Photosynthesis Study Guide PDF

Photosynthesis Study Guide - The presence of chlorophyll, a naturally green pigment that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis, causes leaves to be green. In the fall length of day, temperature and weather cause leaves to change colors. In autumn, when night increases, chlorophyll...

Photosynthesis Study Guide - The presence of chlorophyll, a naturally green pigment that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis, causes leaves to be green. In the fall length of day, temperature and weather cause leaves to change colors. In autumn, when night increases, chlorophyll production slows down and then stops–eventually all the chlorophyll is destroyed. The carotenoids and anthocyanin that are present in the leaf are then unmasked and show their colors. Cuticle: Waxy outside layer of plant that acts as a covering. Epidermis: Strength layer of the leaf that acts as defense/protection. (What we suture together during surgery of humans). Mesophyll: Two types–palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll. Palisade mesophyll(primary site) is where photosynthesis takes place because it holds all the granum and the granum is where the chloroplasts lie. The main site of chloroplasts is in the palisade mesophyll. The stoma-lumen/space-within the spongy mesophyll allows for oxygen to exit the leaf after a light dependent reaction. The spongy mesophyll does not have as many chloroplasts as the palisade mesophyll does. The xylem and the phloem lie within the spongy mesophyll. Xylem: Allows water and minerals to leave. The Xylem is a vein. The xylem transports water and minerals upwards from the roots to parts of the plants like the stems and leaves. It also transports nutrients. Phloem: Is responsible for transporting soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis, in particular the sugars and proteins, to the rest of the plant. Stoma: A pore found in the epidermis of leaves and other organisms that controls the rate of gas exchange within the plant. The outgoing of oxygen and the intake of carbon dioxide takes place in these tiny pores. Chloroplasts: An organelle within the cells of plants that is the site of photosynthesis–the conversion of light energy into relatively stable chemical energy. Chloroplasts cause pigment in leaves. Petiole: The structure of a plant that connects the stem of the plant to the blade of the leaf. The petiole also helps the leaf twist in order to face the sun. Blade: The blade is the flat, expanded part of the leaf that is responsible for performing photosynthesis. Balanced Equation for Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + Water -> Sugars + Oxygen Stoma and Chloroplast - The stomata takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. - The Guard Cells help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata. Thylakoids: Tiny compartments found inside chloroplasts that absorb sunlight in order for photosynthesis to occur.  Stroma: The fluid filling up the inner space of Chloroplast. It encircles the granum and the thylakoids. Granum: A sack of coin shaped thylakoids in the chloroplast. Thylakoid Membrane: An internal system that carries out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoid Lumen: A continuous watery substance enclosed by the thylakoid membrane. Light-dependent reactions oqccur in the thylakoid region of chloroplasts. qLight-dependent reactions involve four important stages: The absorption of light, the splitting of water molecules, the release of oxygen, and the formation of energy-carrying molecules–ATP and NADPH. The goal of light-dependent reactions is to convert light energy into chemical energy. (Electrons which we get from water go to make NADPH through the electron transport chain which is made of proteins. The sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll inside photosystem II. The sunlight is what powers the whole system.) Calvin Cycle Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Labs What it's the indicator Colour Before Color After of Benedict Solution Glucose Blue Green/Yellow if low amounts of Glucose; Red if high amounts of Glucose Iodine Solution Starch Yellow/Brown If Starch Black/Dark blue BTB Ph Blue If very acidic Blue; If not so acidic Green. Yeast Feast Lab In the lab we had BTB, a Ph indicator. When BTB is with a base it stays blue. However, when BTB is mixed with Carbon Dioxide the solution turns a lime green/yellow color. In this specific lab we heated water and mixed it with BTB, sugar, and yeast. On top of that we put a cap over the test tube. In another test tube we had the same ingredients but we did not close the test tube. When the test tube is closed Co2 will not be able to escape, but because it's closed there is no oxygen so less Co2 will be made-only get the Co2 from fermentation. When the solution is open we will get Oxygen so cellular respiration will happen and we will get Co2. The open solution should turn yellow because there is more Co2 and Co2 turns water acidic. In the closed solution, the solution should stay blue, and take longer to turn yellow because less Co2 is being produced. Yeast is an organism. Lab on how to see if Starch is present in a plant Iodine - Starch Indicator. If starch turns black/dark blue that means that more photosynthesis is happening. If there is no starch, the solution will stay yellow which means that more cellular respiration is happening. BTB is a ph indicator. If