Joints of the Vertebral Column and Thorax PDF

This presentation/lecture is copyrighted study material intended exclusively for students of Jessenius Faculty of Medicine at Comenius University for study purposes. Unauthorized use of the audio-video, video, audio or other recording of this presentation/lecture, or its part, including unautho...

This presentation/lecture is copyrighted study material intended exclusively for students of Jessenius Faculty of Medicine at Comenius University for study purposes. Unauthorized use of the audio-video, video, audio or other recording of this presentation/lecture, or its part, including unauthorized modifications and their further unauthorized distribution, or provision to unauthorized persons in any way, will be considered a violation of internal regulation no. 16/2017 Code of Ethics of CU in Bratislava, as amended ("Code of Ethics of Comenius University") and will result in a legal liability. Depending on the nature and intensity of the student's unlawful conduct and other circumstances, any cases of violation of the Code of Ethics of CU may lead to legal consequences for the student at the academic, criminal, civil or disciplinary level.  JOINTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN and THORAX Department of Anatomy Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Comenius University Bratislava Ac. year 2023/2024 JOINTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Cartilagineous joints - Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage – no movement) - Symphysis (fibrocartilage - limited movement) Fibrous joints - Syndesmosis Osseous joints Synovial joints Cartilagineous joint INTERVERTEBRAL DISC = fibrocartilage = SYMPHYSIS 23 discs – serve as shock absorbers – ¼ of the length of VC the 1st disc between CII-CIII the last disc between LV -SI its shape corresponds to the vertebral bodies it is interposed between adjacent surfaces of the vertebral bodies INTERVERTEBRAL DISC consists of: - anulus fibrosus (outer portion) - 2 zones - external zone - lamellae - collagen fibrils - internal zone - lamellae - fibrocartilage - nucleus pulposus (inner core) - ECM, proteoglycans - water binding capacity - thin layer of hyaline cartilage between the disc and the vertebral body  INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS nucleus pulposus – gelatinous (water) cushion → distribution of the physical pressure https://www.memorangapp.com/flashcards/262025/Vertebral+column+and+spinal+cord/ https://sequencewiz.org/2015/12/23/stress-on-the- intervertebral-disks/ INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION with aging - decreased level of proteoglycans resulting in decreased water retention capacity degenerative disc disease - chronic progressive condition with the inflammatory processes especially in lumbar and cervical part 90% of individuals older than 50 years have intervertebral disc degeneration but only 40% of individuals younger than 30 years risk factors: aging, traumatic injuries, and genetic predispositions or estrogen decrease degenerative changes of annulus fibrosus → herniation of nucleus pulposus from the center of the disc Image Credit: Stihii / Shutterstock  INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION degenerative changes of annulus fibrosus – herniation of nucleus pulposus from the center of the disc posterolateral herniation(prolapse) or bulging – restricts intervertebral foramen – compression of the spinal nerve posteromedial herniation (prolapse) – compression of the spinal cord https://avicenna-klinik.com/en/spine-symptoms-disorders/herniated-disc/ Image Credit: Stihii / Shutterstock Cartilagineous joint Osseous joint sacral vertebrae - sacrum Synchondrosis osseos joint in adulthood sacral vertebrae connected by hyaline cartilage during the growth period in childhood http://j-skel.matrix.msu.edu/pelvic_girdle.html Fibrous joints LIGAMENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN fibrous type of joints - SYNDESMOSIS connect the bodies, arches and processes of vertebrae long ligaments and short ligaments Čihák, R. Anatomie 1. Grada Publishing, 2011. Fibrous joints LIGAMENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN long ligaments: anterior longitudinal lig. posterior longitudinal lig. anterior sacrococcygeal lig. deep posterior sacrococcygeal lig. superficial posterior sacrococcygeal lig. short ligaments: ligg. flava interspinous ligg. (supraspinous ligg., lig. nuchae) intertransverse ligg. Čihák, R. Anatomie 1. Grada Publishing, 2011. Long ligaments anterior longitudinal ligament from the base of the skull to sacrum