IRE211 International Organization Lecture 4 PDF

IRE211 Dr. Osman Kurter Lecture 4 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION  EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Legitimate transnational actors from a country can be transnational companies (TNCs), political parties, or NGOs. Legitimate actors usually engage wi...

IRE211 Dr. Osman Kurter Lecture 4 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION  EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Legitimate transnational actors from a country can be transnational companies (TNCs), political parties, or NGOs. Legitimate actors usually engage with IOs in the management of international affairs and relations. As legitimate types of transnational actors, transnational companies (TNCs) play a relatively greater role in international politics today. They primarily lobby foreign governments in several ways; they can indirectly ask their own government to put pressure on a foreign government, try to affect the target government through IOs, or directly reach its diplomatic missions or ministries.  GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Since the Peace of Westphalia, the struggle for achieving a peaceful world order has created various actors with essential roles in the international system. Despite the failure of the League of Nations, states were still eager to establish the UN which would constitute the institutional part of states’ collaboration. Over the years new IOs have been established. For one thing, this process led to the diversification of international actors. Besides states, IGOs, NGOs, citizens’ movements, and global mass media have emerged as new actors. For another, this has led to the erosion of states’ authority. The authority of non-state actors such as INGOs and NGOs has increased from the local to the international level. The emergence of new international actors has forced states to make their decisions in more complicated processes.  DEFINITION OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE The Commission on Global Governance defines governance as “the sum of the many individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative action may be taken. It includes formal institutions and regimes empowered to enforce compliance, as well as informal arrangements that people and institutions either have agreed to or perceive to be in their interest” (The Commission on Global Governance, 1995).  CLASSIFICATION OF GLOBAL POLITICAL ACTORS All actors in a global Politics from an individual country Government Non national Legitimate departments transnational transnational & bureaucracies actors actors Criminals Guerillas & Transnational Political liberation movement companies parties Single Country NGO’s  TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION Military organization-NATO, Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Economic organizations-WTO, WB, EU, ASEAN Technical organizations -ISO What are the other major International Organizations???  TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, and presence. An international organization is a body that promotes voluntary cooperation and coordination between or among its members. There are two main types of International Organizations. 1. Intergovernmental organizations and 2. International nongovernmental organizations: 1. Inter-governmental Organizations (IGO) An IGO is an organization composed primarily of sovereign member states or of other intergovernmental organizations. IGOs are established by treaties or other agreements that act as a charter. United Nations (UN), the World Bank (WB), and the European Union are examples.  TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION 2. International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) An international non-governmental organization (INGO) has the same mission as a nongovernmental organization (NGO), but it is international in scope and has outposts around the world to deal with specific issues in many countries.  TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION Some INGOs’ operational primary purposes are to foster community-based organizations within each country via different projects and operations and some are advocacy- based and their primary purpose is to influence the policy-making of different countries’ governments regarding certain issues or promote awareness of certain issues. These organizations supposedly operate independently, not affiliated with a government but play an important role in international politics. Red Cross or Red Crescent, Amnesty International, Save the Children, and Doctors Without Borders are examples of these organizations.  THE LEAGUE OF NATION The League of Nations: It was the oldest and first real international intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the first WWI to provide a forum for resolving international disputes and avoiding potential conflicts. Though first proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson as part of his 14-point plan for equitable peace in Europe, the US never became a member of this organization. ▪ Supposed to preserve world peace after WWI. ▪ Its charter included Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points ▪ Not everyone joined and not everyone stayed ▪ Was more ineffective than the current UN  WOODROW WILSON’S 14 POINT 1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties 2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace 3. Equal trade conditions 4. Decreased armament among all nations 5. Adjust colonial claims 6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence 7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored  WOODROW WILSON’S 14 POINT 6. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories 7. Readjust Italian borders 8. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination 9. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro 10. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles 11. Creation of an independent Polish state 12. Creation of the League of Nations  WHY LEAGUE OF NATION FAILED? The Abyssinia, (Ethiopia) Crisis took place in 1935 that originated in what was called the Walwal incident during the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia. The League of Nations ruled against Italy and voted for economic sanctions, but they were never fully applied. This destroyed the credibility of the League of Nations and was regarded as an event that ended the League. Italy and some other countries left the League in 1937 and started to arm themselves as fast as possible. In 1938 Brit and French direct negotiations with Hitler failed. In 1939 WWII broke out, and the league headquarters remained open but unattended. In 1943 Tehran Conference-America, Britton and Russia agreed to form the UN.  THE UNITED NATION (UN) The UN is an international organization whose goal is to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.  THE UN ▪ The organization replaced the League of Nations which was considered to be ineffective. ▪ The UN was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another similar global conflict. ▪ The organization was formed by 51 members and is currently made up of 193 member states, Vatikan and Palestine are nonmember observers, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not recognized yet. ▪ It is a global organization that brings together its member states to work for a common goal and confront common challenges.  HISTORY OF THE UN The name “United Nations”, was coined by US President, Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Declaration by the UN of 1 January 1942 during the 2nd World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their governments to continue fighting together against the Axis powers. In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the UN conference on the International organization to draw up the UN Charter. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 member states.  GOALS OF THE UN ▪ To maintain international peace and security, and to develop friendly relations among nations. ▪ To ensure international cooperation in solving problems of economic, social, and humanitarian nature. ▪ To promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedom. ▪ To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.  ORGANS OF THE UN-GENERAL ASSEMBLY ▪ It is the main organ of the UN consisting of representatives of all the members of the U.N. Each member state has a single vote and all members are equally placed, unlike in the case of the Security Council. It generally holds regular annual sessions in September. Decisions are taken based on a simple majority, but in cases of peace, security, the election of new UN members, and budget, a two-thirds majority vote is required. ▪ The UN General Assembly elects ten non-permanent members of the Security Council.  ORGANS OF THE UN-GENERAL ASSEMBLY ▪ It elects members of The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and Trusteeship Council. ▪ It elects along with the Security Council, Judges of the International Court of Justice. ▪ It appoints the UN Secretary-General, based on the recommendation of the Security Council. It approves the UN budget. It receives and considers reports from the other UN organs. Thank you for your attendance. Have a wonderful day and week! See you next week!