Johnson's Behavioral System Model PDF

JOHNSON’S BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL Simbajon Tacang Tamparong Villanueva “Nursing is an external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patient’s behavior at an optimal level under those condition in which the behavior constit...

JOHNSON’S BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL Simbajon Tacang Tamparong Villanueva “Nursing is an external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patient’s behavior at an optimal level under those condition in which the behavior constitutes a threat to a physical or social health or in which illness is found” The goal of nursing is to “restore, maintain, or attain behavioral integrity, system stability, adjustment and adaption, efficient and effective functioning of the system” Johnson, 1980. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND  was born on August 21, 1919, in Savannah, Georgia died in February, 1999 at the age of 80 years old She was the youngest of seven children Her father was the superintendent of a shrimp and oyster factory Her mother was very involved and enjoyed reading  HISTORY AND BACKGROUND In 1938, she finished her associate’s degree at Armstrong Junior College in Savannah, Georgia. Due to the Great Depression, she took a year off from school to be a governess, or teacher, for two children in Miami, Florida. This was when she began to realize her love for children, nursing, and education.  HISTORY AND BACKGROUND Dorothy Johnson’s professional nursing career began in 1942 when she graduated from Vanderbilt University School of Nursing in Nashville, Tennessee. She was the top student in her class and received the prestigious Vanderbilt Founder’s Medal. Vanderbilt University School of Nursing Class of 1942 with Dorothy Johnson on the back In 1948, she received her master’s in row second from left. public health from Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts.  HISTORY AND BACKGROUND From 1949 until her retirement in 1978 she was an assistant professor of pediatric nursing, an associate professor of nursing, and a professor of nursing at the University of California in Los Angeles. Dorothy Johnson has had an influence on nursing since 1950s. JOHNSON’S BEHAVIOR SYSTEM MODEL JOHNSONS’S BEHAVIOR SYSTEM MODEL In 1968, Dorothy Johnson first proposed her model of nursing care as fostering of “the efficient and effective behavioral functioning and in the patient to prevent illness.” She also started that nursing was “concerned with man as an integrated whole and this is specific knowledge of order we require” In 1980, Johnson published her conceptualization of “Behavioral System Model for Nursing” this is the first work of Johnson that explicates her definitions of the behavioral system model. JOHNSONS’S BEHAVIOR SYSTEM MODEL Other Works by Dorothy Johnson include; > “Theory Development: What, Why, How?” > “Barriers and Hazards in Counseling” Johnson received many honor and achievement awards from distinguished Nursing organizations and universities for her great contributions in nursing practice, education, and research. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS BEHAVIOR Johnson accepted the definition of behavior as expressed by behavioral and biological scientists - that is, the output of intraorganismic structures and processes as they are coordinated and articulated by and responsive to changes in sensory stimulation. Johnson (1980) focused on behavior affected by the actual or implied presence of other social beings that has been shown to have major adaptive significance. SYSTEM Using Rapoport's 1968 definition of system, Johnson (1980) started, "A system is a whole that functions as a whole by virtue of the interdependence of its parts" (p.208). She accepted Chin's statement that there is "organization, interaction, interdependency, and integration of the parts and elements” (Johnson, 1980, p. 208). In addition, a person strives to maintain a balance in these parts through adjustments and adaptations to the impinging forces. BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM A behavioral system consists of organized, purposeful behaviors that shape a person's interactions with their environment. People seek stability and balance through adjustments, allowing for efficient functioning while adapting to external influences (Johnson, 1980). SUBSYSTEM The behavioral system includes various subsystems, each with specialized tasks and goals. A subsystem is a "minisystem" that functions independently as long as its relationship with other subsystems and the environment remains stable (Johnson, 1980). Johnson identified seven interrelated subsystems, all involving input and output components (Grubbs, 1980).  THE SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS OF BEHAVIOR 1. Attachment or Affiliation subsystem It forms the basis of all social organization It provides survival and security Its consequences are social inclusion, intimacy and the formation and maintenance of a strong social bond Example: Allowing family members to visit patients  THE SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS OF BEHAVIOR 2. Dependency subsystem Promotes helping behavior that calls for a nurturing-response approval, attention or recognition and physical assistance Dependency behavior develops from the complete reliance on others for certain resources essential for survival Examples are giving approval, attention or recognition physical assistance  THE SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS OF BEHAVIOR 3. Ingestive Subsystem emphasis on the meaning and structures of the social events surrounding the occasion when the food is eaten. has to do with when, how, what, how much, and under what conditions we eat.