Enlightenment and Neoclassicism PDF

Introductory of the Enlightenment and neoclassicism. Slide 2 of overview- The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, logic, and scientific thought. Philosophers like John Locke, Voltaire, and...

Introductory of the Enlightenment and neoclassicism. Slide 2 of overview- The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, logic, and scientific thought. Philosophers like John Locke, Voltaire, and Immanuel Kant championed ideas such as individual liberty, separation of church and state, and the importance of education. This period saw a shift away from traditional authority and religious dogma towards a more secular and empirical approach to understanding the world. Neoclassicism, which emerged in the mid-18th century, was heavily influenced by the Enlightenment\'s ideals. It was an artistic and cultural movement that sought to revive the classical art and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. Neoclassical art is characterized by its emphasis on simplicity, symmetry, and proportion. Artists like Jacques-Louis David and architects like Robert Adam drew inspiration from classical antiquity to create works that embodied clarity, order, and rationality. This period also saw the rise of literature that mirrored these values, with writers such as Alexander Pope and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe producing works that reflected the neoclassical ideals of harmony and restraint. Slide 3 Objects topics Just read them- - An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) - Diderot's encyclopedia (1751--65) - Joseph Wright\'s, A Philosopher Giving A Lecture at the Orrery(1764-1766) - Psyche Revived by Cupid\'s Kiss (1777) - Voltaire (1778) - Oath of the Horatii (1784) - The Death of Socrates (1787) - Monticello-Neoclassical building (1772-1809) - steam engine locomotives (1804) - Volta\'s pile (1805) Slide 4 Timeline- Key points on the timeline: - **Early Enlightenment (mid-17th century):** Early thinkers like René Descartes and Francis Bacon lay the foundation for Enlightenment ideas emphasizing reason and scientific inquiry.  - **High Enlightenment (mid-to-late 18th century):** Major Enlightenment philosophers like Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Locke publish influential works promoting ideas like individual liberty, social contracts, and natural rights.  - **Rise of Neoclassicism (mid-18th century):** Artistic styles begin to reflect Enlightenment ideals, with a focus on classical forms, symmetry, and themes of civic virtue, seen in the works of artists like Jacques-Louis David.  - **Peak of Neoclassicism (late 18th century):** The Neoclassical movement reaches its height, with prominent artists like Antonio Canova and Benjamin West creating iconic works.  - **Decline of Neoclassicism (early 19th century):** Romanticism emerges as a counter movement, gradually replacing Neoclassicism as the dominant artistic style.  Slide 5 The origin- The Enlightenment is often linked to the Scientific Revolution. Its important philosophical ideas were centered around reason, logic, and individual liberty. The Enlightenment originated in Europe during the late 17th century, primarily in England, where Neoclassicism arose as a manifestation of the Enlightenment. Slide 6- revolutions The Enlightenment promoted critiques of the monarchy, specifically King Louis XVI and the aristocracy. Thinkers of this era denounced it as immoral and indecent, advocating for a new artistic approach that would embody morality and instruct people on right and wrong. In 1789, the French Revolution began. At the beginning, the revolutionaries merely sought a constitution to restrict the king's authority. This aligns with the ideas of the notable English philosopher John Locke, who wrote about natural rights in his essay discussed in the next slide. - Slide 7 Object \#1, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) John Locke\'s \"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding\" is regarded as a foundational text in philosophy. It is among the earliest significant arguments in favor of modern empiricism, positing that all knowledge arises from sensory experience and that people are born as a \"blank slate\" (tabula rasa). This work greatly influenced the development of Enlightenment ideals, particularly regarding knowledge and human rights. One of its most notable contributions is the concept of natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, which had a profound effect on political revolutions, especially the American Revolution. Governments derive their authority from the consent of the people, tasked with safeguarding individual rights and promoting the common good. When they neglect these responsibilities, it is the right of the people to resist and establish new governance. Locke\'s significance lies in his advocacy for the right to revolution, as well as his support for majority rule