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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?
What fluid is transported from the small intestine to the bloodstream via lacteals?
What fluid is transported from the small intestine to the bloodstream via lacteals?
In which of the following is transcellular fluid not included?
In which of the following is transcellular fluid not included?
Which of the following is a function of lymph nodes?
Which of the following is a function of lymph nodes?
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What percentage of total body water is approximately made up by transcellular fluid?
What percentage of total body water is approximately made up by transcellular fluid?
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Which of the following is NOT a function attributed to water?
Which of the following is NOT a function attributed to water?
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Where does lymph ultimately empty back into the bloodstream?
Where does lymph ultimately empty back into the bloodstream?
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Which type of fluid is considered the smallest component of extracellular fluid?
Which type of fluid is considered the smallest component of extracellular fluid?
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What is a primary effect of a decrease in body water as little as 1%?
What is a primary effect of a decrease in body water as little as 1%?
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Which of the following causes thirst by stimulating the thirst center?
Which of the following causes thirst by stimulating the thirst center?
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Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of fluid output?
Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of fluid output?
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What physiological condition is most likely to result in increased blood pressure?
What physiological condition is most likely to result in increased blood pressure?
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Which condition would most likely cause excessive water loss from the body?
Which condition would most likely cause excessive water loss from the body?
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What percentage of body fluid is comprised by interstitial fluid?
What percentage of body fluid is comprised by interstitial fluid?
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Which of the following represents the main component of extracellular fluid?
Which of the following represents the main component of extracellular fluid?
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Which fluid type is considered the intravascular fluid of extracellular fluid?
Which fluid type is considered the intravascular fluid of extracellular fluid?
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What is the main role of interstitial fluid in multicellular animals?
What is the main role of interstitial fluid in multicellular animals?
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Which of the following is NOT a component typically found in blood plasma?
Which of the following is NOT a component typically found in blood plasma?
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Which fluid is predominantly water and accounts for about 55% of the body's blood volume?
Which fluid is predominantly water and accounts for about 55% of the body's blood volume?
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Which ion is typically found in higher concentrations in extracellular fluid?
Which ion is typically found in higher concentrations in extracellular fluid?
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What is the primary function of transcellular fluid?
What is the primary function of transcellular fluid?
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What property of water allows it to absorb a significant amount of heat without a large increase in temperature?
What property of water allows it to absorb a significant amount of heat without a large increase in temperature?
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Which physical process allows oxygen to move from the lungs to the cells of the body?
Which physical process allows oxygen to move from the lungs to the cells of the body?
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What role does water play as a transport vehicle in the body?
What role does water play as a transport vehicle in the body?
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What is the main function of sweating in terms of heat regulation?
What is the main function of sweating in terms of heat regulation?
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Which two processes are involved in the uptake of nutrients and oxygen by cells?
Which two processes are involved in the uptake of nutrients and oxygen by cells?
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What enables water to act as a cushion in the body?
What enables water to act as a cushion in the body?
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How does high osmotic pressure affect water movement in cells?
How does high osmotic pressure affect water movement in cells?
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Which molecules are considered essential nutrients that must be obtained through food?
Which molecules are considered essential nutrients that must be obtained through food?
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What property of water is responsible for the transport of water against gravity in plants?
What property of water is responsible for the transport of water against gravity in plants?
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Which statement accurately describes capillary action?
Which statement accurately describes capillary action?
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Why is water referred to as a universal solvent?
Why is water referred to as a universal solvent?
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What is the primary role of specific heat in the context of water?
What is the primary role of specific heat in the context of water?
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In terms of body fluid compartments, which is true about extracellular fluid?
In terms of body fluid compartments, which is true about extracellular fluid?
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Which property of water allows it to maintain a relatively stable body temperature when exposed to temperature changes?
Which property of water allows it to maintain a relatively stable body temperature when exposed to temperature changes?
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What effect does capillary action have on soil and plant water relations?
What effect does capillary action have on soil and plant water relations?
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Which property of water contributes to its ability to cling to 'wettable' surfaces?
Which property of water contributes to its ability to cling to 'wettable' surfaces?
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Study Notes
Water Properties
- Water molecules are attracted to other substances (adhesion) and to other water molecules (cohesion).
- Capillary action is the combined force of cohesion and adhesion.
- "Wettable" surfaces cause a film of water to cling to the surface due to adhesion.
- Capillary action is essential for water transport in soil and plants.