* Example: considering patient preferences in food choices  THE SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS OF BEHAVIOR 4. Eliminative Subsystem "human cultures have defined different socially acceptable behaviors for excretion of waste, but the existence of such a pattern remains different from culture to culture." It addresses "when, how, and under what conditions we eliminate." Example: promoting regular bowel elimination (e.g. every morning)  THE SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS OF BEHAVIOR 5. Sexual subsystem has dual functions of procreation and gratification It begins with the development of gender role identity & includes the broad range of sex role behaviors both biological and social factor affect the behavior Example is promoting a mother perform her maternal role in the sexual subsystem  THE SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS OF BEHAVIOR 6. Aggressive subsystem it relates to the behaviors concerned with protection and self preservation Johnson views aggressive subsystem as one that generates defensive response from the individual when life or territory is being threatened Society has placed limits when dealing with self-protection (people & property be respected &protected) Example is when a patient refuses to take the medication as she thinks it is more harmful to her and the nurse explains its mechanism to her  THE SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS OF BEHAVIOR 7. Achievement subsystem Control or mastery of an aspect of self or environment to some standard of excellence intellectual, physical, creative, mechanical and social skills achievement are some of the areas that Johnson recognizes". Example: Giving positive feedback such as praises after completing a task Each subsystem has three function requirements System must be "PROTECTED" from noxious influences with which system cannot cope". Each subsystem must be "NURTURED" through the input of appropriate supplies from the environment. Each subsystem must be "STIMULATED" for use to enhance growth and prevent stagnation. EQUILIBRIUM Johnson (1961) emphasized that equilibrium is a crucial concept in nursing, referring to a temporary, balanced state where an individual is in harmony with both themselves and their environment. This balance involves biological, psychological, and social forces and can occur in both health and illness. REGULATION/CONTROL Regulation implies that deviations will be detected and corrected. Feedback is, therefore, a requirement of effective control. There is self-regulation by the client. The nurse can also act as a temporary external regulatory force to preserve the organization and integration of the client's behavior at an optimal level in situations of illness or under conditions where behavior constitutes a threat to health. TENSION “The concept of tension is defined as a state of being stretched or strained and can be viewed as an end-product of a disturbance in equilibrium” (Johnson, 1961b, p. 10). Tension can be constructive in adaptive change or destructive in inefficient use of energy, hindering adaptation and causing potential structural damage (Johnson, 1961b). Tension is the cue to disturbance in equilibrium (Johnson, 1961a). STRESSOR Internal or external stimuli that produce tension and result in a degree of instability are called stressors. “Stimuli may be positive in that they are present; or negative in that something desired or required is absent. Stimuli may be either endogenous or exogenous in origin and may play upon one or more of our linked open systems” (Johnson 1961a, p.13). The open-linked systems are in constant interchange. The open-linked systems include the physiological personality, and meaningful small group (the family) systems and the larger social system (Johnson 1961a).  MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS There are 4 assumptions of the Behavioral System model: There is “organization, interaction, A behavioral system, which both 1. 3. interdependency, and integration of the requires and results is some degree parts and elements of behaviors that make of regularity and constancy in up the system” behavior is essential to man that is to say, it is functionally significant in that it serves a usefull purpose, both 2. A system tends to achieve a balance among in social life and for the individual. the various forces operating within and upon it, and that man continually strive to maintain a behavioral system balance and 4. The final assumption states “system balance reflects adjustments and steady state by more or less automatic adaptation that are successful in adjustments and adaptations to the some ways and to some degree”. natural forces impinging upon him MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS According to Johnson each subsystem comprises four structural characteristic: a goal based on (1) a universal drive; (2) set; (3) choice; (4) action (behavior). Each of these four factors contribute to the observable activity of a person.  Choice of Behavior GOAL SET Behavior (action)  The goal of a subsystem is to defined as “the ultimate consequence of behaviors” The basis for the goal is a universal drive, the existence of which is supported by existing theory or research. GOAL  The set is a tendency to act in a certain way in a given situation. Set formation is influenced by societal norms and variables such as culture, family, values, perception, and perseveration sets. The preparatory set describes one's focus in a particular situation. The peeparatory set, which implies persistence, refers to the habit one maintains. SET Set plays a major role in determining the choices a person makes and actions eventually taken.  Refers to the alternate behaviors the person considers in any given situation. Choice of Options are influence by such variables as age, Behavior sex, culture, and socioeconomic status. Behavior Is the observable behavior of the person. (action)  For the subsystem to develop and maintain stability, it needs a 1 continuous provision of essential needs from the environment, including protection from harmful stimuli, nurturance (such as food and care), encouragement, and stimulation to foster growth and avoid stagnation. The subsystems maintain behavioral system balance as long as both the 2 internal and external environments are orderly, organized and predictable and each of the subsystem's goals are met. Behavioral subsystem imbalances occur when structure, function, or functional regimen is disturbed. The Johnson's behavioral System model 3 differentiates four diagnostic classifications to delineate these disturbances: insufficiency, discrepancy, incompatibility, and dominance. Nursing aims to maintain or restore stability in the behavioral system by repairing damaged components, implementing regulatory measures, or helping clients improve their essential needs. EXAMPLES: 1 ATTACHMENT - AFFLIATIVE SUBSYSTEM FUNCTION 1. To form cooperative and interdependent role relationships within human social system. 2. To enjoy interpersonal relationships. 3. To belong to something other than oneself. 4. To share. 5. To achieve intimacy and inclusion.  EXAMPLES: STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 1. Goal - To relate or belong to something or someone other than oneself, to achieve intimacy and inclusion. 