and the separation of legislative from executive powers. With the continuation of political and philosophical ideals, the next slide discusses a published piece from a multi-volume work that aimed to gather and share all knowledge. - Slide 8 Object \#2, Diderot's encyclopedia (1751--65) Diderot sought to gather all existing knowledge in one location, making it accessible to every literate person. He envisioned the encyclopedia as a web of connections that would help readers discover relationships among diverse fields of knowledge. It included a broad spectrum of topics, such as absolute monarchy, beekeeping, intolerance, pin-making, and Zanzibar. One of the major outcomes of the French Revolution in 1789 was the abolishment of nobility and hereditary titles, which was mirrored in the growing antagonism towards the nobility noted in the Encyclopédie. The encyclopedia contained thousands of illustrations that complemented many of the text entries. Throughout its publication, the project encountered Jesuit censorship numerous times due to its progressive and contentious content. It championed the skepticism and rationalism of the Enlightenment and significantly contributed to the intellectual foundation for the French Revolution. - Slide 9 discussion about science and space during the Enlightenment period: The Enlightenment marks a time of intellectual growth, prioritizing reason, science, and knowledge acquisition. This period saw remarkable progress in fields like astronomy and physics, fundamentally changing humanity\'s view of the universe. A striking depiction of this thirst for knowledge is found in Joseph Wright\'s painting, \"A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery.\" - Slide 10 Object \#3, Joseph Wright\'s, A Philosopher Giving A Lecture at the Orrery(1764-1766) This piece authentically captures the spirit of the Enlightenment. It showcases a diverse group of individuals gathered around an orrery---an intricate model of the solar system. Orreries were used to educate people about the heliocentric model, a significant scientific breakthrough at the time, which allowed individuals to visualize the relative positions and motions of the planets **Symbolic significance:** - The orrery represented the \"clockwork universe\" concept, illustrating the order and predictability of the cosmos, which aligned with Enlightenment ideals of reason rationalism - The artwork vividly conveys the wonder and curiosity of the era, showcasing how people from various backgrounds came together to explore the cosmos and its governing principles. Wright\'s skillful use of light and shadow not only highlights the scientific tool but also symbolizes the enlightening power of knowledge and exploration. - Slide 11 Talking about the rise of neoclassicism mid 18^th^ century and how its spreading. Neoclassicism emerged in the mid-18th century as a reaction against the ornate and elaborate style of the Baroque and Rococo periods. It was inspired by the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman art and culture, which were seen as embodying ideals of simplicity, harmony, and rationality. The movement began in Rome, where the archaeological excavations of classical sites such as Pompeii and Herculaneum influenced many artists and scholars. These discoveries fueled a renewed interest in classical antiquity and its artistic principles. As the exciting ideas of Neoclassicism began to spread, they discovered a welcoming home in different corners of Europe, like France, Germany, and Britain. Influential figures, such as the passionate Johann Joachim Winckelmann, were enthusiastic champions of the movement, making a compelling case that ancient Greek art was the highest point of artistic achievement. Neoclassicism embraced the beauty of clarity, order, and balanced emotion, often drawing inspiration from the enchanting tales of classical mythology and rich history. - Slide 12 key points - Neoclassicism emerged in the mid-18th century as a reaction against Baroque and Rococo styles. - Inspired by the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman art and culture. - Emphasized simplicity, harmony, and rationality. - Began in Rome, influenced by archaeological excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum. - Renewed interest in classical antiquity and its artistic principles. - Spread to France, Germany, and Britain. - Championed by influential figures like Johann Joachim Winckelmann. - Embraced clarity, order, and balanced emotion. - Slide 13 Baroque and Rococo periods The Baroque and Rococo periods were fascinating artistic movements that thrived in Europe from the late 16th century to the mid-18th century. Starting around 1600, the Baroque period dazzled with its dramatic, emotional, and grand style. Artists and architects of this vibrant era aimed to inspire awe and wonder, using bold contrasts, intricate details, and lively compositions to capture the imagination. We