jaydevine-23_pathophysiology-ch-36.pdf

Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing Dysphagia Problem with decreased ability to initiate person may cough to dislo...

Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing Dysphagia Problem with decreased ability to initiate person may cough to dislodge the symptoms tend to worsen with liquid rather Type 1 delivering food the swallowing sequence* solid/​liquid or may aspirate when than solid or fluid to the attempting to swallow esophagus Dysphagia Problem with result of a disorder (struc​‐ persons may feel as though the disorders include esophageal divert​icula: Type 2 transp​orting tural or neurom​usc​ular)) in food is stuck behind the sternum outpou​chings of one or more layers of the the bolus (food which the perist​altic and if underlying pathology is not esophagus | achalasia: in which the smooth piece) down movement of the throat is resolved can worsen to include muscle is altered | neoplasms or strictures the throat altered liquids Dysphagia Problem with Secondary to lower catego​rized as a tightness or pain tumors in the medias​tinum or below may Type 3 bolus entering esophageal dysfun​ction or in the substernal area when reduce LES function and chronic inflam​‐ the stomach lesions that obstruct the swallowing mation of the lower esophagus can lead to pathway further inability Esophageal Pain Heartb​ caused by a reflux of the a substernal burning sensation that the acid irritates the esophageal mucosa and can also urn​/Py​‐ gastric fluids radiates up to the neck cause spasm of the throat muscles rosis Chest esophageal distention (enlar​‐ pain radiates to neck, jaw, shoulder and esophageal obstru​ction ir diffuse esophageal spasm pain ging) or powerful muscle arm (similar to angina pectoris) and where there is a high magnitude spasm between normal contra​ctions odynop​hagia perist​alsis By jaydevine_23 Published 31st July, 2024. 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Learn to solve cryptic crosswords! 23/ Page 1 of 11. http://crosswordcheats.com  Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ Esophageal Pain (cont) infection chest infections in the esophagus in immuno​com​pro​mised dull, aching chest can worsen heartburn and regular chest pain indivi​duals pain pain Abdominal pain: first sign of GI tract disroder visceral due to stretching or inflam​mation diffuse, poorly localized pain which can be knawing, burning or pain cramping somatic injury to abdominal pain, parietal perito​neum, mesentery sharp intense pain at the area of injury, well localized pain or diaphragm referred pain in the same neuros​egment felt in other part sharp well localized pain that may be felt deep and at a location away pain from the injury acute instan​taneous onset chronic gradual onset usually accomp​anied by other signs/​sym​ptoms such as vomiti​ng/​emesis or bowel alteration Diarrhea acute diarrhea due to acute infection, emotional stress, leakage of liquid stool around impacted stool chronic symptoms last longer than 4 weeks, due to chronic GI tract infection, altera​tions in motility or integrity, malabs​‐ orp​tion, endocrine disorders episodic diarrhea probably related to food allergy or ingestion of irritants such as caffeine osmotic increased amount of poorly soluble nutrient intake such as carbs which pull water into the bowel lumen secretory caused by toxins that stimulate intestinal fluid secretion and lower absorp​tion, ~ 1L of diarrhea exudative (mucus, blood or blood, protein and mucus getting into the bowel lumen from the site of inflam​mation protein) By jaydevine_23 Published 31st July, 2024. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com cheatography.com/jaydevine- Last updated 31st July, 2024. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords! 23/ Page 2 of 11. http://crosswordcheats.com  Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ Diarrhea (cont) motility distru​bances decreased time and contact of chyme with the absorptive enzymes increase in fluidity and frequency of the stool, may be very liquidy Disorders of the mouth Stomatitis ulcerative inflam​mation of the mouth oral mucosa causes: viral or bacterial infect​ions, mechanical trauma, irritant exposure (alcoh​ol/​tab​acco), medica​tion, radiation therapy, autoimmune disorders and nutrient deficiency most common type: HSV acquired most by children which causes tingling and itching and leave behind painful ulcers that have herpetic gingiv​ost​oma​titis ruptures and HSV stays dormant in the dorsal ganglia reacti​vating years later treate​ment: antivi​ral​/bi​otics for infect​ions, topical or systemic steroids for autoimmune causes, general treatment in oral hygiene and topical barriers or steroids Hiatal hernia the stomach pushes up into the chest cavity through the - diaphragm risk increases with age, women more than men - 2 types: siding hernia (most common), paraes​oph​ageal sliding herniais when a portion of the stomach and gastro​eso​phageal junction move hernia or mixed up the diaphragm - paraes​oph​ageal hernia is when the greater curvature of the stomach pushes up risk factor anything that increase intraa​bdo​minal pressure such as pregnancy, obesity and chronic straining or coughing By jaydevine_23 Published 31st July, 2024. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com cheatography.com/jaydevine- Last updated 31st July, 2024. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords! 23/ Page 3 of 11. http://crosswordcheats.com  Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ Hiatal hernia (cont) treatment similar to GERD with surgery fro acute manife​sta​tions life threatning in a large proion of the stomach becomes incarc​erated which is rare GERD pathoe​genesis any agent that alters the strength of the LES or increases intraa​bdo​minal pressure risk factor ingesting fatty foods, smoking, alcohol, pregnancy, caffeine, anatomical features such as a hiatal hernia clinical manifests: attributed to heartburn, regurg​ita​tion, chest pain, dysphagia (diffi​culty swallo​wing)) esopha​gitis (infla​mma​tion) treatment increase LES strength, esophageal clearance, imprvoe gastric emptying, suppress acidity, avoid dietary risk factors treatment (cont.) antacids, histamine blockers (sporadic GERDS), proton pump inhibitors have been known to reverse changes from chronic GERD, surgical interv​ention Barrett esophagus compli​cation of GERDS where the epithelium of the esophagus changes to another leads to a higher risk of cancer progre​ssion can lead to ulcera​tion, fibrotic scarring, esophageal strictures LES: lower esophageal sphincter GERDS: backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus peptic ulcer disease etiology disorder of the upper GI tract caused by acids and pepsin which causes injury to the mucosa of the throat, stomach or duodenum - an increase in the factors that cause ulcers than those that do not cause NSAIDS, smoking, genetics, h. pyelori which is crucial to the formation of ulcers and thrives in acidic conditions By jaydevine_23 Published 31st July, 2024. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com cheatography.com/jaydevine- Last updated 31st July, 2024. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords! 23/ Page 4 of 11. http://crosswordcheats.com  Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ peptic ulcer disease (cont) H. pyelori lowers healing and has a high rate of recurrence gastric breakdown of the mucosal barrier that usually prevents the acid from diffusing to the rest of the body (aspirin, NSAIDS, alcohol and cause bile) duodenal excess acid secretion and increased activity of the vagus nerve which stimultes the cells to release gastrin which targets cells to cause release HCl leading to high HCl clinical epigastric burning pain relived by food or dairy or antacids | life threat​ening compli​cation such as GI bleeding manifests diagnosis Upper GI barium contrast radiog​raphy, endoscopy to visualize ulcers, testing for h. pyelori treatment encourage healing of mucosa by reducing acid, prevent recurr​ence, h. pyelori antibi​otics, proton pump inhibitors and sucralfate which forms a protective barrier, no smoking, reduce stress ulcerative colitis etio chronic inflam​mation of rectal and colon mucus, large ulcers forming clinical manifest and increased risk of cancer after 7 - 10 years, exaceb​ations and remission, bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain comlic​ation treatment cortic​ost​eroid, broad spectrum antibi​otics, salicylate analog, immuno​mod​ulating drugs, IV followed by oral cyclos​‐ porine for refractory inflam​mation - abscess formation - abscesses begin to combine - large ulcers form Colon cancer risk factor age 40+, high fiber and fat diet, polyps, chronic irrita​tio​n/i​nfl​amm​ation, hereditary diagnosis recommend colono​scopy every 10 years after reaching risk age By jaydevine_23 Published 31st July, 2024. 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Learn to solve cryptic crosswords! 23/ Page 5 of 11. http://crosswordcheats.com  Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ Colon cancer (cont) familial adenom​‐ where three or more family members have colorectal cancer, two genera​tions of colorectal cancer or one or more cases of atous polypsis: colorectal cancer before age 50 clinical manifest right: tarry, black stool | left side: interm​ittent cramping with stringy stool with mucus or blood | rectum: change in bowel based on location habits, urgent need to defecate upon waking, rectal fullness, altern​ating diarrh​ea/​con​sti​pation, rectal ache prognosis the earlier the prognosis the better, based on tumor size, location, invasion, if it metast​asized, and uses the TMN classi​fic​‐ ation treatment colostomy (opening colon via abdomen), surgical removal, chemo or radiation second only to lung cancer in the US Intestinal obstru​ction partial or complete blockage mechan​ical: tumors, hernia, functi​onal: inhibition of perist​‐ ogilvie: recurrent bout of ileus of samll/​large bowel volvolus alsis clinical manifest increase bowel sound, pain, absence of bowel sounds upper jejunal area: vomit, dehydr​ation nausea, vomit and electr​olyte depletion risk factors surgery for adhesions congenital abnorm​alities of the metastatic cancer esp from female bowel reprod​uctive or intestinal tract treatment remove mechanical block surgical interv​ention or decomp​‐ fluid/​ele​ctr​olyte replac​ement ression with tube other info if left untreated can lead to perfor​‐ necrosis leads to bowel fluid, gas, water, electr​olyte ati​on/​isc​hemia, and necrosis gangrene, sepsis and perito​nitis accumulate in bowel Intestinal gas Volvulus Megacolon altered caused by swallowing air, - twisting of the bowel itself resulting in Congenital or acquired motility or normal bacter​ial​/enzyme bowel obstru​ction and blood vessel constr​‐ Massive dilation of colon lack of activity, or neutra​liz​ation of iction Cause: prolonged consti​pation digestive bicarb in the upper GI - results from 180 twist, ingested foreign Pseudo​mem​branous colitis may result in enzyme body, or adhesion and cannot always be acute megacolon: surgical emergency. belching normal expelling of swallowed determined air - usually in cecum or sigmoid colon Hirsch​sprung Disease abdominal failure to digest nutrients or a congenital disease in which the Intuss​usc​eption distention defect in intestinal motility autonomic ganglia are reduced or absent. etiology telesc​oping of a portion of the more common in males than females and in excessive bacterial digestion of certain bowel into adjacent portion children. Causes difficulty in passing of flatus foods that are gas causing resulting in obstru​ction (bowel stool 48 hours after birth in children (legumes, vegeta​bles) pushes itself into the other.) Clinical manife​sta​tions risk infants and males – Profuse diarrhea, hypovo​lemic shock, MOTILITY DISORDERS factors intestinal perfor​ation – Stasis of stool and megacolon may occur. treatment surgical – Fecal stagna​tion; entero​colitis with Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS bacterial overgrowth Intuss​usc​eption altern​ating diarrhea and etiology also Treatment consti​pation accomp​anied unclear – Colonic lavage, surgical interv​ention by cramping with no pathology of the GI tract NEOPLASM OF GI TRACT clinical manifest diarrhea, consti​pation, cramping, Esophageal cancer: 1-2% of all mucus in stool, risk men are more likely than nausea factor women, genetic, diet high in treatment antidi​arrheal nitros​amine, smoking, barrett agents, antisp​‐ esophagus, alcohol asmodic progno​‐ poor prognosis, can quickly agents, high sis​/di​‐ metast​asize fiber diet agnosis treatment stent placement, tumor ablati​‐ on/​removal via heat and laser, surgery, radiation and chemot​‐ herapy By jaydevine_23 Published 31st July, 2024. 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Learn to solve cryptic crosswords! 23/ Page 7 of 11. http://crosswordcheats.com  Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ small intestinal neoplasms Colonic polyps Consti​pation benign or - clinical usually none, but may cause small, infrequent or fewer than 3 stools malignant, manifest gross bleeding and abdominal difficult bowel per week accounts pain movement for less treatment varies in size, type and location low fiber, low fecal impaction than 5 % and removed using a scope exercise, slower can occur where clinical depends on the type and perstalsis due to the stool starts manifest extent of obstru​ction, can lead Colonic polyps image aging or pathol​ogical blocking the GI to biliary stasis (stopping of disorders tract bile) jaundice, bleeding and ulcers MALABS​ORPTION DISORDERS treatment surgical removal of tumor and DISORDERS REGARDING THE SMALL parts of the intestine - chemot​‐ INTESTINE AND INTAKE OF NUTRIENTS herapy Celiac disease Gastric carcinoma a familial will lead to inflam​mation and risk more prevalent in Japan, men intole​‐ atrophy of intestinal vili factor older than 30 years, h. pylori rance to infection, epsetein barr, geneti​‐ gluten c/d​ietary factors, smoking causes: impaired nutrient absorption stages are determined by penetr​ation due to reduced surface area into a major muscle of the Colon cancer staging diagnosis intestinal biopsy, anti tissue stomach and looking at the transg​lut​aminase anitbody and lymphatic system imunog​lobulin A endomysial treatment aspirin has protective benefits, antibody surgical removal treatment gluten free diet, cortic​ost​eroids, clinical early - asympt​omatic | supple​mental folate, b12, and manifest advanced: anorexia, weight fat soluble vitamin loss and bleeding By jaydevine_23 Published 31st July, 2024. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com cheatography.com/jaydevine- Last updated 31st July, 2024. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords! 23/ Page 8 of 11. http://crosswordcheats.com  Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ Tropical sprue/​ent​ero​pathy Dumping syndrome (cont) Short bowel syndrome etiology of unknown cause but usually risk common after gastre​‐ due to removal of causes severe causes bacterial overgrowth in factor​/cause ctomy, gastric surgery majority of the intestines diarrhea and the large intestine where the for obesity, cancer or malabs​orption mucus membrane is damaged ulcers reduced ability to absorb (esp if ileocecal due to fermen​tation due to the large there is also rapid due to short area to allow valve is samll the mucus lining atrophies amount of absorption of glucose in for absorption removed) intestine leading to malabs​orption and partially the blood leading to very clinical manifest diarrhea folate and b12 acid deficiency digested food high plasma insulin but treatment supportive to risk those who live or visit countries entering the results in low energy a nutrient intake factor along the equator and in adults intestine it can few hours later due to no more than children cause a shift in food storage in the INFLAM​MATORY BOWEL DISEASE osmotic causing stomach clinical bloody diarrhea, abdominal diarrhea manife​‐ distention and fat in stool staion steato​rrhea clinical manife​‐ diarrhea, abdominal Crohn disease station pain, rapid fall in blood treatment antimi​cro​bials, antidi​arr​heals regional affects proximal portion of the glucos​e/h​ypo​gly​cemia and vitami​n/e​lec​trolyte enteritis colon or terminal ileum supplement treatment eating small but more or granul​‐ meals about 6 -8 omatous Dumping syndrome thoughtout the day etio chronic inflam​mation of all dumping of most likely due to pyloric layers of the intestinal wall due Dumping syndrome image stomach sphincter regulation loss to obstru​ction and inflam​‐ contents into - the sphincter is what mation of the lymph vessels the small allows chyme movement diagnostic ulcera​tions, strict​ures, fibrosis, intestine after a from stomach to intestine findings fistulas short amount of clinical fever, diarrhea, right lower time manifest quad pain, RLQ mass, tenderness By jaydevine_23 Published 31st July, 2024. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com cheatography.com/jaydevine- Last updated 31st July, 2024. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords! 23/ Page 9 of 11. http://crosswordcheats.com  Pathophysiology Ch. 36 Cheat Sheet by jaydevine_23 via cheatography.com/205861/cs/43935/ Crohn disease (cont) Mallor​y-Weiss Syndrome (cont) ENTERO​COLITIS treatment alleve​iating and reduce inflam​‐ treatment blood transf​usion thought mation, stop smoking, drugs bleeding may stop on its own, similar to ulcerative colitis, no contro​lling active bleeding with Antibiotic associated colitis definitive care mostly coagul​ation techni​ques, etiology inflam​mation and necrosis of th supportive epinep​hrine injection etc. large intestine due to clostr​‐ idium difficile or antibi​otics and Crohns v. ulcerative esophageal varices mediated by bacterial toxins etiology portal hypert​ension from clinical diarrhea, abdominal pain, alcoholism or viral hepatitis manifests leukoc​ytosis, sepsis or perfor​‐ causes in tropical areas a species of liver ation fluke treatment stop antibi​otics if possible, treat a high mortality rate and it affects more than ischemia or any contri​buting half of patients with cirrhosis factors, fecal transplant if severe Portal hypert​ension Necrot​izing entero​colitis occurs in infants diffuse or patch