Specific Heat
- Water has a large heat capacity, helping to regulate body temperature.
- Sweating allows the body to release heat through water evaporation when the ambient temperature is higher than body temperature.
Universal Solvent
- Water is a polar molecule that dissolves substances by breaking them into smaller pieces.
- This ability makes water an excellent solvent for many compounds.
Body Fluid Compartments
- The human body contains two main fluid compartments: intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
- ICF is the fluid inside cells, representing 40% of body weight.
- ECF is the fluid outside cells, representing 60% of body weight.
- ECF can be further divided into:
- Intravascular fluid (blood plasma): 5% of body fluid.
- Interstitial fluid: between cells and in lymph vessels, 15% of body fluid.
- Transcellular fluid: cerebrospinal, bile, pericardial, synovial fluid, 20% of body fluid.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
- ECF is comprised of extravascular and intravascular compartments.
- Extravascular fluid includes interstitial fluid and lymph fluid, as well as transcellular fluid.
- Intravascular fluid is represented by blood plasma.
Composition of Compartments
- Extracellular fluids are high in sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca++), and bicarbonate (HCO3-). Blood plasma has more protein than interstitial fluid and lymph.
- Intracellular fluids are high in potassium (K+), phosphate, magnesium (Mg++), and have more protein than plasma.
Extracellular Fluid - Blood Plasma
- Blood plasma is the yellow liquid part of blood containing:
- Dissolved proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
- Glucose
- Clotting factors
- Electrolytes (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-)
- Hormones
- Carbon dioxide
- Blood plasma also serves as the primary medium for excretory product transportation.
Extracellular Fluid - Interstitial Fluid
- Interstitial fluid bathes cells in tissues, contributing to:
- Delivery of materials to cells
- Intercellular communication
- Removal of metabolic waste
Extracellular Fluid - Lymph
- Lymph circulates throughout the lymphatic system, collecting interstitial fluid from tissues and transporting it back to the blood.
- Lymph nodes filter microorganisms and foreign substances, contributing to the body's defense.
- Lymph plays a role in fat absorption from the small intestine and transports large molecules (enzymes, hormones) to the bloodstream.
Extracellular Fluid - Transcellular Fluid
- Transcellular fluid is a small component of ECF, residing in:
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Gastrointestinal tract (saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice, bile)
- Urinary tract (urine)
- Ducts of glands (salivary glands, sweat glands)
- Serous cavities (pleural fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, seminal fluid, amniotic fluid)
Functions of Water
- Water acts as a medium and reactant for chemical reactions.
- Water transports nutrients, electrolytes, blood gases, and metabolic wastes.
- Water regulates body temperature through its specific heat and enthalpy of vaporization.
- Water serves as a lubricant for internal organs.
- Water acts as a cushion (cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid).
Taking Nutrients and Oxygen, Flushing Waste
- The body requires organic and inorganic molecules, including:
- Amino acids
- Carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, galactose)
- Fatty acids
- Vitamins
- Minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, etc.)
- These molecules are obtained through food.
Diffusion and Osmosis
- Diffusion is the movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
- Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
- Osmotic pressure is the pressure that needs to be applied to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
- Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest.
Dehydration
- A 1% decrease in body water can lead to:
- Decreased saliva production
- Increased blood osmotic pressure, stimulating osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
- Decreased blood volume, leading to renin production.
Causes of Thirst
- Increased extracellular fluid osmolarity (1-2%) stimulates the thirst center via osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
- Decreased effective blood volume (hypovolemia) stimulates the thirst center via volume receptors in the vena cavae and atrium.
- Elevated levels of angiotensin II stimulate the thirst center.
- Dryness of mouth can also stimulate the thirst center.
Regulation of Fluid Output
- Hormones regulate fluid output:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the neurohypophysis
- Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart atrial walls
Physiologic Fluid Imbalances
- Dehydration: decreased blood pressure, decreased glomerular filtration rate.
- Overhydration: increased blood pressure, increased GFR.
- Hyperventilation: water loss through lungs.
- Vomiting and diarrhea: excessive water loss.
- Fever: heavy perspiration.
- Burns: initial fluid loss persisting in severe burns.
- Hemorrhage: severe blood loss.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential properties of water, including adhesion, cohesion, and capillary action. Additionally, it delves into water's role as a universal solvent and its significance in the human body's fluid compartments. Test your understanding of these key concepts!