still cherish the iconic works of masters like Caravaggio, Bernini, and Rembrandt, who truly excelled at conveying deep emotions and artistry movement. After the Baroque period emerged the Rococo era in the early 18th century, introducing a lighter and more playful spirit to art and design. Rococo art is known for its ornate elegance, soft pastels, and whimsical themes. It showcases scenes of romance, leisure, and nature, emphasizing decorative arts and interior design. Notable figures like François Boucher and Jean-Honoré Fragonard created works that radiate grace and frivolity. While both periods appreciate intricate details, Baroque is dramatic and theatrical, whereas Rococo embraces lightheartedness and decoration aesthetic. The principles of neoclassicism began to influence various cultural aspects, including painting, sculpture, architecture, and even literature. Hence, the next object coming up. - Slide 14 images of baroque and rococo art - Slide 15 Object \#4, Psyche Revived by Cupid\'s Kiss (1777) This work draws from the myth of Cupid and Psyche in The Golden Ass (c. 180) by Lucius Apuleius. Jealous Venus instructed Cupid to make Psyche fall for the ugliest man, but he fell in love with her instead. When Venus discovered their love, she tasked Psyche with retrieving a jar of \"divine beauty\" from the underworld, warning her not to open it. Curiosity led Psyche to a deep sleep, as the jar contained the \"sleep of innermost darkness.\" This sculpture captures the moment Cupid awakens Psyche with a gentle kiss. Psyche\'s graceful form is mirrored in her flowing drapery and Cupid\'s embrace. Canova, known as the \"sculptor of grace and youth,\' conveys heroic love triumphing over death. Canova\'s innovative sculptural technique enabled him to capture the appearance of living skin, feathered wings, lifelike drapery, and the rough rock at the base. Reflecting a Neoclassical scientific approach, his study of the human form was thorough. He employed precise measurements and life casts to prepare for working on the marble. - Slide 16 object \#5 Voltaire (1778) This charming bust beautifully captures the essence of the renowned French philosopher and writer, François Marie Arouet de Voltaire. Known for his sharp wit and intellectual brilliance during the Neoclassical era, Voltaire's features are depicted with stunning realism, showcasing him in his later years with his thinning hair, gentle smile lines, and thoughtful brow. Presented bare-headed, or tête nue, without the wig that was so popular among French aristocrats, this bust embraces the honesty and simplicity reminiscent of classical Roman sculptures, allowing Voltaire\'s vibrant spirit to shine through. Houdon masterfully conveys Voltaire\'s keen intelligence, as his expression reflects a delightful sense of amusement with his own inner world musings. Houdon, the greatest Neoclassical portraitist, portrayed leaders like Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, and Napoleon. He captured not just likeness but essence. Art historian Johanna Hecht noted that he expressed Enlightenment virtues of truth, simplicity, and grace in marble, conveying both personality and the vibrancy of life.  - Slide 17 Object \#6, Oath of the Horatii (1784) In the later phase of Neoclassicism in France, there was a focus on bold lines, stark classical environments illuminated by artificial lighting, and simplified forms to express moral strength. This artwork showcases the Horatii, a Roman family prominently featuring three sons, prepared for battle, extending their right arms in a sign of loyalty to their father, who raises three swords. They are preparing to engage in combat against the brothers from a rival city. To the right, two women with ties to both families, their arms drooping, lean toward each other in despair, worried about the impending loss of life. The painting emphasizes the significance of patriotism and the noble sacrifice of men for their nation. It later served as a symbol of the French Revolution, where citizens were urged to fight against each other for a purported greater good. - Slide 18 Object \#7, The Death of Socrates (1787)  Imagine a captivating painting that beautifully captures the moment when the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates prepares to drink hemlock poison in his prison cell, following his death sentence for allegedly corrupting the youth of Athens. This artwork vividly illustrates his final acceptance of fate, surrounded by the sorrowful faces of his devoted followers. Its focus on historical themes and idealized figures makes it a remarkable example of Neoclassical art. In 1787 France, this theme resonated deeply, as Socrates had become a symbol of hope for those aspiring for political and economic reforms. - Slide 19 Introductory of Neoclassical Architecture: Trends often repeat themselves, and one of the most charming examples in architecture is neoclassical design. Sometimes