Joints and Muscles of Upper Limb PDF

joints Consist of mininmum two bones Allows movements Divides into two main groups Synarthrosis Diarthrosis Synarthrosis A- Fibrous - Sutura: between head bones. - Schindylesis: between sphenoid bone and vomer - Syndesmosis: (distal tibiofibular joint) Art. tibiofibularis distali...

joints Consist of mininmum two bones Allows movements Divides into two main groups Synarthrosis Diarthrosis Synarthrosis A- Fibrous - Sutura: between head bones. - Schindylesis: between sphenoid bone and vomer - Syndesmosis: (distal tibiofibular joint) Art. tibiofibularis distalis - Gomphosis: between root of teeth and jaw bone B- Cartilage - Synchondrosis: - Symphysis: pubic symphysis Diarthrosis (synovial) In transvers axis – flexion and extension In vertikal axis – medial and lateral rotation In sagittal axis – abduction and adduction Ginglymus (hinge type): has only transverse axis allows only flexion and extention interphanageal joints in the hand Artt. interphalangeae manus, elbow joint (art. humeroulnaris) Art. bichondylaris: has only transverse axis allows only flexion and extention Knee joint (Art. genus)  Art. Spheroidea: spheroid or ball and socket joint has all axises shoulder joint (Art. Humeri), Hip joint (art. Coxae) Art. Plana: plane joint flat articular faces allows only gliding movement  Upper extremity joints pectoral arm – forearm - hand sternoclavicular joint (Art. sternoclavicularis) shoulder joint (Art. humeri, glenohumeral) acromioclavicular joint (Art. acromioclavicularis) elbow joint (Art. cubiti) distal radio-ulnar joint (Art. radioulnaris distalis) radiocarpal joint (Art. radiocarpalis) Joints in hand (Artt. manus) carometacorpal joints (Artt. carpometacarpales) metacarpophanageal joint (Artt. metacarpophalangeales) interphalangeal joints in hand (Artt. interphalangeales manus)  Sternoclavicular joint (Articulatio sternoclavicularis) between sternal end, manibrium and 1th cartilage costa Sternal articular face and clavicular notch in sternum articular face in clavicle is larger than articular face that sternum has there is a disk between articular faces so articular faces fit together Disk divides joint into two compartments plane or saddle joint Movements: to up and to down anterior and posterior allows rotation for lateral end of clavicle it is the only joint that connects upper limb and the trunk Acromioclavicular joint (Articulatio acromioclavicularis) between clavicle (facies articularis acromialis) and acromion (facies articularis clavicularis) plane joint  Art. acromioclavicularis Discus articularis: mostly does not exist movements clavicle has gliding movement on acromion Scapula makes rotation movement on this joint  Shoulder Joint (Articulatio humeri) (Art. glenohumeralis) between head of humerus and glenoid fossa (=cavity) (cavitas glenoidalis) spheroid type joint  articular capsule: broad capsule, thin and loose capsule starts from glenoid cavity rotator cuff supports capsule from above, anterior and posterior glenoid Labrum increases the depth of glenoid cavity  Art. humeri glenohumeral ligaments (Ligg. glenohumerale) anterior to capsule It occurs by thickening of the joint capsule. has 3 parts superior, middle and inferior  Art. humeri transvers humeral ligament (Lig. transversum humerale) between lesser and grater tubercules this ligament forms a tunnel that long head of biceps brachii muscle passes through coracohumeral ligament (Lig. coracohumerale) It is a ligament that strengthens the upper part of the capsule starts from coracoid process, inserts anterior border of grater tubercule  movements of shoulder joint capsule does not limit movements so shoulder joint has many of movements It is the joint with the most dislocations in the body. muscles prevent dislocations inferior part has no muscle, so dislocations are occured in below when sloulder is dislocated, acromion becomes prominent epaulette sign  Art. humeri Movements adduction and abduction medial and lateral rotation flexion and extention, circumduction  Elbow joint (Articulatio cubiti) between distal end of humerus, radius and proximal part of ulna consist of 3 joints humeroulnar joint (Art. humeroulnaris) humeroraidal joint (Art. humeroradialis) proximal radioulnar joint (Art. radioulnaris proximalis)  Elbow joint humeroulnar joint Art. humeroulnaris: between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch hinge type joint humeroradial joint Art. humeroradialis: between capitulum of humerus and radius proximal radioulnar joint Art. radioulnaris proximalis: between radial notch and head of radius movements of elbow joint hinge type joint only flexion and extention  Movements of elbow joint humeroradial joint spheroid type joint but as movement type, it is a flat type joint between capitulum of humerus and radius by the anular ligament, radius cannot move, can only rotate interosseous membrane holds radius and ulna together proximal radioulnar joint (Art. radioulnaris proximalis) between articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna anular ligament completes this joint by this joint, hand can make movement of supination and pronation  distal radioulnar joint (Art. radioulnaris distalis) between distal ends of radius and ulna there can be a discus trochoid type joit distal radioulnar joint moves with proximal radioulnar joint allows supination and pronation movement humeroradial joint helps supination and pronation interosseus membrane It is a stretched bond between radius and ulna Radius transmits the force at the lower end to the ulna and from the ulna to the humerus and to the scapula. posterior interosseus artery passes through the foramen in the top anterior interosseus artery passes through the foramen in the bottom joints in the hand (articulationes manus) and wrist joint between distal end of radius and carpal bones between carpal bones between carpal bones and phalanges between metacarpal bones and phalanges between phalanx bones all of above is joints of hand radiocarpal joint It is the joint that connects the hand to the forearm between proximal row of carpal bones and radius all are ellipsoid type joint ulna does not join directly disc is on the ulnar side scaphoid bone, lunate bone and triquetral bone together form convex articular surface  radiocarpal joint has an articular capsule The ligaments surrounding the joint are completely fused with the capsule Inner surface is lined with synovial membrane movements of radiocarpal joint Flexion Extention Abduction Adduction  carpal joints between carpal bones divides into 2 groups intercarpal joints mediocarpal joints intercarpal joints It is the joint that each carpal bone conposed with the adjacent carpal bone. flat type joint limited gliding movement is occured  has two main axises and many secondary axies flexion and extention flexion is oposition movement, extention is reposition movement adduction and abduction this joint allows a circumduction movement Kaslar according to structure smooth muscle (in stomach, intestine, respiratory system) striated muscle (skeletal muscle) heart muscle (striated but is controlled by autonomous nervous system) (involuntary) according to their duties; Abductor Adductor Flexor Extensor mastication muscles M. temporalis M. masseter M. pterygoideus lateralis M. pterygoideus medialis upper limb muscles trapezius muscle (elevates scapula, brings scapula to the midline, depresses scapula) lattisimus dorsi muscle (extention, adduction and pronation of arm) - climbimg pectoralis major muscle (adduction and pronation of arm) - hugging deltoid muscle (15 to 90 degree abduction) biceps brachi muscle (flexion and supination of forearm) triceps brachi muscle (extention of forearm) flexors and extensors of the forearm muscles in the hand