JEE Chemistry In Everyday Life Notes PDF

Welcome to Chemistry in everyday life Drugs Chemistry in everyday life Chemicals in food Cleansing agent Drugs and Medicines ~ 100-500 u Drugs Medicines Chemicals with low molecular mass that interact with macromolecular targets and produce biological response If biological response produced by drug...

Welcome to Chemistry in everyday life Drugs Chemistry in everyday life Chemicals in food Cleansing agent Drugs and Medicines ~ 100-500 u Drugs Medicines Chemicals with low molecular mass that interact with macromolecular targets and produce biological response If biological response produced by drug is therapeutic and useful, the drug is called medicine. Classification of Drugs Pharmacological effect Drug action Drugs can be classified on the basis of Chemical structure Molecular targets Pharmacological Effect Useful for doctors as it provides them the whole range of drugs available for treatment. For a particular type of problem Example: Antiseptic Kills the growth of microorganisms Drug Action Based on action of drug on a particular biochemical process All antihistamines inhibit the action of histamine. Causes inflammation in the body The drugs classified share common structural features and often similar pharmacological activities. Sulphonamides Molecular Target Drug possessing some common structural features They may have the same mechanism of action on targets. Drug usually interact with biomolecules. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and more Target molecules Drug-Receptor Interaction When drug-target is Enzyme Receptor Drug-Enzyme Interaction Drugs inhibit the activity of enzymes by two ways 1 Drugs block the binding site of the enzyme Prevents binding of substrate 2 Drugs can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme Enzyme Inhibitor Drug-Enzyme Interaction Drugs inhibit the attachment of substrates on the active site of the enzyme by Competitive inhibitors Drugs that compete with a natural substrate to get attached on an active site Using allosteric site Allosteric Site Some drugs bind to a different site of an enzyme. Allosteric site It changes the shape of an active site. Unrecognizable by a substrate 01 If the bond formed between an enzyme and an inhibitor is strong covalent bond Then enzyme gets permanently blocked Receptors are embedded in the cell membranes. 02 Plasma membrane Animal Cell Outer surface of cell membrane Binding site Receptors are proteins that are crucial to a body’s communication process. Majority of these are embedded in cell membranes. Receptor proteins are embedded in the cell membrane in such a way that their small part possessing active site projects out of the surface of the membrane and opens on the outside region of the cell membrane Receptor protein Inner surface of cell membrane Cell Membrane Classification of Drugs Antacids Antihistamines Classes of drugs Neurologically active drugs Antimicrobial Drugs Antifertility Drugs Antacids Histamine Previously, antacids such as NaHCO3 or a mixture of Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2 were used. Excessive hydrogen carbonate can make the stomach alkaline and trigger the production of even more acid. It stimulates the secretion of pepsin and HCl in the stomach Antacids Cimetidine (Tegamet) It prevents the interaction of histamine with receptors present in the stomach wall. It results in the release of lesser amount of acid. Functions of Histamines 01 02 03 Potent vasodilator Relaxes muscles Responsible for nasal congestion Antihistamines Where histamine exerts its effect Drugs that interfere with natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for the binding sites of a receptor. Examples of Antihistamines Brompheniramine (Dimetapp, Dimetane) Terfenadine (Seldane) Neurologically Active Drugs Neurologically active drugs Tranquilizers Treatment of stress, mild or severe mental disease Analgesics Tranquilizers Chlordiazepoxide Phenelzine Veronal Serotonin Tranquilizers Equanil Iproniazid Meprobamate Valium Iproniazid and Phenelzine Antidepressant drugs Phenelzine Iproniazid Nardil Equanil and Chlordiazepoxide Used in controlling the depression and hypertension Mild tranquilizer for reducing tension + Equanil − Chlordiazepoxide Barbiturates Hypnotic Sleep-producing Derivatives of Barbiturates Veronal Valium Serotonin Neurologically Active Drugs Neurologically active drugs Tranquilizers Non-narcotic Reduce pain without disturbing the nervous system Analgesics Narcotic Non-Narcotic Drugs 01 Relieve skeletal pain 02 Reduce fever Antipyretic Aspirin and Paracetamol Narcotic Drugs 01 02 Relieve pain and produce sleep In poisonous doses, produce stupor, coma, and ultimately death Morphine and many of its homologues Narcotic Drugs Heroin Morphine Codeine Antimicrobial Drugs Disease in human beings and animals may be caused by a variety of microorganisms. Virus, bacteria, fungi, and more Antimicrobial tend to destroy/prevent the development or inhibit the action of microbes. Antimicrobial Drug Antimicrobial drugs Antibiotic Drugs required to treat infections because of low toxicity for human and animals. Antiseptic/ Disinfectant Salvarsan First effective drug for treatment of syphilis Antibiotics In 1932, Paul Ehrlich succeeded in preparing the first antibacterial drug. Prontosil Resembles with Salvarsan Note!! Later, it was discovered that prontosil converts to a compound called sulphanilamide. Real active compound Sulphanilamides Sulpha drug Sulphapyridine Note!! The real revolution in antibacterial therapy began with the discovery of antibacterial properties of Penicillium fungus. By Alexander Fleming in 1929 Effects of Antibiotics Antibiotics may have Cidal (killing effect) Static (inhibitory effect) The range of a bacteria or a microorganism that is affected by a certain antibiotic is called Spectrum of Action. Antibiotics Bactericidal Bacteriostatic Penicillin Erythromycin Aminoglycosides Tetracycline Ofloxacin Chloramphenicol Antibiotics Broad spectrum Narrow spectrum Limited spectrum Broad Spectrum Antibiotics Antibiotics that kill or inhibit a wide range of gram–positive and gram–negative bacteria. Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin, Ofloxacin Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics These antibiotics are effective mainly against gram–positive or gram–negative bacteria. Penicillin G Antiseptics Applied to living tissues Wounds, cuts, ulcers, and more Furacine, Soframycin, and more Bithionol Also known as bithional Bithionol is added to soaps. Bithionol To impart antiseptic properties Antiseptics Tincture of Iodine is a mixture of 2-3 % iodine solution in an alcohol–water mixture. Powerful antiseptic Dettol as antiseptic Mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol Disinfectants Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects. Floor, drainage systems, and more 0.2–0.4 ppm in aqueous solution Chlorine Low concentration SO2 Antiseptics and Disinfectants Phenol Some substance can act as an antiseptic as well as a disinfectant (By varying the concentration) 0.2 % solution 1 % solution Antiseptic Disinfectant Antifertility Drugs To control overpopulation, the concept of family planning came into the picture. Antifertility drugs are used for this purpose. Antifertility Drugs Suppresses ovulation Norethindrone Synthetic progesterone Ethynylestradiol (Novestrol) Chemical In Food Chemicals are added to food for: 01 Preserving Enhancing appeal 03 Adding nutritive value 02 Chemical In Food Food chemicals Food preservatives Sweetening agents Natural Sucrose Artificial Artificial Sweeteners Saccharin Trick to remember artificial sweeteners Sucralose As Shiny As Sun Aspartame Alitame Aspartame 100 times as sweet as cane sugar Aspartame is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener. Aspartame is methyl ester of dipeptide Created from aspartic acid and phenylalanine Structure and Uses of Aspartame Aspartame is limited to cold foods and soft drinks. Aspartic acid part Unstable at cooking temperatures Phenylalanine methyl ester part Saccharin It is the first popular artificial sweetening agent. 550 times sweeter than cane sugar Saccharin is excreted from the body in an unchanged form through urine. Alitame It is a potent sweetener that is more stable than aspartame. However, it is difficult to control the sweetness while using it. Alitame is 2000 times sweeter than cane sugar. Structure of Alitame Alitame Sucralose 600 times sweeter than cane sugar Sucralose is stable at cooking temperature and does not add calories. Trichloro derivative of sucrose Sucralose Food Preservatives They prevent the spoilage of food due to microbial growth. Table salt Sugar Vegetable oil Sodium benzoate Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid Vegetable oil Sugar Food Preservative Sodium benzoate Sodium salt Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth. The most commonly used preservatives include table salt, sugar, vegetable oils, and sodium benzoate. Cleansing Agents Cleansing Agents Soaps Synthetic detergents Soaps Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. Stearic, Oleic, and palmitic acid Saponification Reaction Preparation + 3NaOH Glyceryl ester of stearic acid (fat) Sodium hydroxide 3C17H35COONa + Sodium stearate Glycerol (or glycerine) Types of Soaps Toilet Transparent Soaps Medicated Shaving Laundry Toilet Soap To remove excess of alkali These are prepared by using better grades of fats and oils. Perfumes and colors are added to make them more attractive. Transparent Soap They are made by dissolving soap in ethanol and then evaporating the excess solvent. Medicated Soap They are made by adding substances of medicinal value. Shaving Soap It contains glycerol to prevent rapid drying. Forms sodium rosinate, which lathers well Rosin gum is added while making such soaps. Laundry Soap Sodium rosinate, sodium silicate, borax, Na2CO3, and more They contain fillers. Synthetic Detergents Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents that have all properties of soaps. But They, actually, do not contain any soap. They can be used in soft and hard water Detergents Detergents Anionic Cationic Non-Ionic Anionic Detergents Preparation CH3(CH2)10CH2OH Lauryl alcohol H2SO4 CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3H Lauryl hydrogensulphate aq. NaOH − + CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3Na Sodium laurylsulphate (anionic detergent) Cationic Detergents Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and possess positive charge on nitrogen atom + _ Br Used in hair conditioner Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide Non-Ionic Detergents Disadvantages: They do not contain any ion. Example: Liquid dish washing detergents If their hydrocarbon chain is highly branched, Bacteria cannot degrade easily Non-Ionic Detergents Preparation CH3(CH2)16COOH Stearic acid + HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH Polyethyleneglycol _ H2O CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH