IPC Study Guide (2) PDF

IPC topics Unit 3 (material world) States of matter (testing materials for different properties) o Solid o Liquid o Gas Magnetism (testing materials to find out wich are attracted to magnets) o What is magnetism? o Lodestone...

IPC topics Unit 3 (material world) States of matter (testing materials for different properties) o Solid o Liquid o Gas Magnetism (testing materials to find out wich are attracted to magnets) o What is magnetism? o Lodestone o What is magnet? o How magnets are made? o Types of magnets o Use of magnets Unit 4 (The nature of life) Living thing and non living things (How do we know if something is living) o What are living things? o What are non/libing things? o Difference between living and non living things o Characteristics of living things and non living things. Animal’s classification (Do all animals start as an egg? o Vertebrates ▪ Mammals ▪ Birds ▪ Fish ▪ Amphibians ▪ Reptiles o Invertebrates ▪ Insects ▪ Arachnids ▪ Molluscs ▪ Annelids ▪ Crustaceans ▪ Echinoderms IPC topics Unit 3 (material world) States of matter (testing materials for different properties) States of matter The three most common states are known as solid, liquid and gas. A single element or compound of matter might exist in more than one state, depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. One common example is water, which can exist in solid, liquid and gaseous forms and can be readily observed in each of these states. Solid o Have a fixed shape and volume. o The particles are tihgtly packed and vibrate in place. o Examples: Ice, rocks and wood. Liquid o Have Fixed volume but take the shape of their container. o Particles are close together but can move around freely. o Examples: Water, juice, and oil  Gas o Have no Fixed shape or volumen; they expand of till their container. o Particles are for apart and move quickly. o Examples: Air, steam, and helium. Changes of state o Melting: Solid > Liquid (e.g. ice melting into water) o Freezing: Liquid > Solid (e.g. water freezing into ice) o Evaporation: Liquid > Gas (e.g. water turning into steam) o Condesation: Gas > Liquid (e.g. water vapor condensing into dew) o Sublimation: Solid > Gas (e.g. dry ice turning directly into gas) o Deposition: Gas > Solid (e.g. frost forming on a surface) o Temperature is a major factor in state changes. Adding heat (energy) often moves matter to a higher-energy state (e.g. Solid > liquid > gas) o Removing heat does the opposite (e.g. gas > liquid > solid) Magnetism (testing materials to find out wich are attracted to magnets) o What is magnetism? ▪ Magnetism in the force exerted by magnets when they attract or repeal each other. Magnetism is caused by the motion of electric charges. Every substance is made up of tiny units called atoms. o Lodestone ▪ A piece of magnetite or other naturally magnetized mineral, able to be used as a magnet ▪ Some animals, such pigeons, bees and salmon, can detect Earth’s magnetic field and use it to navigate. o What is magnet? ▪ A magnet is an object that produce a magnetic field, which attracts certain materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel. ▪ Magnets have two poles: North and South. Opposite poles, attract, and like poles repel. o How magnets are made? ▪ The process of making a magnets involve two main types: natural magnets (like lodestone) and man-made magnets. ▪ For the man-made magnets, the steps include: Raw material: common materials include: iron, cobalt, nickel, and alloy like neodymium or alnico. Melting and mixing: these materials are heated to high temperatures and mixed to form a magnetic alloy.  Shaping the magnet: the molten alloy is poured into molds to create desired shapes. Cooling and solidifying: the material is cooled slowly to solidify into a hard magnet. Magnetization: The shaped material is place in a strong magnetic field to align the domains (tiny regions inside the material). This process makes the object permanently magnetic. o Types of magnets ▪ Permanent magnets: Retain their magnetic properties for a long time (e.g. bar magnets) ▪ Temporary Magnets: become magnetic only when in a magnetic field (e.g. paperclips) ▪ Electromagnets: Created by passing electric current through coils of wire around the core. o Use of magnets ▪ Electonics: speakers, microphones, and motors ▪ Daily life: refrigerator magnets, compasses. ▪ Industrial applications: lifting heavy metals, sorting recycling. Unit 4 (The nature of life) Living thing and non living things (How do we know if something is living) o What are living things? ▪ Living thing are things that are alive. They grow, move, breathe, era, and have babies. Examples: animals, plants, and people. o What are non/libing things? ▪ Non living things, are things that are not alive. They don’t grow, breathe, or need food. Examples: rocks, chairs, and water. o Difference between living and non living things ▪ Living things can grow, move, and make babies. ▪ Non-living things cannot grow, move by themselves, or make babies. ▪ Examples: A dog (living) can run and grow, but a toy dog (non- living) cannot. ▪ o Characteristics of living things and non living things ▪ They grow and develop ▪ They requiere food, wataaer, and air, to survive. ▪ They can reproduce  ▪ They respond to stimuli in their environment. ▪ They can move, either internally or externally ▪ They undergo process like respiration and excretion. ▪ For the non living things, their main characteristics are: ▪ They do not grow, reproduce, or respond to stimuli. ▪ They do not need food, water, or air. ▪ They remain the same unless acted upon by external forces Animal’s classification (Do all animals start as an egg? Animals are sortee into two groups: Vertebrates: Animals with backbone inside their body Invertebrates: No backbone o Vertebrates: are animals that have a backbone or spinal column. ▪ Mammals Warm-blooded vertebrates with fur or hair; most give live birth and produce milk. Some examples are: humans, lions, whales, and bats. ▪ Birds Warm-blooded vertebrates with feathers, wings, and beaks, they lay eggs. Some examples are: eagles, penguins, and sparrows. ▪ Fish Cold-blooded vertebrates that live in water and breathe through gills. Some examples are: salmon, sharks, and clownfish. ▪ Amphibians Cold-blooded vertebrates that begin life in water and often move to land as adults. Some examples are: frogs, salamanders, and newts ▪ Reptiles Cold-blooded vertebrates with scaly skin: most lay eggs. Some examples are: snakes. Lizards, and turtles. o Invertebrates: Are animals that do not have backbone. ▪ Insects Are invertebrate with six legs, three body parts (head, thorax, abdome), and usually wings. Some examples are: Butterflies, ants, and beetles. ▪ Arachnids Are invertebrates, with eight legs and two body segments (cephalothorax and abdomen) Some examples are: spiders, scorpions, and ticks. ▪ Molluscs Are invertebrates because they have soft-bodies often with a hard shell. Some examples are: snails, octopuses, and clams. ▪ Annelids Segmented worms with a cylindrical body. Some examples are: earthworms, leeches, and ragworms. ▪ Crustaceans Aquatic invertebrates with a hard exoskeleton, jointed legs, and two pairs of antennae. Some examples are Crabs, lobsters, and shrimp. ▪ Echinoderms Marine invertebrates with spiny skin and unique water vascular system. Some examples are: starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Questions that must work to study. (Christmas present for all of you) States of Matter 1. What are the three states of matter? Solid, liquid, and gas. 2. What is an example of each state of matter? Solid: Ice, rock. Liquid: Water, juice. Gas: Air, helium. 3. How do solids, liquids, and gases differ? Solids have a fixed shape and volume. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container. Gases have no fixed shape or volume and fill their container. 4. What happens during changes of state? Melting: Solid turns into liquid. Freezing: Liquid turns into solid. Evaporation: Liquid turns into gas. Condensation: Gas turns into liquid. Sublimation: Solid turns into gas. Deposition: Gas turns into solid. 5. What role does temperature play in changes of state? Adding heat moves matter to a higher-energy state (e.g., solid to liquid). Removing heat does the opposite. Magnetism 6. What is magnetism? It is a force that makes magnets attract or repel each other. 7. What is a magnet? An object that produces a magnetic field and attracts certain materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel. 8. What are the types of magnets? Permanent magnets: Stay magnetic. Temporary magnets: Magnetic only near another magnet. Electromagnets: Use electricity to create magnetism. 9. How are magnets used? In speakers, compasses, and lifting heavy objects. Living and Non-Living Things 10. What are living things? Things that grow, move, breathe, and reproduce (e.g., animals, plants). 11. What are non-living things? Things that don’t grow or reproduce (e.g., rocks, water). 12. What are the differences between living and non-living things? Living things grow, move, and reproduce. Non-living things do not grow, move on their own, or reproduce. Animal Classification 13. What are vertebrates? Animals with a backbone. 14. What are invertebrates? Animals without a backbone. 15. What are the types of vertebrates? Mammals: Warm-blooded, have hair or fur, give live birth. Birds: Warm-blooded, have feathers, lay eggs.  Fish: Cold-blooded, live in water, breathe through gills. Amphibians: Begin life in water, live on land as adults. Reptiles: Cold-blooded, scaly skin, most lay eggs. 16. What are the types of invertebrates? Insects: Six legs, three body parts (e.g., ants). Arachnids: Eight legs, two body parts (e.g., spiders). Molluscs: Soft bodies, often with shells (e.g., snails). Annelids: Segmented worms (e.g., earthworms). Crustaceans: Hard exoskeletons, jointed legs (e.g., crabs). Echinoderms: Spiny skin, live in water (e.g., starfish).