CE013 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS.pdf

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013 BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN MODULE 2 STRUCTURAL...

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013 BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN MODULE 2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ENGR. CHRISTIAN Y. IBONIA, RCE Course Instructor, CE013 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025  MODULE 2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS MODULE 2: STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the module, the student will be able to: 1. Identify various components of the two major components of a structure: the substructure and the super structure. 2. Explain the importance of structural analysis in designing a structure. 3. Distinguish various concepts in planning a building design and its structural system. 4. Generate structural plans based on various building requirements and actual building codes and standards.  MODULE 2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS MODULE 2: STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TOPIC OUTLINE This module will cover the following topics: A. Structural System Substructure Superstructure Types of Structural Systems B. Structural Analysis and Design Structural Connections Building Design Process Building Design Considerations C. Structural System Planning  MODULE 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS MODULE 2 – PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL DESIGN The evolution of structural systems continues to shape the field of architecture, influencing how buildings are conceived, designed, and constructed. By integrating structural considerations with architectural vision, designers create spaces that are not only structurally sound but also visually compelling and functionally efficient. Thus, structural systems play a vital role in defining the built environment and enriching the human experience within architectural spaces.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL DESIGN To understand the impact of structural systems on architectural building design, we should be aware of how they relate to the conceptual, experiential, and contextual ordering of architecture: 1. Formal and spatial composition. 2. Definition, scale, and proportions of forms and spaces. 3. Qualities of shape, form, space, light, color, texture, and pattern. 4. Ordering of human activities by their scale and dimension. 5. Functional zoning of spaces according to purpose and use. 6. Access to and the horizontal and vertical paths of movement through a building. 7. Buildings as integral components within the natural and built environment 8. Sensory and cultural characteristics of place  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL DESIGN To understand the impact of structural systems on architectural building design, we should be aware of how they relate to the conceptual, experiential, and contextual ordering of architecture: 1. Formal and spatial composition. 2. Definition, scale, and proportions of forms and spaces. 3. Qualities of shape, form, space, light, color, texture, and pattern. 4. Ordering of human activities by their scale and dimension. 5. Functional zoning of spaces according to purpose and use. 6. Access to and the horizontal and vertical paths of movement through a building. 7. Buildings as integral components within the natural and built environment 8. Sensory and cultural characteristics of place  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUBSTRUCTURE The substructure is the lowest division of a building—its foundation—constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground. Its primary function is to support and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its loads safely into the earth. An important influence on the type of substructure we select, and consequently, the structural pattern we design, is the site and context for a building.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUBSTRUCTURE  Relation to superstructure  Soil type  Relation to topography  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUBSTRUCTURE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Shallow or spread foundations are employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to the ground surface. They are placed directly below the lowest part of a substructure and transfer building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUBSTRUCTURE Shallow foundations can take any of the following geometric forms: 1. Point: Column footings 2. Line: Foundation walls and footings 3. Plane: Mat foundations  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUBSTRUCTURE DEEP FOUNDATIONS Deep foundations consist of caissons or piles that extend down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum of rock or dense sands and gravels well below the superstructure.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE The superstructure, the vertical extension of a building above the foundation, consists of a shell and interior structure that defines the form of a building and its spatial layout and composition. In the construction process, the superstructure rises from the substructure, following the same paths along which the superstructure transmits its loads down to the substructure.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE SHELL The shell or envelope of a building, consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows, and doors, provides protection and shelter for the interior spaces of a building. The roof and exterior walls shelter interior spaces from inclement weather and control moisture, heat, and air flow through the layering of construction assemblies. Exterior walls and roofs also dampen noise and provide security and privacy for the occupants of a building. Doors provide physical access. Windows provide access to light, air, and views.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE STRUCTURE A structural system is required to support the shell of a building as well as its interior floors, walls, and partitions, and to transfer the applied loads to the substructure. Columns, beams, and load-bearing walls support floor and roof structures. Floor structures are the flat, level base planes of interior space that support our interior activities and furnishings. Interior structural walls and nonloadbearing partitions subdivide the interior of a building into spatial units. Lateral-force-resisting elements are laid out to provide lateral stability.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE The formal intention of a building design may be offered, given, suggested, or mandated by various factors such as its site location, its purpose, its various building operations, and its function. Concurrent with thinking about formal and spatial options in the building design, we should also begin to consider our structural options—the palette of materials, the types of support, spanning, and lateral- force-resisting systems— and how these choices might influence, support, and reinforce the formal and spatial dimensions of a building design idea.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN Type of Structural System Layout and pattern of supports Bay spans and proportions Types of spanning systems Lateral bracing systems Palette of structural materials  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 1. Bulk-active structures 2. Vector-active structures 3. Surface-active structures 4. Form-active structures  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Bulk-active structures These structures redirect external forces primarily through the bulk and continuity of its material, such as beams and columns.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Vector-active structures These structures redirect external forces primarily though the composition of tension and compression members, such as a truss.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Surface-active structures These structures redirect external forces primarily along the continuity of a surface, such as a plate or shell structures.