IT-RAD101 (1).pdf

IMPORTANCE OF RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND HEALTHCARE: THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF MEDICAL IMAGING IN HEALTHCARE EARLY DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS: UNLOCKING EARLY INTERVENTION EARLY DETECTION IMPROVED PERSONALIZED ENHANCED PATIENT...

IMPORTANCE OF RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND HEALTHCARE: THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF MEDICAL IMAGING IN HEALTHCARE EARLY DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS: UNLOCKING EARLY INTERVENTION EARLY DETECTION IMPROVED PERSONALIZED ENHANCED PATIENT DIAGNOSTIC TREATMENT OUTCOMES ACCURACY - provides to identify - Provides - Helps tailor - Enhancing the the abnormalities detailed images treatment successful and to improve the that aid in plans for treatment outcomes of many accurate individual diseases diagnosis patients - Reducing the severity of - Increases the - Help visualize - With the disease chance of internal studies detailed info. successful that may have Doctors will - Improving treatment been missed be able to long-term during the develop the prognosis physical most effective examination. treatment for patients. GUIDING TREATMENT: MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURES AND PRECISE INTERVENTIONS INTERVENTIONAL GUIDED BIOPSY MINIMALLY INVASIVE RADIOLOGY SURGERIES - allows doctors to - A tissue is sampled - Operate on internal treat diseases and to analysis structure w/ minimal perform abnormalities incisions interventions with minimal incisions, - Can be done if x-ray - Ex. laparoscopy reducing pain and image cannot detect recovery time for the actual diagnosis. patients. - Higher chances of survival MONITORING DISEASE PROGRESSION: TRACKING CHANGES AND ADJUSTING TREATMENTS BASELINE IMAGING FOLLOW-UP IMAGING TREATMENT ADJUSTMENTS - allows doctors to - Monitor disease - Physicians may adjust treat diseases and progression treatment or advance perform your treatment interventions with minimal incisions, reducing pain and recovery time for patients. - Higher chances of survival PLANNING AND EVALUATING SURGICAL PROCEDURES: PRECISE PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT PREOPERATIVE SURGICAL GUIDANCE POSTOPERATIVE PLANNING EVALUATION - Detailed - Intraoperative - Helps assess the anatomically images ultrasound/fluorosco success of the surgery to allow surgeons to py provide real-time plan the most guide to surgeons effective and minimal invasive surgery approach - Careful planning minimizes the damage of healthy tissues  REDUCING DIAGNOSTIC UNCERTAINTY: DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN CONDITIONS AND GUIDING TREATMENT DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING-BASED TARGETED TREATMENT UNCERTAINTY DIFFERENTIATION - Arise when clinical - PET scans or - Enables doctor to symptoms are specialized MRI provide targeted inconclusive sequences can treatment plans differentiate - Reduce diagnostic between various - Maximizing the uncertainty and add conditions , which effectiveness of more detailed info. allow doctors to interventions make accurate diagnosis. ENHANCING PATIENT CARE: NON-INVASIVE MONITORING AND PERSONALIZED TREATMENT PRENATAL CARE CARDIOVASCULAR NEUROLOGICAL MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH CONDITIONS - Machine: - Machine: ECG - Machine: - Machine: X-rays, Ultrasound (Electrocardiogr MRI( Magnetic MRI, and aphy) Resonance Imaging) ultrasound - Monitor fetal development - Uses the CT-SCAN(Computed - Used to diagnose ultrasound Tomography Scan and monitor - Assess the waves to create injuries, arthritis, health of fetus the images of - Diagnosis for and bone fractures the heart neurological - - Detect the conditions potential - Monitor heart complication conditions - Provide detailed during images of brain pregnancy and spinal cord RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT: ADVANCING MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES ARTIFICIAL 3D IMAGING AND MOLECULAR IMAGING INTELLIGENCE (AI) VISUALIZATION - Developed to - Provides more - Refined to provide more analyze medical detailed and sensitive and specific images w/increasing immersive view of info. About cellular and accuracy and internal structures molecular processes, efficiency leading to earlier diagnosis and effective treatment - Assisting radiologists in identifying abnormalities HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: EVOLUTION OF HEALTHCARE DELIVERY INFECTED FINGERS: Doctor orders leeches to treat the infections I. Health Care Through Time 4000 BC-3000 BC PRIMITIVE TIMES - Illness and disease caused by spirits and demons - Avg. Life Span : 20 yrs 3000 BC-300 ANCIENT EGYPTIANS - Believed Body was system of channels(ducts) - Bloodletting was used when channels were “Blocked” - Ebers Papyrus: Compilation of Herbal Treatment/Knowledge - Avg. Life Span: 20-30 yrs 1700 BC-220 AD ANCIENT CHINESE - Acupuncture: treatment for pain and congestions - Avg. Life Span: 20-30 yrs 1200 BC-200 ANCIENT GREEKS - Hippocrates: Father of Medicine - Developed