Ir Theory Lec 3.pdf

International Institutions and Treates 1) What are international Institutions · consist of cooperatives with more than one state "หลา ย'ปแ...

International Institutions and Treates 1) What are international Institutions · consist of cooperatives with more than one state "หลา ย'ปแ ม ·Institutions at international level take many forms - ·International Governmental Organizations ·International Treaties · ·International Declarations 1 ออ 'ต ·International governmental organizations most ,วนให of the time consist of #กา Cracies ·Buildings, Personal, Mandates, Budgets, Operating Procedure, etc International Treaties & ·At all international institutions require # #crac ·Many institutions have no physical structures at al Treates and Regimes. Treatives consist of ระบ บก. ปกครอง a particular teement #states ·Regimes consist of a set of guidelines, rules, norms, and treaties. Wha t are Treaties? ·A contract between two or more states res ·The states are seen as equal before the lawithere is no law above what states create for themsel signature is not enoug ·Treates become building after they # When a specified condition of tion/ acceptance occurs states create their own rules... ·And they create all exceptions to those rules > reservation, applyonecountr done for particular state 1) Rotations are # time of signature or ratification taking exception to a particulare part of the treaty stake exception to some rule apply all country #ht are written in the treates and allow all members to take exceptions under specific conditi Leaving Treaties · can't leave just part treatly of ·Must not make it impossible for others to fulfill their obligations in treaty ·states may withdraw because fraud, corruption, corcion, of erro or ·Most treates establish how states must leave treaties, with some notice 6มเล :Treates dissolve implicitly from Future treates  ระบ บ8งค Regime Theory -help state cooperate more from defect-defect - cooperate-cooperate ·Assume station is#sible and likely in international affairs · based 9ือไ on a " convergence - suppor exceptations of - ·Regime Facilitate such a convergence of exceptions International Regimes ·Regimes are sets of rules, norms, and treates that govern the conduct in a particular issue dred·Regime's definitio Functionalism functioning pity andcontributeto of the whol ·partsmaintain the the ·Social constructs function like organism Proces ะ, =ค functionalism in 1 (แญ ร รวม@นAใBเCน F unct ioning Procedur ·An International Regime exists though the functional parts: Principles, Norms, Rules, Decision- Making work. Feel part can't function without the whole and the whole can't function without each part I can not remove part Neo- Liberal Institutionalist Theory ec "ผลต state Behavior International Regimes: Why do state create regimes? Fน Eรกรร reduce transaction costs · regimes ·creating agreements for each transaction is costly · regimes allow Frameworks within which other transactions take place- reducing the costs state are not forced to change behavior · Framework Convention on Climate Change subsequent negotiations · WTO and subsequent negotiations ผสาน · regimes coordinate activity Future activities based on past agreements ก.วน ซ ·Create iteration of action between states · create consistency and coordination of behavior. states know what to expect because there is a history of action between states. There is a history of cooperation create history of cooperation · Interpol, Nuclear Weapons Regime help coordinate behavior without new treaties ไI่ cheatโIปLง state Want to know - Regimes create increased transparency and trust: norms, Guidelines, and costly Signals ความM now others #t ·There is a lot of uncertainty and secrecy in international politics  · How do states know what other states are going ·times Here communication and present state actions in writing Information Benefits Nายทอ · regimes transmit information between parties · regimes create a pattern of communication and trus · Regines Signal intentions costly Signal?) through negations Singnaling costly US cheap. Signaling at a cost is believable อPบา. signaling without any cost is ( talk & Normative Power of Law / Even if there is no punishment, people don't want to break the law ( บรรQดฐา (Myanmar) Montreal convention International Institution ·Lots of study on international institutions international Instutions reduce treaty and regime · All instutions can basically be reduced to a treaty or a regime (set of treatives and rule แต Tบเป็น internation al Institutio n s V" ่ ·EU is an international institution, but has a treaty as Its primary governing document The Power of Norms ·Norms are generally seen as weaker than internationall law power norm weaker กWา La เXาถึงคน คนอย า กAมาก ·But norms can reach father than formal law all states ·Norms # \ดม คน จะ มาเป ็นแนวท างแ บ บไI่Fอ ง "/ aw ม ·Once internalized, norms become #behavior and international laws are no longer needed summary ·Treates are #acts reduce conflict ·Regimes as solutions to international conflict and #cooperatio ·Treaty definitions and Treaty Components Decisions and International Relations and IR ~9อไ Decision Making ·Most theories thus farbox" " the individual and groups. State &their own best interest ·States are al" ·But is this true? Are states rational? Do states make mistakes? Do individuals make mistakes? Do groups make mistake? Theories of Decision Making in 18 ·States Rational Choice Decision Making ·Misperceptions and Errors in Decision Making ระบบราชกา ·Batic Decision Making ·Organizational Political Decision Making  13 steps of rationality 11 Explore all choice What is rationality? Examine 2) values ·Not "rational" highest values 3) pick the ·Central to all economic and game theory · decision making best way to decision making /the to rationality · Always compared ู้`กaว - ร What is formal rationality? 