BTB turns yellow that means that a lot of Co2 is being released and that more cellular respiration is happening. If the solution remains Blue that means no Co2 is released or Co2 is taken out and that more photosynthesis is happening. Starch is made up of glucose. Starch is a polymer of glucose. If photosynthesis is happening that means that there is glucose -> starch being made. If there is more cellular respiration happening then there is not going to be starch present because the cellular respiration is using glucose as an energy source. Then if there is a lot of carbon dioxide present there is going to be more cellular respiration because a lot of Co2 is released during cellular respiration. If there is no Co2 then there is going to be more photosynthesis because photosynthesis uses Co2 and produces none. In the lab we took a leaf and ethanol and put it in boiling water. Ethanol removes chlorophyll. The leaf turned white-because of the lack of color, and the remaining solution was green because of Ethanol. Cellular Respiration Study Guide Outer Membrane: Extra layer for protection. Inner Membrane: is where the electron transport chain takes place. Cristae: Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The cristae allows for a greater amount of energy production; the electron transport chain. Matrix: like lumen;  - Glucose is a 6 carbon sugar. - During Glycolysis glucose is split up into two sets of 3-carbon molecules aka 2 pyruvate. - Our inputs are 2 ATP and 2 NAD+ - Our outputs are 4 ATP (2 NET ATP) and 2 NADH - The NADH is sent to the electron transport (see page ______) and the ATP is sent to be disturbed among our body, for example: muscles, brain, movement, cell usage, etc. Pyruvate Oxidation - Pyruvate Oxidation takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. - In pyruvate oxidation pyruvate loses a carbon which bonds with oxygen and then loses some electrons which are given to NAD+. In the end Pyruvate is able to bond to CoA and become Acetyl CoA - Then the Acetyl CoA goes to the krebs cycle. - The outputs are NADH and Carbon dioxide.  Krebs Cycle - The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix - First the acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle then it bonds with a four carbon compound turning into citric acid-6 carbon compound. Then the citric acid loses a carbon which with an oxygen to make Co2 and loses some electrons which are taken by NAD+ which turns into NaDH and heads to the electron transport. This process happens twice. Leaving us with a four carbon compound. Then GTP gives one of its phosphates to the carbon compound. Then ADP takes that phosphate and becomes ATP. Then FAD comes and retrieves two hydrogens from the compound becoming FADH2. Then the same process that happened in the beginning with NAD+ happens again but this time no carbons are lost. In the end we are left with a four carbon compound and the process starts over again. - Our inputs are 2 Acetyl-CoA, 6NAD+, 2ADP, 2GTP, 2FAD - Our outputs are 4 carbon dioxides, 6NADH, 2ATP, 2GDP, 2FADH2  Electron Transport The electron transport takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 1. All the NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport 2. The electron transport chain which is made out of protein strips the electron carriers of their electrons and they are sent back to the beginning of the cycle. 3. The electrons that were snatched are then sent along the whole chain to create a current which is needed in order to continue the process of separating the electrons from their protons. 4. The concentration of the protons (H+) are then built up in the inner membrane space. 5. The high concentration of molecules then want to go to low concentration so the H+ travel through the ATP synthase making ATP. 6. The remainder of the electrons l have built up in the last protein of the chain. That protein requires oxygen. 7. The oxygen that we breathe in is then utilized here. The oxygen bonds with H+ and Electrons creating water-which is a bi product of the process. 8. The water then ends up in the mitochondrial matrix - Inputs: 6NADH, 2FADH2, O2, ADP - Outputs: ATP(energy), 6NAD+, 2FAD, Water  Fermentation - Fermentation happens when there is no oxygen available. - Fermentation is an anaerobic process - There are two types of fermentation: alcoholic fermentation(yeast, alcohol) and lactic fermentation(animals, bacteria) - The regeneration is happening with NAD+ in order for ATP in glycolysis to be produced continuously. (Not as effective as normal cycle because a lot less ATP is produced Alcohol Fermentation - In alcoholic fermentation we start with glucose-6 carbon molecule- going through glycolysis producing 2 pyruvates. Then instead of the Krebs cycle we go to NAD+ regeneration. - The pyruvate loses a carbon and accepts a hydrogen from NADH. The byproduct, Ethanol is made and NAD+ is regenerated to be sent back to Glycolysis. - Co2 is only released in alcoholic fermentation - This process can not work forever because Ethanol is a harmful alcoholic solution. Lactic Acid Fermentation - In lactic fermentation we start with a glucose-6 carbon molecule- going through glycolysis producing 2 pyruvates. Then instead of the Krebs cycle we go to NAD+ regeneration. - Then instead of losing a carbon lactate acts as an electron acceptor and retrieves the hydrogen from NADH allowing for NAD+ to be regenerated. - The byproduct of lactic fermentation is lactic acid.