Introduction-to-Structural-Analysis.pdf

Introduction to Structural Analysis & Design of RC Building Load Distribution ‒ Structural System primary function is Structural Systems ‒ Organized frameworks of elements to distribute loads safely across the designed to b...

Introduction to Structural Analysis & Design of RC Building Load Distribution ‒ Structural System primary function is Structural Systems ‒ Organized frameworks of elements to distribute loads safely across the designed to bear loads and ensure structure. stability and safety of buildings and ‒ Proper load distribution prevents other structures. localized failures and ensures the ‒ These systems manage the forces overall stability of the building acting on a structure, whether it’s the Earthquake ‒ Special features, such as the weight of the building itself, the Resistance following help structures withstand occupants, or environmental factors seismic forces: like wind and earthquakes, a. Base isolators 3 Important 1. Strength b. Shock absorbers characteristics in a 2. Stability Fire Resistance ‒ Structural Systems can be designed load-bearing 3. Cost-Effectiveness to slow down the spread of fire, giving structure occupants more time to evacuate and Strength ‒ Ability to withstand the loads and minimizing structural damage. forces that are applied to it without Structure ‒ A body or assemblage of bodies in breaking or deforming space to form a system which is able Stability ‒ Ability to remain equilibrium under to transfer the load safely to the load ground without exceeding the stress. ‒ Building will not tilt, sway, or collapse 2 Parts of Structure 1. Superstructure even subjected to different forces 2. Substructure Cost-effectiveness ‒ Ability to achieve the desired Superstructure ‒ Walls, columns, beams, floor or slab, performance and safety at a roof reasonable cost. Substructure ‒ Basement, foundation Types of Building’s 1. Wall Bearing System Basic Components 1. Columns Structural Systems 2. Skeleton Structure System of a structure 2. Beams/Girders 3. Shell System 3. Walls 4. Cable System 4. Slabs Wall Bearing System ‒ A wall that bears the weight of the 5. Truss house 6. Foundation Skeleton Structure 1. Beam and Column System Columns ‒ Vertical elements that carry 2. Frames compressive loads, transferring upper 3. Truss parts of the structure to the 4. Arch foundation Beams and Colum ‒ Load of the slab is transferred to the ‒ Can be rectangular, circular, I section, System columns or walls through the beams, or T-shape down to the foundation, and then to Beams/Girders ‒ Horizontal Elements that support the supporting soil beneath loads from slabs or roof and transfer Frames ‒ Is a building technique with a them to columns or walls skeleton frame of vertical columns ‒ Can be: and horizontal beams, constructed in a. Cantilever a rectangular grid to support the b. Simply supported floors, roof and walls of a building c. Overhanging which are all attached to the frame. d. Continuous Truss ‒ Composed of straight members e. Fixed ended connected at their ends by hinged f. Cantilever, simply connections to form a stable supported configuration. Walls ‒ Vertical structures that enclose Arch ‒ A structure, forming a curved, spaces and can also carry loads if pointed, or flat upper edge of an open they are load-bearing walls. space and supporting the weight ‒ Can be: above it, as in a bridge or doorway. a. Load Bearing Walls Shell System ‒ Lightweight constructions using shell b. Non-Load Bearing Walls elements allowing wide areas to be Shear Walls ‒ Special walls designed to resist spanned without the use of internal lateral forces, such as wind or supports, giving an open, earthquake loads, providing stability unobstructed interior. against these forces. ‒ Can be shell, folded, or domes Slabs ‒ Flat horizontal surfaces like floors or ‒ Madeof materials like glass, steel, roofs that distribute loads across a plastic, or reinforced thin-shell wide area concrete ‒ Can be: Cable System ‒ That of structure that uses tensioned a. One-way Slab cables to support or transmit the b. Two-way Slab major loads of the structure. Truss ‒ Frameworks composed of triangular Role of Structural 1. Aesthetics units that provide additional support, Systems in 2. Functionality often used in roofs or bridges Architecture 3. Durability Foundation ‒ Distribute the structure’s weight Role of Structural 1. Load Distribution evenly to prevent sinking or tilting System in Safety 2. Earthquake Resistance How Loads are 1. Floor Load on Slab 3. Fire Resistance being Transferred  2. Floor Load transferred to Beams as “Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)” 3. Beam Load transferred to columns as “Point Load” 4. Column Load transferred to Footings 5. Footing Load to Soil Site Analysis 1. Soil Conditions 2. Topography 3. Environmental Impact Soil Conditions ‒ Refer to type and characteristics of the soil on a construction site, including bearing capacity, drainage properties, and stability Topography ‒ Arrangement of the natural and artificial features of a landscape. ‒ Includes the elevation, slope, and contour of the land Environmental ‒ Refers to the effects that a building Impact project has on its surrounding environment, and vice versa. ‒ Includes soil erosion, and etc. Zoning Constraints 1. Zoning Laws 2. Building Codes 3. Natural Hazards Zoning Laws ‒ Local regulations that govern land use and dictate how properties in certain areas can be developed Building Code ‒ Set of standards and regulations established by the national and local authorities to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of building occupants. Natural Hazards ‒ Potential threats to buildings and infrastructure from natural events such as earthquake, floods, and high winds. Types of Loads 1. Dead Loads 2. Live Loads 3. Environmental Loads Dead Loads ‒ These are permanent, static loads that include the weight of the structure itself, walls, floors, roofs, and all permanent fixtures Live Loads ‒ These are dynamic and can change over time, including the weight of people, furniture, and vehicles. Environmental ‒ These include wind pressure, snow Loads accumulation, and seismic forces Common Structural 1. Concrete Materials 2. Steel 3. Timber 4. Masonry Criteria for Selection 1. Strength 2. Durability 3. Cost 4. Environmental Impact Serviceability ‒ Structure’s ability to remain functional and comfortable during its use. ‒ While safety ensures the structure doesn’t collapse, serviceability ensures that it performs well under normal conditions. a. Deflection is adequately small b. Cracks in tolerable limits c. Vibration minimized ‒