2. Perseveratory Set - Affiliative relationships are shaped by consistent behavior patterns, a tendency to choose specific individuals or groups, inherited traits, self-identity development, and cultural beliefs and customs. 3. Preparatory Set - Perception of a situation as requiring particular role behaviors required by the interaction setting; selective inattention to social behaviors; moods.  EXAMPLES: STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 4. Choice - Choosing appropriate behaviors from available options depends on the situation and can include affiliation, avoidance, nonreciprocal relationships, noncontingent social interactions, maintaining relationships, or bonding with animals or objects. 5. Acts - Directly observable behaviors that foster social interaction include smiling, making eye contact, talking, facial expressions, physical touch, and other actions that build or sustain relationships. 6. Sustenal Imperatives - Affiliative behaviors are supported by skills for social exchange, a nurturing environment, trust, kinship, self-identity, communication abilities, group membership, understanding of social norms, and secure early attachments.  2 INGESTIVE SUBSYSTEM FUNCTION To sustain life through the intake of food and fluids and oxygen. To obtain knowledge or information useful to the self. To obtain pleasure or gratification through taking in nonfunctional materialssuch as smoking, alcohol, or drugs.To restore a felt deficiency within the self system. To relieve pain or other psychophysiological systems.  2 INGESTIVE SUBSYSTEM STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Goal: To internalize the external environment. Perseveratory Set: Status of sensory modalities, digestive system, respiratorysystem,fluid and electrolyte balance; oral cavity conditions; socialization into food types; drinking habits, smoking use; oral medications; subcutaneous,intravenous, and intramuscular injections; sensory assistance, such as hearingaids, glasses and dentures. Beliefs and values about times and places foreating and drinking; types of foods and beverages preferred by the social group, attitudes toward alcohol and smoking, beliefs about efficiency of oral,intravenous,and subcutaneous medications. Perception of self as fat or thin;abstainer or alcoholic, addict, smoker, asthmatic.  2 INGESTIVE SUBSYSTEM STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Preparatory Set: Awareness of being hungry or thirsty,in need of a drink,wish to be high, relief of pain, time for eating, availability of food,fluid ormedication resources; barriers to respiration, desire for information, awarenessof ignorance. Choice: Behavioral options available for food and fluid, medication, airsupply, tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, narcotics; supplies available in theenvironment selections are made on the basis of set and situation. Choice includes deferred gratification and overindulgence. Options available fortaking in information.  2 INGESTIVE SUBSYSTEM STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Acts: Behavior may include visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory acts ofoverindulgences (or less than optimal) and preferences for particularsubstances. Ingestive acts may be directed toward goals other than ingestion.Sensory acts (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and sensations) are used in allother subsystems to serve other goals. When sensory acts are directed towardgetting information the acts are ingestive goal-oriented. The process ofhearing also requires ingestive acts. The ingestion may be for achievement goals.  2 INGESTIVE SUBSYSTEM Nursing Has a primary goal that is to foster equilibrium within the individual. An externalregulatory fore that is indicated only when there is instability. She stated that nursing isconcerned with the organized and integrated whole, but that the major focus is on maintaining abalance in the Behavioral System when illness occurs in an individual. Nursing According to Johnson, there are four goals of nursing which are as follows: To assist the patient 1. whose behavior is commensurate with social demands 2. who is able to modify his behavior in ways that supports biological imperatives 3. who is able to benefit to the fullest extent during illness from the physician's knowledge and skill 4. whose behavior does not give evidence of unnecessary trauma as a consequence of illness. Person A behavioral system is comprised of subsystem constantly trying to maintain a steadystate. A “human being” having two major systems, the biological system and the behavioralsystem. Nursing's focus is the behavioral system; Medicine's focus is on biological system. Person Johnson believes each individual has patterned, purposeful, repetitive ways of acting thatcomprise a behavioral system specific to that individual. These actions and behaviorsform an organized and integrated functional unit that determines and limits the interactionbetween the person and his environment and establishes the relationship of the person tothe objects, events, and situations in the environment. These behaviors are “orderly,purposeful, predictable, sufficiently stable, and recurrent to be amenable to description and explanation”. Health Johnson views health as a dynamic state influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. It is reflected in the organization, interaction, and integration of subsystems of the behavioral system. A balance in these subsystems leads to functional behavior, while an imbalance can result in poor health. Evaluating health involves focusing on behavioral system balance, stability, effective functioning, and imbalance. The outcomes of balance include a minimum energy expenditure, continued biological and social survival, and personal satisfaction. Environment Johnson's theory suggests that the environment influences an individual's behavioral system, which maintains a predictable and orderly interaction with their environment. The behavioral system tries to maintain equilibrium by adapting to environmental forces, but excessively strong forces can disrupt balance. The environment provides necessary sustenance for health, such as protection, nurturance, and stimulation. In cases of behavioral system imbalance, nurses may need to act as temporary regulators, providing functional requirements to help the patient adapt to stressors. The amount of functional requirements varies by age, gender, culture, coping ability, and illness severity. THANK YOU!