1gather alterernatives · know all the choices possible ·No choice is y All choice is effective · Examine possible answer before making a decision every What is formal rationality2k now effect ·Determine the deof all possible choices ·Determine the ·Abilities of different outcomes ประโย What is formal rationality ?s) maximize utility · Utility is the benefit received · Always choose the highest Utility เbอก Choicecbenefit เd eประโ ยชf ็นแ · No altruism; hurt yourself to save others sacrifice same age far others Are States Rationa rationality ·The/" paverage capt of · states act as if they are rational even if they are not ·The voice" proposal ·There are many opinions and - discussions, so states are rational *not reality Rationality is # ·Individual Hyper- rationality - is -Possible ·We cannot process all the informatio · ters can #trational but limited be J·ervisi Perception and Misperception Error in decision making ·Overestimating one's influence gตว่า aว เ อง ค. hง ·Misinterpreting -altruism the intentions of others ·seeing what one wants rather than what is there ค. stable Individual Cognition: iCognitive Consistency. everyone maintains beliefs about the worl ·New facts and observations enter our minds every day ·How do we deal with this complexityi  สอดค6อ ·We understand the facts /change their meaning so they are consistent with our prio understandin Individual Cognition in Simplification and Stereotyping ·The world is complex and multi- causal ·Too much information and complexity ·How do we deal with it? ·We simplify and stereotype · We #I like items despite dissimilarities น -> - - - -  #ntific Constructivism ·The goal of constructivist theory is to help us understand and interpret the world in which we live ·Incorporating the constructed elements as a "given" part of our current system and societ The objective world exists but there are interpretations and social elements, so we use science as far as it takes US wendt Constructivism 1.structures are create by #teractionand shared Ideas rather than materialist factor * 2. identities and interests are constructed by actors เC · Agency and structure are mutually constitutive constructivism/Also emphasizes the importance of material factors, though their meaning is dependent positivis on social structur wendt ·Attempts to - t positivist epistemology h with an interpretivist e ontology ·We should use - scientific methods to learn as much as we can about the world in which we liv. Our world is constituted by our beliefs and identities, which also changes the world 8 Language #theor - EM ancipation - ก. เ{กทา ·The study of international relations should at Its essence promote emancipation. - ·Scholars should always work to remove power structures andviduals fro odominance r by others though the discovery or development of Knowledge And Freedom are inherently connected Good and Just Society ก.แสวงหา and Ethical Concerns * are Central to research projects and scholarly pursuits · society should universalize some moral principles; material inequality should be reduced we should respect ethnic, cultural, and gender, differences. Knowledge is Power kknowledge is inherently#cal · theorizing ีค requires a specific would view or political ( changes perspective and thus the politics and ก. ม. of Knowledge aren' t separable on Post - Modernism Theory Ideas ALLLLLLLLLL the Way ·Everything is constructed · our knowledge, our vision, our measures, our methods, are all created / constructed Method ·Discovering and tracing dominant discoures over time. · There is no discovering knowledge, but simply understanding how knowledge develops chow the discourse develops and is maintained · knowledge is contextual with in a time and place · Derride and seconstructionist methods) sovereightly. The world is not a static objective reality · Sovereignity and anarchy are not the essential components of our syste. There peaceful systems are more just and to organize our society feasibility ( Mearsheimert · constructivist Ideas provide no alternative to the current international system that is promised to be bette. The idea that a more peaceful or better system is feasible is questionable Very little empirical evidence to back up such claims of better systems, that we can desig such a a system How do you wake by everyday? ·The lack of causality or scientific methodprevents progressive system ·There is no use of evidence to adjudicate between truth claims  · #cs Norms, Culture, Constructivist Revie and Ideas i ·Constructivism relies on collective understandings rather than titive realities - International ·Groups maintain perceptions and perspectives differently from other groups Politics ·These perceptions of reality #ally determine behavior Logics of Decision 1) Logic of Adriationess Inorms base on this ·Make decisions based on normal appropriate or Of 2) Logic consequences = > ·Make decisions based on +ns of the consequences Wha t are "norms"? Logic of Appropriatenes ·Based oncal or #learning operate waly in similar ·such as Standard Operating - procedures ·Does not require any evaluation of the consequences of behavior ·Identities change and so do appropriate behavior "Normal" State Behavior? ·Attending global conferences like the one on climate change - despite what consequences may result from attendance not nuclear weapons despite the losing ·Do use potential for war Evaluationary Norm ·Norms are create though # d action and pushing those who don't conform · Later the norm becomesplaceandnis nott necessary · violators may be punished occasionally to maintain the norm  norm not require punishment - state like norm- punishment is costly * Punishment is costly for individuals and governments /groups. A norm is more efficient because it does not require constant application or potential application norm of punishmen คน A}ด ho that tell people to punish trangressors of lower- level norm generate punishment mechanism chow, by whom? ( - to ·Meta- norms - may also operate Attraction and Feeling ·Beyond Norms- can state feel? ·Are states "Attractive" ·Are states angry, sad, depressed, egotistical, etc.? - Xอ~พ าทแ vง Don't have correct answe What is Culture? Determing culture ·raphy - People who live together generally share other characteristics and form a culture community ·- Religious beliefs provide a basic grounding in principles of human interaction and governance ·mic Development - Different level of development generally provide different general culture characteristics What kinds of culture are there? Inglehart - Weizel Measure ·onalism versus Stationalism st versus pression 9 % Example of Potential Cultural Influences ·Are states more likely to trade and interact with other countries of similar culture? which ones? ·Are states more likely to have conflict with those of different cultures?  & = Huntington's Thesis pright · Civilizations, primarily the western civilization and the Eastern wil #h in the near future · Asian countries will not balance against China, they willind to form the Sinic civilizatio รวมaว ·Islamic countries as well will #hting each other and will conslesce to fight the wes ·Russia and Japan are "swing" civilizations and their future association is unknown ·2 Types of conflict will result 1) Internal to the state ·On borders between different to different civs populations belonging 2) Stat ·state dominated by civilizations may conflict with other states ·states internal struggles may extend outward Francis takayam ·The End of History occurred with the fall of the Soviet Union. The ton the culture < war and capitalism will y spread and will become the dominate political and cultural system in the World summary ·Constructivism - no objective facts, only subjective collective understanding เพร): punishment costly and norm not require punishment · Norms - " ractices in international relations ·Culture and Religion - Is there and impact on 14 Western will not East each other Islam Right fakayama WesterntheEnd us · Huntington,and Clash of Civilization for of History supportwill chin  · faminism and International Relations What is faminism? · Feminism is a social theory ·theoriesexplain and change the way the world works ·It is #- tell us how we should behave, not just how tive states do behave ·Most theories are social theories whether theorists wish it or not · Feminism blurs distinction between the public and the private sphere idual focusing - Faminism Basics => Other theory is state focusing, but faminism is " ·Takes gender and sex as central components to defining our world · Most theories ignore gender or sex completely · Attempts to change the world though.ปลดป€อ the examination of sex/gender influences ก ูก กด · Many Feminits have emancipatory goals for women and other gender based oppressed groups · Focuses on eliminating individual security problems - ·structural inequality between genders leave some groups more insecure than others Concept Basics มวภา ี sex is biological - กายภาพ · Gender is Sociological ·security includes "all forms of violence, including physical, structural, and ecologica Security includes internal to states, not just of the state itself ว - - - - ภาƒ - - -  14 Theories ·Awho developed international creation s theories were institutionalism were both basically created #en peralism 3 Feminism Type 1) Liberal Feminism ·my„…!!1 i s ·Look at the data on how many women are in what positions in politics ·A Numbers gam. The goal of liberal Feminism is to remove barriers for women - ·Remove legal barriers for women to enter into advanced fields Pour the women in and mix up the pot Critics of Liberal Feminism roots of discrimination and gender differences than legal barriers ·Deeper ·Mixing in the women will not necessarily change the out som 2) Standpoint Feminism ·Women and men have different stand points Differenct theories are developed ·standpoint determines different views ·women have a different standpoint from men and see things differently than men ·Derived from Difference Feminism Difference feminism suggests that there are inherent differences between men and women ·Exclusions from power create a unique perspective from which to view international politics Standpoint Primary Focus ·IR Focus on war and conflict is from the perspective of men Power for feminists is the ability to make change and work together - not control  · self- help system is atomistic, Feminism focusses on groups and collective action ·Men threaten each other rather than nurture each other ·Creating static views rather than fluid one, where concepts and understandings influence how we live critique of Standpoint Theory ·standpoint is not static ·As women take gender roles in society the standpoint erodes on other words, when women take positions of large power, they lose their Feminist standpoint 3) Post - modern Feminism ·# critique of gender in /R ·Deepest roots of bidses in both the public and private sphere ·strong constructivist and critical theorist Underpinnings ·All interpretations of the world are influenced by our gender ·No interpretation is truth ·Gender and sex are mutually constitutive critique of Post modern Femism ·Denial of knowledge and truth reduces the ability to emancipate women there can be no "goal" without some sense of truth for where the world should be · Women reduced to gender place them in similar categories with some men. · Reduces other Feminist theories as constructed" Where are the women? Women and Wa ·Women and children have become greater casualties during more recent wars · Women and children amount to most of the refugee's population ·Women are often forced into prostitution around military bases in the world Tender and War · Women reinforce gender notions of honor and strength through fighting and conflict · To not fight is "girly" or Feminine in some way · Men Fight to protect those who can't- women and children at home Women and Comba Deep division between liberal equality allowing women into war and gendered notions of what soldiers look lik ·bying women is usually more disturbing than dying men · Gender and equality conflict here Women and Peace ·Most peace movements maintaining strong Female voices · Women are seen as more peaceful, nurturing, and mothering than men Women and Economi ู่ใFส อย ·Women's subordination in economic development stems from gendered terms thouse wife" and "rational man" ·Going back as far as 7th Century Europe Gender and Work ·women entering the workplace - leaving the home are disproportionately part of " caring" careers. Those in teaching and nursing for example ·Women are seen as supplemental wage earners" rather than primary sources Women have double by parents of Work ·After leaving the home, women still have to do the house generally work equality doesn't reach enough into private spheres Gender deep. Faminism as &5 theory  /affect state behavior International Institutio · cooperative more than one states not all is bureaucracy bureaucracy · take many form e. g. 100', International Treates and regimes, Int. Declaration Treates = agreement btw. state ↓sta Regimes = consists to create own of a set of rules and guidline, exception norm, to those rule rules, and treates 1) #ration : take exception to a particular part of rules + done at the time of Signature /ratification - apply one country +: are written in the treatives and allow all member to take exception + apply to all country Regime Theory · cooperation ·base on Convergence of exception i regime support this Functionalism ·Part maintain the stability and contribute to the functioning of the Whole · natural selectio ·Social construct function like - ism ·International Regime = functional part · Eeah part can't retion without the whole and the whole can't function without each part I can not remove part Why do state create regime? 1) reduce transaction cost 2) coordinate Activity ไมcheat +โปLง 3) increasetransparency and trust · regime เ† มGration , communication , negotiati Signal Costly US cheap International Institutio · decrease treaties, But EU is Int. Ins. that have treates The Power of Norm seen as weaker than law reach father than law ·Once internationalize - usual behavio · No punishment summar ·Treatles = contract · regime create cooperation Section Making in IR ·state act in their It interest * ·state are dl not reality) ·l decision making no altruism 3 Process ll Explore all choice 2) Examine Value 3) Pick the best choice Rational is an Ideal not a reality ·Individual hyper- rational is not possible ·We can't process all information Vervis: Error in decision making Individual cognition 5 types new facts/ observation enter our mind every day our prior understanding ↓ Cognitive consistency: We Understand the facts /change their meaning they consisten with ~ so are ↳ -Simplification -personality stress - and Stereotyping: Group like Negative: government decisio Items despite dissimilarity ↳ stress - the the Positive: Professional decision /goodt correct decision Cognitio hard in real world · Difficult to study outside a Lab Prospect Theory Agains and losses 1) #ce of Gains: People don't take risk for big gains 2) of losses: People #ce take big risk for avoiding losses A When people face biger losses = biger risk ·in international affairs big risk = " war": state continue conflict when lossing conflict Group think inon- rational Decisions ·sobial dynamics interfer with rationality unit ·Conformity and group Identificatio ·G characteristic esclusion of Invulnerability: We don't wrong, All decision are the best ones 2) Stereotype: Negative stereotypes for outsiders 3) Rationalization: ignore new ideds 4) I self -consorship: silence when disagre 5) Unanimity: Disagreement Silence 6) Pressure and mind-guards: against oppositional