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IT Trends and Issues: Artificial Intelligence keyboard and mouse because of convenience in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer using them. science concerned in making computers behave like humans do. Understanding natural la...

IT Trends and Issues: Artificial Intelligence keyboard and mouse because of convenience in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer using them. science concerned in making computers behave like humans do. Understanding natural language allows computers to understand natural human languages. It was still in the ancient times that they were Research are still working in progress in developing dreaming to create intelligent machines that can systems that converse in natural language, perceive engage in behaviors that humans consider and respond to their surroundings, and encode and intelligent. provide useful access to all human knowledge and expertise. Natural-language processing offers the It was only in the later years that smart machines greatest became a reality. Many researchers now are potential rewards because it would allow people to creating systems that mimic human thought, interact with computers without needing any understand speech, and beat the best human chess specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to player and countless other feats never before a computer and talk to it. possible. Computer vision makes useful decisions about AI History real physical objects and scenes based on sensed images. This is to make images and objects as real Turing’s Test is a test which analyzes or as it can be. At present, there are examines whether a computer has a only limited ways of representing three-dimensional humanlike intelligence. It was proposed by a British information directly, and they are not as good as mathematician. The computer is said to pass the what humans evidently use. Turing’s test if the panel believes that the entity possesses humanlike intelligence. Expert systems refer to programming computers to Turing’s test is sometimes referred to as make decisions in real life situations such as behavioral tests for the presence of mind, or helping doctors diagnose disease based on thought, or intelligence in putatively minded entities. symptoms. In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the It was in a 1951 paper that Alan Turing proposed a future of artificial intelligence and of computers in test called “The Imitation Game” which he thought general. To date, however, they have not lived up to would settle the issue of machine Intelligence. the expectations. Many expert systems help human experts in such fields as The first version of the game involved no computer medicine and engineering, but they are very intelligence whatsoever. Imagine three rooms, each expensive to produce and are helpful only in special connected via computer screen and keyboard. In situations. one room sits a man, in the second a woman, and in the third sits a person who will serve as the Heuristic classification is one of the most feasible "judge" who will decide as to which of the two kinds of expert systems given the present people talking to him through the computer is the knowledge of AI. This will put some information in man. one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of information. An example is Application of AI advising whether to accept a proposed credit card Game playing refers to programming computers to purchase. Information is available about the owner play games such as chess and checkers. The most of the credit card, his record of payment and the common AI for game playing is chess. IBM had item he is buying and about the establishment from developed a computer chess player named Deep which he is buying it (e.g., about whether there Blue which won over the defending world champion have been previous credit card frauds at this Gary Kasparov in 1997. establishment). Speech recognition is a technology where The following are various types of web sites to computers recognize human language to perform choose and search from. such task. In later years, speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. This Perplexity AI – offers unlimited basic searchers technology supposedly will replace the use of the and up to 5 Pro searchers per day for free. It keyboard because you will just give instructions to provides quick answers and detailed insights from a the computer. But humans went back to the use of wide ranges of sources. Consensus offers a free plan that allows users to any other electronic means. search through over 200 million research papers and get AI-generated insights and From a business perspective, EC is the application summaries. of technology toward the automation of business transactions and workflow. Quizgecko – allows the user to create and share quizzes easily. It uses AI to generate quiz Ubiquity – Internet/Web technology is available questions from any text, making it a great tool for everywhere: at work, at home, and elsewhere studying and test preparation. via mobile devices, anytime. The marketplace is extended beyond traditional boundaries and Gamma AI – offers a free tier that allows users to is removed from a temporal and geographic create and share presentations, documents, location. “Marketspace” is created; shopping can and web pages. It includes AI-powered features for take place anywhere. Customer convenience is content editing, image search, and enhanced and shopping costs are reduced. reformatting. Global Reach – The technology reaches across Edpuzzle– allows users to create interactive video national boundaries and around the earth. lessons by embedding questions, notes, Commerce is enabled across cultural and national and audio into videos. boundaries seamlessly and without modification. “Marketspace” includes potentially Podcastle AI – converts text into high-quality audio, billions of customers and millions of which is great for turning readings into businesses worldwide. podcasts that you can listen to on the go. Universal Standards – There is one set of technology standards, namely Internet standards. Mymap AI – generates mind maps from users There is only one set of technical media standards notes and ideas, helping the user visualize across the globe. and organize their thoughts more effectively. Richness – Video, audio, and text messages are Socratic AI – designed by Google to help students possible. These are integrated into single with homework by providing marketing message and consuming experience. explanations, videos, and step-by-step solutions. Interactivity – The technology works through Fotor – allows the user to create images from text interaction with the user. Consumers are for free. engaged in a dialog that dynamically adjusts the experience to the individual and makes the FutureMe – is a unique tool that allows users to consumer a co- participant in the process of write letters, reminders or anything else to delivering goods to the market. their future self. It can be a great way to set goals, reflect on your progress, and capture your Information Density – The technology reduces thoughts for future reflection. information costs and raise quality. Information processing, storage, and E-Commerce Trends and Issues communication costs drop dramatically, while currency, Electronic commerce (EC) is