Joint Classification Study Guide (Dec. 2023) PDF

Joint Classifications (Study guides for the upper and lower extremity) Palmer Chiropractic Florida Campus Course: Gross Anatomy 1 Instructor: Scott A. Meisel MS., D.C. Last update: Dec. 2023 Specia...

Joint Classifications (Study guides for the upper and lower extremity) Palmer Chiropractic Florida Campus Course: Gross Anatomy 1 Instructor: Scott A. Meisel MS., D.C. Last update: Dec. 2023 Special editorial & consultation thank you to, J.R. La Rose M.B.B.S., M. Med.  Human Joint Classifications and Terms Background 1) Simple human joints: stability is the primary function. 2) Complex human joints: motion is the primary function. 3) Most human joints are a mix to provide dual mobility & dynamic stability function. 4) “Joint Bracing” provided by joint capsules, ligaments, & muscle tendons crossing joint. 5) Arthrosis means an articulation consisting of 2 categories, synovial & non synovial. Synovial joint Structural characteristics 1) Designed for mobility, synovial sheath, synovial fluid, articular hyaline cartilage, wedges of cartilage within joint (menisci, discs, plates, labrum) to increase stability and shock absorption. 2) Joint ends are freely movable to each other. 3) Enclosed by a joint capsule (encloses joint). 4) Joint capsule has two layers (stratum fibrosum, stratum synovium). 5) Synovial tissue lines inner capsule (stratum synovium). 6) Synovial fluid forms film over joint surfaces for lubrication and nutrition. 7) Hyaline cartilage covers bone end surfaces. 8) Accessory structures such as fibrocartilaginous discs, plates, menisci, labra, fat pads, and ligaments can be present to increase surface area and shock absorption. 9) Ligaments & muscle tendons crossing a joint help keep joint surfaces aligned and in a gliding motion. Synovial joints (sub structural classifications) 1. Planar “gliding” or sliding flat articulating joint surface. 2. Ginglymus “hinge”- motion in one plane, uniaxial, sagittal plane 3. Trochoid “pivot”- rotary motion around a single Y axis, transverse plane uniaxial 4. Ellipsoid “condylar” - shallow concave side of joint, biaxial, motion 2 planes, 5. Saddle “sellar” - deep concave side of concave / convex joint articulation (biaxial & circumduction motion) 6. Ball & socket - multiaxial, deepest concave / convex joint articulation Synovial Functional (sub functional classifications) - Uniaxial: 1 degree of freedom (motion), hinge (elbow, knee), planar, pivot or trochoid (proximal radio ulnar joint) - Biaxial: 2 degrees of freedom (motion), condylar and saddle joints Condyloid (condylar) - concave / convex surfaces, metacarpal phalangeal radio carpal joint Saddle (sellar) - concave one plane / convex one plane “rider on saddle” 1st carpometacarpal joint (trapezium-base 1st metacarpal) - Triaxial: 3 degrees of freedom (motion), planar joints multiple surfaces gliding between 2 or more bones, Ball & Socket joints (acetabular & glenohumeral)  Non synovial Structural Characteristics 1) Joint (bone) connections made by interosseous connective tissue. 2) Two arthroses (fibrous, cartilaginous) Fibrous- gomphoses (tooth articulations), syndesmoses (interosseous ligament attachments between bones) middle radio ulnar jt., skull sutures Cartilaginous- hyaline cartilage between two bone ends (joint) Two types (synchondroses, symphysis), permanent joint. Synchondroses- primary (type 1), bones connected by hyaline cartilage & permits bone growth then ossifies to become a bony union “synostosis”, skull sutures and 1st. chondrosternal joint Symphysis- secondary (type 2), bones covered with hyaline cartilage joined by fibro cartilage (discs, pads) vertebral discs, symphysis pubis of pelvis Joint Classification Flow Chart Synovial Non-Synovial Structure - Uniaxial Fibrous (syndesmosis) - Biaxial Axis of motion Cartilaginous (Type 2) - Triaxial Joint Function - Pubic Symphysis - Vertebral disc - Plane, glide - Hinge - Pivot Joint Non-Synovial Functional - Condyloid Structure - immovable (skull sutures) - Saddle - slight movement (vertebral disc) - Ball & Socket Reference: Joint Structure & Function, 5th ED. A comprehensive Analysis, 2011 By, Pamela K. Levangie, PT, DSc, FAPTA, Cynthia C. Norkin, PT, EdD Instructor: Scott A. Meisel MS., DC.  