statement  · Group think result: more extreme decisions, non- optimal decision, decision are self- reinforcing ·Groupthink Example: the bay of pigs l US lose ( ubal Other Non- Rational decisio 1) Bureaucratic Politics Model: competition among group 21 Organization Politics: routines, base on history rpast experiences not future possibility Decision Summary ·few decision are hyper- rational · Groupthink · Bureaucratic Politics Decisio ? · Newer Model of Decision Making - Poliheuristic decision Positivis ( ·epistemology and ontology + science · world is #ective seperate from our interpretatio oppositiona theory #tes: we can observe everything about the world and deduct knowledge though our observations #me: we cannot observe consation, we can ter only causation Constructivism come from sociolog ·science is uต # retation of reality ·ective determinants ·Constructivism contrast to Materialist Theories · Liberal and Realist theories might use ided as causation, but there are also materialist dimension Soveriengty = reality Institution and norms - world power ·Constructivism have no assuption of identities for interests of international actors unlike realism and liberalism Actors and Agency · state, individual and institution are actors that have agency in international system · Actors are es animal · Decision are based on # Phenomenology: the stydy of how our Ideasebeliefs affect the understanding of the thing we study what exis Interpretatio ·distinguishes the natural sciences from social sciences Hermeneutics: Language gives meaning to objects  Intersubjective: structure of international System base on Intersubjective Ideas and understanding Intersubjective -share norms and rule Peace of Westphalid: Partly codified the share understanding of sovereignty - sovereignty is not objective part of the system, but a convergence of share expectations and Ideas Slavery: new intersubjective norm of human rights Rules 2 Types ↑Regulative rules: constraints to an existing actio Constitutive Rules: constraints to create and activity or define the activity The state: define by Constitutive rules Law of the sea: define by regulative rules NormS ·Value that define appropriate behavior ·Norms can operate as either constitutive / regulative rules Social Scientific Constructivis · goal of constructivism theory = help us Understand and interpret the world *. The objective world exists but there are interpretations and social elements, so we use science as far as it takes US wendt constructivism +ided Sharing ·structure are create by social interaction rater than materialist fators Combin ·Also emphasizes the Importance of material factors, though their meaning is dependent positivism + on social structur constructivis ·Attempts to combine positivist epistemology and interpretativist contolog ·We methods to learn as much should #fic as we can about the world In which we liv. Our world is constituted by our beliefs and identities, which also changes the world Critical Theory เ{กทา =mancipation : Promote emancipation + free individual from oppression or dominance by Other Good and Just societ Knowledge is Power : knowledge is political and aquisition of knowledge aren't seperable Post - Modernism Theory ·Everything is construct by our mind Method There is no discovering knowledge, but simply understanding how knowledge develops chow the discourse and is maintained sovereignty. The world is not a static objective reality. Sovereignty is not required for lut. System ค. เCนไปไ feasibility ( Mearsheimers: no alternative to the current international system that is promised to be bette Critic Constructivist Revie ·Constructivism = collective understanding not objective realities ·And it partially determine behavior Logic of Decisio -Aตามnor 1) Logic of Appropriateness: what is normal or appropriate ‡ /gดถึงผล Mพ 2) Logic of Consequences: evaluations of the consequences Evaluation of Norms ·Norm are create though repeated actio. Norm becomes commonplace and not require punishment Anorm not require punishment - state like norm- punishment is costly Determing Culture -Geography ↳ -Religio ECONOMIC What kinds of culture are there? Inglehart - Weizel Measure ·onalism versus Stationalism st versus pression Huntington's Thesi ·Civilizations: Western will clash eastern the common culture of Ching and Chinese communities in Southeast Asia ·Asian countries will join ching to form the sutilizatio ·Islam countries will stop tigth each other and will conslesce to fight the west ·Russia and Japan are " swing" civilization ·2 lypes of conflict will result 1) Internal to the state ·On borders between different to different civs populations belonging 2) Stat ·state dominated by civilizations may conflict with other states ·states internal struggles may extend outward? Francis takayama ·The End of History occurred with the fall of the Soviet Union The west won the culture war and capitalism will ·y spread and will become the dominate political and cultural system in the World summary ·Constructivism - no objective facts, only subjective collective understanding เพร): punishment costly and norm not require punishment · Norms - " ractices in international relations ·Culture and Religion - Is there and impact on 14 Western us will not East each other Islam Right Western win ·Huntington and Clash of Civilization for fakayama and the End of History? Insid will support chin