Lecture 1 International Organizations PDF

What this course is about International organizations – what are they? - “secular gods” (José Alvarez: The UN in the Time of Cholera, 4 April 2014, https://www.asil.org/blogs/united-nations-time-cholera) - “Frankenstein monsters” (José Alvarez 2006, http://www.temple.edu/law/ils/CCILspeech.pdf) -...

What this course is about International organizations – what are they? - “secular gods” (José Alvarez: The UN in the Time of Cholera, 4 April 2014, https://www.asil.org/blogs/united-nations-time-cholera) - “Frankenstein monsters” (José Alvarez 2006, http://www.temple.edu/law/ils/CCILspeech.pdf) - Symbol of imperial internationalism (Mark Mazower 2009: No Enchanted Palace) - “a club for people to get together, talk and have a good time.” (US President Trump, 26 December 2016) International organizations – why do they exist and why do we need them? Academic debates 11  IGOs and NGOs (Rittberger, Zangl and Kruck, 2012: 7) IOs NGOs Established by states Established by non-state actors (usually) based on inter-state treaty “common purpose” Regional or international Local, national or transnational Examples: Examples: UN, IMF, World Food Programme Human Rights Watch, Coalition for the NATO, EU, ECOWAS International Criminal Court Bonobo Conservation Initiative (DRC) 12  What are IGOs? (1) IOs are a specific class of international institutions Institution: ‘a body of norms, rules and practices that shape behaviour and expectations, without necessarily having the physical character of an international organization.’ (Heywood 2014: 339). NOTE: We focus on formal IOs, but there are also informal IOs. 13  Categorisation of IOs (1) 1) Membership Universal: every state can become a member (UN) Limited: only some states can become a member (EU) 14  Categorisation of IOs (2) 2) Competence Comprehensive/ general purpose: IO deals with many different issues and topics (UN) Limited/ issue-specific: IO focuses on a specific theme (WTO) 15  Categorisation (3) 3) Function Rule-making organisation: makes policy and sets rules (UN) Operational organisation: executes policy (IAEA) 16  Categorisation (4) 4) Decision-making authority Intergovernmental: decision taken by all member states based on horizontal authority → pooled sovereignty Supranational: decision taken by organizational body designated by member states based on vertical authority → delegated sovereignty 17  Summary: Categorization of IOs Think – Pair - Share What are the different categories according to which we can distinguish different types of IOs? ❑ Membership ❑ Competence ❑ Function ❑ Authority 18  Three forces of IOs in world politics (Hurd 2020) Obligation Compliance Enforcement Direct Explicit Direct Indirect Implicit Indirect 19 Three views on the role of IOs in world politics (Hurd 2020) 20  IOs as Actors Legally: IOs are independent entities with legal personality. ICJ opinion 1949 on Reparations for Injuries ICC statute: ‘The court shall have international legal personality’. (Art. 4(1)) Politically: independent actorness through social recognition. collective actors that are able to do what its constituent parts are unable to do on their own. empirically evident through practices of influencing world politics (ICC arrest warrants; UN GA resolutions). 21  IOs as Fora Physical forum/ arena for debate and negotiation: - exchange of interests and information - policy-making →States as relevant actors Example: plenary organ (e.g. UN GA) 22  IOs as Resources IOs as tools in the hands of their member states pursue their own personal interests. Examples: - SC and US invasion in Iraq 2003; - IMF; - International Court of Justice. 23 Three views on the role of IOs in world politics (Hurd 2020) Actor Resource Forum 24  International Regimes International regime: ‘implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area of international relations’ (Krasner 1983: 2) Example: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime 25 Relationship between IOs and International Regimes Figure: Alter, Karen J. and Raustiala, Kal, The Rise of International Regime Complexity. Annual Review of Law and Social Sciences, 2018, UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 17-47, Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 17-30, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3085043 26  IOs and Global Governance Global Governance: “…the sum of the informal and formal ideas, values, norms, procedures, and institutions that help all actors – states, NGOs, civil society, and TNCs – identify, understand, and address trans-boundary problems” (Weiss and Wilkinson 2014, as quoted in: Karns, Mingst and Stiles 2015) Figure: Najam, Adil & Christopoulou, Ioli & Moomaw, William. (2004). The Emergent "System" of Global Environmental Governance. Global Environmental Politics. 4. 23-35. 10.1162/glep.2004.4.4.23. 27 Summary: What did we learn today? 1. Definitions and concepts: What are IOs? 2. Categorization of IOs: Core characteristics membership competence function authority 3. Three forces of IOs: Obligation, Compliance, Enforcement 4. Three views on the role of IOs in World Politics: Actors, Fora, Tools 5. Other important concepts: regime; global governance 28