an emerging model accuracy, and timeliness improve greatly. of new selling and merchandising tools in which Information becomes plentiful, cheap, and accurate. buyers are able to participate in all phases of a purchase decision, while stepping through those Personalization/Customization – The technology processes electronically rather than in a physical allows personalized messages to be store or by phone (with a physical catalog). delivered to individuals as well as groups. Personalization of marketing messages and Kalakota and Whinston (1997) define EC customization of products and services are based from these perspectives: on individual characteristics. From a communications perspective, EC is the The disadvantages of ecommerce are as delivery of information, products/services or follows: payments over telephone lines, computer networks, or Cost and justification – The cost of developing EC services on the Internet and selling knowledge and in- house can be very high and any expertise is another example of C2C. mistakes due to lack of experience may result in Several auction sites are running intranets and delays. There are many opportunities for other organizational internal networks to outsourcing but where and how to do it is not a advertise items for sale or services. simple issue. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a type of ecommerce that Security and Privacy – These issues are links users, enabling them to share files and especially important in the Business-toconsumers resources without a common server. The challenge area, especially security issues which are perceived in P2P ventures is developing viable, legal business to be more serious than they really are models. Examples of P2P include Kazaa when appropriate encryption is used. Privacy andGroove networks. measures are constantly improved. Yet, the customers perceived these issues very important Mobile Commerce is a type of ecommerce which and the EC industry has a very long and uses wireless devices or transactions like cell difficult task of convincing customers that online phones, and Palms. This has been popularized transactions and privacy, are in fact, very mainly in Japan and Europe wherein it takes secure. traditional ecommerce business models and leverages emerging new wireless technologies. The Lack of trust and user resistance – Customers do key technologies used in Mobile commerce not trust an unknown faceless seller, are telephone_x0002_based 3G, Wi-Fi, and paperless transactions, and electronic money. So, Bluetooth. This technology continuously switching from physical to virtual stores evolves even though it is a disappointment in the may be difficult. US. Other limiting factors – Lack of touch and feel Web Technology online. Some customers like to touch items such as clothes and like to know exactly what they Internet refers to a collection of computers and are buying. cables forming a communications network, just like telephones and cables forming the telephone system. The Internet is intended to carry Major types of ECommerce computer data, like telephone networks which are intended to carry conversations. The Internet Business-to-Consumer (B2C) is a type of carries various data including email, ecommerce that serves direct consumers. The videoconferences, and instant messages. The Web important activity here is buying. There are retailing page contents are another type of data that is transactions with individual shoppers. For example, carried over the Internet. In other words, the the typical shopper at Amazon.com is a consumer Internet is a network of all networks where a user at or customer. any computer, with permission, can access and get information from any other Business-to-Business (B2B) is a type of computer. ecommerce that serves businesses. The important activity of B2B is purchasing. The Internet was envisioned by the Advanced Purchasing is different from buying Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the because instead of individual departments being The US Government called it ARPANET then. They involved, formal processes are followed, high aim to create a network that monetary values may be involved and complex would allow users of a research computer at one negotiations and contracts may take place. university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities. This is because Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) is a type of e they wanted to protect the messages that are commerce that involves consumers being routed or rerouted in the event of a military selling directly to consumers. attack or from any other disaster that can destroy their communication. Examples are individuals posting classified ads (e.g.; www.buyandsell.com.ph) Intranet is a private network contained in an and selling residential property, cars, cell phones enterprise that includes connections through and so on. Advertising personal one or more gateway computers to the outside Internet. Its purpose is to share company information and computing resources among sound files, and graphics that are also stored on employees. It can also facilitate working in Web servers. Aside from storing these files, a Web groups and teleconferences. server On the other hand, extranet is a private network Web is only one of the services that the Internet that uses the Internet technology and offers. They almost changed our ways of the public telecommunication system to securely communicating to others, such as through emails, share a part of a business's information discussion of certain topic, and the likes. Many or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, times, communications take place completely in customers, or other businesses. An writing – without the parties ever meeting each extranet can be viewed as part of a company's other. intranet that is extended to users outside the company. It has also been described as a "state Email, short for electronic mail, is the transmission of mind" in which the Internet is of messages via a computer network. It is the perceived to do business with other companies as original service that the Internet offers. Before, only well as to sell products to customers. the scientists and researchers that work for government- sponsored projects to communicate to In order to use Internet, you must have a web their colleagues based on other locations used this browser installed on your computer to service. access different web pages and sites. A web browser is an application software allowing File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an Internet service users to access and view web pages. A web page that allows a user to upload and download files from is a page consisting of HTML documents stored on other computers on the Internet. Uploading refers to a web server. In contrast, web sites are a collection the process of transferring a file to the Internet while of connected web pages stored on a web server. downloading refers to the process of obtaining a file from the Internet. The file refers to documents, graphics, and other objects from a computer server. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and An FTP server is a computer that allows you to Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) are the two upload/download most important elements of the Web. Both contain files. An FTP site is a collection of files that reside in “hypertext” in their names. Hypertext is a key an FTP server. concept for understanding the Web. The idea of hypertext originated much earlier than the Web, or Newsgroups and Message Boards is an online even the Internet. area that allows a group of users to discuss a particular topic. In such a discussion, one will send a message to a group then the other group will read HTTP and HTML are the two basic building blocks and respond to the message. Usenet is what they from which today’s Web-style hypertext is crafted. call the collection of tens of thousands of You'll Have a better grasp of how the Web works newsgroup about multitude and its potential for future development if you have topics. Topics may include news, recreation, somebackground on these building blocks. society, business, science, and computers. The two (2) major ingredients that define the Web Mailing Lists is another online service where email are HTTP and HTML. You’ll have a pretty complete addresses are stored. All email listof the basic technologies that make the Web addresses stored in it receives the message when a work. user uses it. In essence, a mailing list is like a distribution list usually used to group certain email addresses. Web server stores one or more Web pages of a Web site. Each page is saved as Chat Rooms are a technology that consists of an HTML document. This document may be plain online and live communication over the text, or ASCII, document with Internet. It is a location in the Internet server that embedded HTML tags. Some of these tags indicate allows users to have almost like a real-time how the document is to be communication. Anyone in the chat room can displayed when viewed in a browser. Other tags participate in the conversation which usually is comprise links to related documents, specific to a particular topic. Before you can enter a chat room, you must be connected to a chat server through a program called chat client employees and classes for colleges. Most which can also be downloaded from the web. instructors use these types of web sites to enhance classroom teaching by publishing course materials, Instant messaging is in essence a chat but you grades, and other related class information. can choose certain users that you want to communicate with. Not like chat rooms that talk Entertainment web sites offer users an interactive about a particular topic, IM allows you to and engaging environment. Popular communicate all the topics that you want. Many entertainment web sites offer music, videos, sports, users make use of IM for personal purposes games, ongoing web episodes, and the but be sure to always observe “Netiquettes”. likes. Other complicated web sites tie up with other networks to allow users to vote in their Internet Telephony, commonly known as Voice polls on television shows. over IP (Internet Protocol), allows the user to speak to other users over the Internet using Advocacy web sites provide contents that describe computers, mobile computers, or mobile devices. a cause, opinion, or idea. Its purpose is You will need a high- speed Internet connection, to convince the reader of the validity of the cause, Internet telephone service, and a microphone opinion, or idea. These web sites usually or telephone to be able to use this technology and present views of a particular group or association. place a call. Blog, short for weblog, is a journal format regularly The following are various types of web sites to updated that reflect to the interests, choose and search from. opinions, and personalities of the author and sometimes the site visitors. These consist of Portals are sites that offers you a variety of Internet ideas and collection of thoughts in an informal style services such as search engine/or subject of a single individual. Personal websites directory, news, sports and weather, free web are a private individual’s site usually not associated publishing services, reference tools such as with any organization. This is usually about yellow pages, stock quotes and maps, shopping someone’s interest that may contain their own malls and auctions, email and other forms of images, favorite music and videos, and the likes for online communication. some personal reasons. Some intend for job hunting and so they post their resumes. Some News web sites provides you newsworthy material simply want to share life experiences with the world. including stories and articles relating to current events, life, money, sports, and weather. A search engine is a program that finds web sites Most news that is uploaded on the Internet is and pages. It helps the not included in the print because it is the most user find particular information about certain topics updated media. Newspapers, televisions, and or locate particular web radios are the ones that maintain the news web pages for which they do not know the exact web sites. address. There are thousands of search engines available, some are Informational web sites contain factual information. general and can perform Many government agencies provide searches on any topic but some restricts to certain information such as tax codes, loans you can subjects like finding mortgage from SSS. Other organizations provide people, job hunting, or locating real estate. information such as public transportation schedules and published research findings. A search text box is available. It is where you enter a topic, a subject or a keyword which can be a Business/Marketing web sites provide you simple word or phrase that will define the item about marketing and business contents that promotes which you want information. Search engines and sells products and services. Up to date, most respond with results that include thousands of links business and marketing companies have their to web pages that answer in little or no bearing on own web sites where you can place your orders your research. online and simply browse their products. Educational web sites offer you exciting and challenging course in formal and informal teaching and learning. There exist many Google is the largest search engine in the web educational websites that allow online training for whose purpose is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. Queries received by Google reaches several hundred millions each day through its various services. As of February 2004, Google received 2.5 billion queries. Google uses an algorithm called PageRank that ranks web pages which matches a given search string. The algorithm computes a recursive figure of merit for web pages based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. Aside from indexes and HTML that Google caches, there are other 13 file types that it can search: PDF, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text files, among others. Yahoo! is the first navigational portal to the web created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, both electrical engineering graduates at Stanford University. They built this portal by creating and organizing their own favorite websites in 1994. The next year, Yang and Filo, together with Some fellow students named it Yahoo! and released it to the Internet community. Yahoo! stands for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle. What makes Yahoo! unique than the others is that its staff members build the directory by assuming the role of a typical web researcher.