ITP - U4-1 PDF

consciousness a concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state selective attention the focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus direct inner awareness kn...

consciousness a concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state selective attention the focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus direct inner awareness knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs preconscious in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention unconscious in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also: without consciousness repression in psychodynamic theory, the automatic (unconscious) ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness nonconscious descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we cannot become conscious; we may "recognize" that our hair is growing, but we cannot directly experience the biological process suppression the deliberate, or conscious, placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness circadian rhythm a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation alpha waves rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep the first four stages of sleep rapid eye movement (REM) sleep a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming theta waves slow brain waves produced during the hypnagogic state delta waves strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep continuity hypothesis the view that the content of dreams tends to be consistent with previous cognitive activity activation--synthesis model the view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern narcolepsy a "sleep attack" in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly sleep apnea temporary absence or cessation of breathing while sleeping sleep terrors frightening, dream-like experiences that occur during the deepest stage of NREM sleep; nightmares, in contrast, occur during REM sleep hypnosis an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance role theory a theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized response set theory the view that response expectancies play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist transcendental meditation (TM) the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and used as a method for coping with stress mindfulness meditation \(MM) a form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems Biofeedback is a system that provides, or "feeds back," information about a bodily function to an organism. Through biofeedback training, people have learned to gain voluntary control over a number of functions that are normally automatic, such as heart rate and blood pressure. biofeedback training (BFT) the systematic feeding information back to an organism about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function electromyograph (EMG) an instrument that measures muscle tension psychoactive substances drugs that have psychological effects such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions depressant a drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system stimulant a drug that increases activity of the nervous system substance use disorder a problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms tolerance habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects abstinence syndrome a characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decease in an addictive drug's level of usage Depressant drugs generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system. There are also effects specific to each depressant drug. In this section, we consider the effects of alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates. Binge drinking---defined as having five or more drinks in a row for a male, or four or more for a female---is connected with aggressive behavior, poor grades, sexual promiscuity, and accidents opiates a group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system narcotics drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep; the term is usually reserved for opiates opioids chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from the opium poppy barbiturate an addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep amphetamines stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta phenylethylamine, a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen Cocaine is derived from coca leaves---the plant from which the soft drink took its name. stimulant that produces euphoria, reduces hunger, deadens pain, and boosts self-confidence. Nicotine is the stimulant in tobacco smoke. stimulates discharge of the hormone adrenaline and the release of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, acetylcholine, GABA, and endorphins hydrocarbons chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon hallucinogenics a substance that causes hallucinations secondhand smoke smoke from the tobacco products and exhalations of other people; also referred to as passive smoking marijuana the dried vegetable matter of the Cannabis sativa plant LSD lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogen flashbacks distorted perceptions or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after LSD usage but mimic the LSD experience mescaline a hallucinogen derived from the mescal (peyote) cactus phencyclidine (PCP) another hallucinogen whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure