 3)Elevated level of angiotensin II can stimulates the thirst center. 4)Dryness of mouth can also stimulates the thirst center. After the drinking of water, the blood volume will increase to normal.  Regulation of Fluid Output Hormonal control – AntiDiuretic Hormone (ADH) [neurohypophysis] – Aldosterone [adrenal cortex] – Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) [heart atrial walls]  Regulation of Fluid Output Physiologic fluid imbalances – Dehydration:  blood pressure,  Glomerular Filt. Rate – Overhydration:  blood pressure,  GFR – Hyperventilation - water loss through lungs – Vomiting & Diarrhea - excessive water loss – Fever - heavy perspiration – Burns - initial fluid loss; may persist in severe burns – Hemorrhage – if blood loss is severe How much water you must drink in a day How much water you must drink in a day How much water you must drink in a day