organized method to observe human body - Recorded signs and symptoms - physicians” The Hippocratic Oath” - medicine should be separate from religion - Aristotle: 1st who dissected animals; founder of human anatomy - Avg. Life Span: 25-35 yrs  753 BC-410ANCIENT ROMANS - First to provide medical care for injured soldiers - Hospitals established in religious institutions - Began Public health & Sanitation systems - Aqueducts: carries the clean water to cities - Sewers: carries the waste away from the cities - Claudius Galen: Body is controlled by a balance of fluids like blood, phlegm, and bile - if there is an imbalance in body fluid it leads to illness - Avg. Life Span: 25-35 yrs 800 AD-1400 MIDDLE AGES - Medical universities were created - Pandemic killed ¾ of the population of Europe and Asia - Arab Physicians required to pass exam before getting license to practice - Avg. Life Span: 20-35 yrs 1350 AD-1650 RENAISSANCE - Body dissection was performed - Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci: drew the human body - Andrea Vesalii: 1st anatomy book- On the Fabric of the Human body (De humani Corporis fabrica) - Printing press Allowed for distribution of infos. - Trephining: early form of “therapy” for headache - making a hole in the skull - 1st Surgery Done - tool used : Tocar - Avg. Life Span: 30-40 yrs 16TH-17TH CENTURIES - Cause of death still not known - Ambrose Pare: Father of modern surgery - William Harvey: described the circulation of heart to and from - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: invented the microscope - Avg. Life Span: 35-45 yrs 18TH CENTURY - Gabriel Fahrenheit: Invented the 1st mercury thermometer - Edward Jenner: developed the smallpox vaccine - Avg. Life Span: 40-50 yrs  19TH CENTURY - French Barbers: acted as surgeons by extracting tooth, using leeches for treatment, and giving enemas - Wiliam Harvey (1818): 1st Blood transfusion - Rene Laennec (1819): Invented the stethoscope - Elizabeth Blackwelll(1849): 1st female physician in the US - Florence Nightingale: Founder of modern nursing - Began education for nurses (1850-1860) - Joseph Lister(1865): began using disinfectants and antiseptics in surgery to prevent infections - Louis Pasteur(1885): Pasteurized milk to kill bacteria; created rabies vaccine - Dimitri Ivanpfski(1892): discovered virus - Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen(1895): Discovered x-rays - Avg. Life Span= 40-60 yrs 20TH CENTURY - Most rapid growth in modern healthcare - Many diseases were specifically identified, treated, and cure - Standard of care were established - Technology is adhered into healthcare - Carl Lansteiner (1901): Classified ABO blood Groups - Sigmund Freud(1901): Formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry - Fredrick Banting And Charles Best(1992): Discovered the insulin to treat diabetes - Alexander Fleming (1992): Discovered the antibiotic penicillin - George Papanicolaou: Developed the “pap smear” to detect cervical cancer in females - Jonas Salk(1952):developed the polio vaccine using the dead polio virus - Francis Crick and James Watson(1953): discovered the DNA structure - Godfrey Hounsfield(1975): Developed the CAT Scan - Louise Brown(1978): 1st test-tube baby - AIDS( ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME): 1st identified as disease in (1981) - HIV (1984) - Ben Carson(1987): 1st surgeon to separate conjoined twins - Dolly/ Dolly the sheep(1997): 1st cloned sheep by Dr. Ian Wilmut - Avg. Life Span: 60-70 years  21ST CENTURY - COVID-19: Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Virus; global pandemic on 2019 - Ebola Virus Diseases: Outbreak in West africa (2014-2016) - Zika Virus: Outbreak in Brazil(2010) ; linked with birth defects such as microcephaly( no head) ; caused by mosquito bites - Antibiotic-Resistant Infections: Increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics which led to “superbugs”( uncontinued antibiotics or not finishing the plan - MAJOR HEALTH DISCOVERIES AND INNOVATIONS 1. Precision Medicine: tailoring medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient 2. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats): a revolutionary tool for editing genes with high precision, offering potential treatments for genetic disorders and advancing research in genetics. 3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning AI and machine learning : used in health care for diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient management. 4.Immunotherapy: has become a major treatment modality for various cancers, leveraging the body's immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. 5.Wearable Health Technology : Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers have become integral in monitoring health metrics and managing chronic conditions. 6.Gut Microbiome Research Research: into the gut microbiome has revealed its critical role in overall health, including digestion, immunity, and mental health. 7.Telemedicine: has expanded rapidly, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing remote consultations and monitoring.