Joint Classifications & Definitions Structural Classifications (by tissue) Fibrous - suture, syndesmosis, interosseous membrane, ligaments Cartilaginous - synchondrosis, symphysis, vertebral disc Synovial - planar, hinge, pivot, glide, condyloid, saddle, ball & socket Classification terms Diarthrodial - synovial joint Synarthroses - non-synovial joint Synchondrosis - cartilage synarthrosis (non-synovial joint) Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable joint (symphysis, syndesmosis) Sub Structural Classification and Function (Synovial joints only) Planar (plane) - synovial joint formed between the flattened articulating surfaces of adjacent bones. Functionally Classified usually as uniaxial, but can be a triaxial joint. Hinge (ginglymus) - synovial joint at which the convex surface of one bone articulates with the concave surface of a second bone; includes the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints. Functionally classified as a uniaxial joint. Pivot (trochoid) - synovial joint at which the rounded portion of a bone rotates within a ring formed by a ligament and an articulating bone; functionally classified as uniaxial jt. Condylar (ellipsoid, condyloid) - synovial joint in which the shallow depression at the end of one bone receives a rounded end from a second bone, or a rounded structure formed by two bones. Functionally biaxial. Saddle (sellar) - synovial joint in which the articulating ends of both bones are convex and concave in shape, such as at the first carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb. Functionally classified as a biaxial joint. Ball & socket - synovial joint formed between the spherical end of one bone (the ball) that fits into a depression of a second bone (the socket); found at the hip and shoulder joints; functionally classified as a triaxial (multiaxial) joint. Gomphosis – Non synovial fibrous joint in which the root of a tooth is anchored into its bony jaw socket with strong periodontal ligaments. Functionally is immovable.  Upper Extremity / Joint Classifications (Reference guide) Bone / Joint Structure Function Clavicle / Scapula Sternoclavicular Synovial / saddle, with disc- planar & pivot Triaxial ~ Functions like a ball & socket Acromioclavicular Synovial / planar Uniaxial Coracoclavicular Non synovial / 2-part lig. (conoid, trapezoid) Slight movement Costoclavicular, inferior 1st rib Non synovial / ligament Slight movement Scapula Scapular-thoracic Non synovial / muscle & fascia / “physiological jt.”. Triaxial Humerus / Scapula Glenohumeral Synovial / ball & socket Triaxial Elbow (humerus, radius, ulna) Humero radial Synovial / hinge, pivot, glide 2 Uniaxial axis become Biaxial Humero ulnar Synovial / hinge, ginglymus Uniaxial Radio ulnar (proximal jt.) Synovial / pivot, trochoid Uniaxial Radio ulnar (middle jt.) Non synovial / fibrosis syndesmosis Slight movement Radio ulnar (distal jt.) Synovial / pivot, trochoid Uniaxial Wrist Radio carpal Synovial / condylar, ellipsoid Biaxial Intercarpal Synovial / planar Triaxial Ulno carpal Non synovial /fibrous Slight movement Hand / fingers Carpometacarpal Synovial / planar, digits 2-5 Triaxial 1st. Carpometacarpal Synovial / saddle, sellar Biaxial st ~ proximal thumb jt. (trapezium & base of 1 metacarpal) Metacarpal phalangeal, MCP Synovial / condylar, ellipsoid, digits 1-5 Biaxial ~ distal thumb jt. (head 1st metacarpal - base proximal phalanx) Intermetacarpal, digits 1-5 Synovial / planar Triaxial Interphalangeal digits 1-5 PIP, DIP Synovial / hinge, ginglymus Uniaxial Scott A. Meisel M.S., D.C  Lower Extremity / Joint Classifications (Reference guide) Joint Structure Function Sacral superior articular facets Synovial / Planar (zygapophyseal) Triaxial L5-S1 disc Non synovial / Cartilaginous Slight movement Sacroiliac Jt., Ant. auricular articular Synovial / Planar Triaxial Sacroiliac Jt., Post. Non synovial / Fibrous / Syndesmosis Slight movement ~ Iliac & sacral tuberosity surfaces Pubic Symphysis Non synovial/ Cartilaginous Slight movement Acetabulum Synovial / Ball & Socket Triaxial Knee / Patella Tibio femoral Synovial /Hinge, Condylar (meniscus) Biaxial Patello femoral Synovial (Sesamoid bone) Planar Triaxial Tibio fibular (3 joints) Superior Synovial / Planar Triaxial Middle Non synovial / Fibrous / Syndesmosis Slight movement Inferior Non synovial / Fibrous / Syndesmosis Slight movement Ankle / Foot Talo-crural (ankle jt.) Synovial / Hinge / ginglymus Uniaxial Intertarsal Synovial / Planar Triaxial Subtalar (talocalcaneal jt.) Synovial / Planar Triaxial Calcaneocuboid Synovial / Planar Triaxial ~ Talo calcaneo navicular Synovial / Ball & Socket Triaxial ~ Talo navicular Synovial / Saddle / sellar Biaxial Tarsometatarsal (digits 1-5) Synovial / Planar, gliding Triaxial Metatarsophalangeal,1-5 MTP Synovial / Condylar / ellipsoid Biaxial Interphalangeal, 1-5 PIP, DIP Synovial / Hinge / ginglymus Uniaxial Scott A. Meisel M.S., D.C.