called classical revival, this beautiful style emerged in the mid-18th century, aiming to capture the elegant simplicity of the classical era. You might view neoclassical architecture as a subtle response to the grandiosity of Baroque and Rococo styles, which were immensely popular across Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, known for their dramatic flair and intricate details. This distinct architectural approach lovingly references the elegance of classical antiquity, especially the awe-inspiring Greek and Roman buildings. Neoclassicism arose from a desire to embrace a simpler, more refined design, first taking root in England and France before spreading far and wide around the globe. - Slide 20 key points of the introductory - Slide 21 Object \#8, Monticello-Neoclassical building (1772-1809) - Slide 22 intro to steam engine The steam engine\'s profound and far-reaching impact on society during the Enlightenment was profound. It fueled the Industrial Revolution, transforming economies and societies across Europe. - Slide 23 Object \#9, Steam Locomotives (1804) - Steam locomotives are rail vehicles that propel themselves through steam expansion. Fuel is burned to heat water, generating steam. This steam transitions to gas and begins to expand, providing the power needed for the locomotive\'s movement. In 1804, Richard Trevithick constructed the inaugural steam locomotive that could transport a load over a distance. However, it was not until 1825 that the first steam locomotive effectively carried passengers. By 1830, the initial public intercity railway emerged, employing steam locomotives for passenger transport. Railways using steam locomotives became popular across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe. It was only in the early 1900s that electric and diesel locomotives started to supplant steam power locomotives. - Slide 24 Object \#10, Volta\'s pile (1805) Alessandro Volta  - The volt is a well-known unit of energy, named after the brilliant Italian inventor Alessandro Volta, who created the very first battery! His innovative design called the voltaic pile, featured layers of conductive copper and zinc discs nestled between brine-soaked cardboard. When it was introduced in 1800, this remarkable device transformed the study of electricity by providing a continuous and dependable electrical supply for the first time. It consisted of zinc and copper discs layered over each other and separated by cardboard soaked in brine. Thanks to the voltaic pile, scientists could explore exciting new experiments in electrolysis, which are essential for processes like hydrogen production and wastewater purification today! It\'s fascinating to think of the voltaic pile as the ancestor of the batteries that now power our modern electric cars and a variety of other devices!  - Slides 25 - Slide 26 & 27 work cited and quiz Works Cited admin. "Everything You Need to Know about Steam Locomotives." *Charles Ro Supply Company*, 13 Mar. 2022, charlesro.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-steam-locomotives/. Dr. Steven Zucker. "The Age of Enlightenment, an Introduction -- Smarthistory." *Smarthistory.org*, 2016, smarthistory.org/a-beginners-guide-to-the-age-of-enlightenment/. Fox, Abram. "Joseph Wright of Derby, a Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery -- Smarthistory." *Smarthistory.org*, 8 Jan. 2016, smarthistory.org/joseph-wright-of-derby-a-philosopher-giving-a-lecture-at-the-orrery/. "Jean Antoine Houdon \| Voltaire (François Marie Arouet de Voltaire) (1696--1778) \| French, Paris." *The Metropolitan Museum of Art*, www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/205459. Jones, Muffet. "The Rococo and Neoclassicism." *Boisestate.pressbooks.pub*, boisestate.pressbooks.pub/arthistory/chapter/rococo-and-neoclassicism/. McLaughlin, Katherine. "Neoclassical Architecture: Everything You Need to Know." *Architectural Digest*, 16 June 2023, www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/neoclassical-architecture-explained. "Neoclassicism Movement Overview." *The Art Story*, 2018, www.theartstory.org/movement/neoclassicism/. the. "Scientific Breakthroughs of the Enlightenment That Changed Our World." *IMNOVATION*, 2016, www.imnovation-hub.com/society/scientific-breakthroughs-enlightenment/\#turbine. *The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment*. The MET. "The Death of Socrates." *Metmuseum.org*, 2019, www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436105. Tuckness, Alex. "Locke's Political Philosophy." *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, Stanford University, 9 Nov. 2005, plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-political/. Uzgalis, William. "John Locke." *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, 7 July 2022, plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/. *Metmuseum.org*, 2021, www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/591843.