along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies continues to the pelvic surface of the sacrum and coccyx as anterior sacrococcygeal ligament Long ligaments posterior longitudinal ligament from the body of CII to sacrum along the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies within the vertebral canal continues into sacral canal as deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament from CII to the skull membrana tectoria - superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament - the free margin of the sacral hiatus to dorsal surface of the coccyx  Short ligaments lig. longitudinale anterius lig. longitudinale posterius ligamenta flava (3) - connect the laminae of vertebral arches ligamentum flavum - consist of high proportion of elastic tissue (yellow) lig. interspinale - act against front facing force lig. intertransversarium interspinous ligaments (4) - connect the spinous processes lig. supraspinale - limit the flexion of VC Čihák, R. Anatomie 1. Grada Publishing, 2011. supraspinous ligament (6) - connects apices of the spinous processes - ligamentum nuchae - triangular - strong cervical part of supraspinous ligament – from occipital bone (external occipital protuberance – to foramen magnum) to CVII intertransverse (5) ligaments - connect the transverse processes - limit lateral ductions and rotation Osseous joint - SYNOSTOSIS fusion of the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae in adulthood Sacrococcygeal joint fibrocartilagineous joint apex of sacrum – base of coccyx Synovial joints Movements FACET JOINTS cervical part: flexion, extension - INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS lateral duction rotation or ZYGAPOPHYSIAL JOINTS - plane synovial joints thoracic part: lateral duction - articular processes of vertebrae rotation - fibrous capsule thin and loose movements: lumbar part: limited gliding movements flexion,extension depending on the position and direction of the articular surfaces - flexion, extension - lateral duction - rotation Movements of the vertebral column Curvatures of the vertebral column cervical curvature - result of lifting the head - concave posteriorly thoracic curvature movable - concave anteriorly lumbar curvature - result of walking - concave posteriorly sacral/coccygeal curvature - concave anteriorly immovable promontory - ventral projection LV/SI sagittal view scoliosis – pathological curvature pain medication posture checking bracing physiotherapy surgery  CRANIOVERTEBRAL JOINTS next week lecture ATLANTOOCCIPITAL JOINT MEDIAN ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT LATERAL ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT Čihák, R. Anatomie 1. Grada Publishing, 2011. JOINTS OF THE THORAX STERNOCOSTAL JOINTS COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS Joints of the costal heads Costotransverse joints JOINTS OF THE THORAX Sternocostal joints (9) - the 1st rib – sternum = synchondrosis - the 2nd – 7th ribs = plane synovial joints - costal carilages of the the 1st – 7th ribs with costal notches at the lateral borders of sternum ligaments - radiate sternocostal ligament (11) costal cartilages – ant. and post. surfaces of sternum - intraarticular ligament- only between 2nd costal cartilage and the sternum Čihák, R. Anatomie 1. Grada Publishing, 2011. movements: limited gliding movements JOINTS OF THE THORAX Costovertebral joints Joints of the costal heads (1) - plane synovial joints - the head of the rib + facets for the ribs at the adjacents vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc Čihák, R. Anatomie 1. Grada Publishing, 2011. ligaments - radiate ligament (5): the head of rib – vertebral body - intraarticular ligament: crest on the head of rib – intervertebral disc movements: limited gliding movements Facet for the rib JOINTS OF THE THORAX Costovertebral joints Costotransverse joints (2) - plane synovial joint - tubercles of the ribs 1-10 + transverse process of TI-TX Čihák, R. Anatomie 1. Grada Publishing, 2011. ligaments - costotransverse ligament (6,7) the neck of the rib – transverse process of vertebra - superior costotransverse ligament (8) movements: limited gliding movements  https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/respiratory-system/breathing-mechanisms https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Qualitative-description-of-breathing-During-the-breathing-the-bone-rotation-around- the_fig1_225796309 references Paulsen, F. et al. Sobotta Anatomy Textbook, Elsevier Science, 2018. 840 s. ISBN 9780702067600. Paulsen, F. et al. 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