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Form-active structures These structures redirect external forces primarily through the form of its material, such as an arch or cable system  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS The proportions of structural elements, such as bearing walls, floor and roof slabs, vaults and domes, give us visual clues to their role in a structural system as well as the nature of their material. A masonry wall, being strong in compression but relatively weak in bending, will be thicker than a reinforced concrete wall doing the same work. A steel column will be thinner than a wood post supporting the same load. A 4-inch reinforced concrete slab will span farther than 4-inch wood decking. As a structure depends less on the weight and stiffness of a material and more on its geometry for stability, as in the case of membrane structures and space frames, its elements will get thinner and thinner until they lose their ability to give a space scale and dimension.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS The process of determining the ability of a structure or any of its constituent members, either existing or assumed, to safely carry a given set of loads without material distress or excessive deformation, given the arrangement, shape, and dimensions of the members, the types of connections and supports utilized, and the allowable stresses of the materials employed. In other words, structural analysis can occur only if given a specific structure and certain load conditions.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN STRUCTURAL DESIGN The process of arranging, interconnecting, sizing, and proportioning the members of a structural system in order to safely carry a given set of loads without exceeding the allowable stresses of the materials employed. Structural design, similar to other design activities, must operate in an environment of uncertainty, ambiguity, and approximation.  MODULE 3 - PART A STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Key Differences: Focus: Structural analysis focuses on evaluating structural behavior and performance, while structural design focuses on creating a safe and efficient structural system. Activities: Analysis involves mathematical modeling and simulation, while design involves conceptualization, planning, and detailed specification. Purpose: Analysis ensures structural integrity and safety, while design translates functional and aesthetic requirements into a viable structural solution.  MODULE 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS MODULE 2 – PART B STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS There are four fundamental types of structural connections: 1. Pin or hinge joints 2. Roller joints or supports 3. Rigid or fixed joints 4. Cable supports or anchorages  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS There are four fundamental types of structural connections: 1. Pin or hinge joints Allow rotation but resist translation in any direction.  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS There are four fundamental types of structural connections: 2. Roller joints or supports Allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into or away from its face.  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS There are four fundamental types of structural connections: 3. Rigid or fixed joints Maintain the angular relationship between the joined elements, restrain rotation and translation in any direction, and provide both force and moment resistance.  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS There are four fundamental types of structural connections: 4. Cable supports or anchorages Allow rotation but resist translation only in the direction of the cable.  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS Is there an overarching form required or does the architectural composition consist of articulated parts? If so, are these parts to be hierarchically ordered Are the principal architectural elements planar or linear in nature?  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS Are there required relationships between the desirable scale and proportion of the program spaces, the spanning capability of the structural system, and the resulting layout and spacing of supports? Is there a compelling spatial reason for one-way or two-way spanning systems?  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS How might the mechanical and other building systems be integrated with the structural system?  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS What are the building code requirements for the intended use, occupancy, and scale of building? What is the type of construction and what are the structural materials required?  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS How might material availability, fabrication processes, transportation requirements, labor and equipment requirements, and erection time influence the choice of a structural system? Is there a need to allow for expansion and growth either horizontally or vertically?  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS There exists a regulated relationship between the size (height and area) of a building and its intended use, occupancy load, and type of construction. Understanding the projected scale of a building is important because a building’s size is related to the type of structural system required and the materials that may be employed for its structure and construction.  MODULE 3 - PART B STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS Zoning ordinances constrain the allowable bulk (height and area) and shape of a building based on its location in a municipality and position on its site, usually by specifying various aspects of its size. The size and shape of a building are also controlled indirectly by specifying the minimum required distances from the structure to the property lines of the site in order to provide for air, light, solar access, and privacy.  MODULE 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS MODULE 2 – PART C STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS PLANNING  MODULE 3 - PART C STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS PLANNING There are two attributes that should be built into the design, guide its development, and ensure its stability, durability, and efficiency. These attributes—redundancy and continuity—apply not to a specific material or to an individual type of structural member, such as a beam, column, or truss, but rather to a building structure viewed as a holistic system of interrelated parts.  MODULE 3 - PART C STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS PLANNING REDUNDANCY The concept of redundancy involves providing multiple load paths whereby forces can bypass a point of structural distress or a localized structural failure. A redundant structure includes members, connections, or supports not required for a statically determinate structure so that if one member, connection, or support fails, others exist to provide alternative paths for the transfer of forces.  MODULE 3 - PART C STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS PLANNING CONTINUITY Continuity in a structure provides a direct, uninterrupted path for loads through a building’s structure, from the roof level down to the foundation. Continuous load paths help to ensure that all forces to which the structure is subjected can be delivered from the point of their application to the foundation. All elements and connections along a load path must have sufficient strength, stiffness, and deformation capability to transfer loads without compromising the building structure’s ability to perform as a unit. TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013 BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN MODULE 2 END OF TOPIC ENGR. CHRISTIAN Y. IBONIA, RCE Course Instructor, CE013 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013 BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN ANNOUNCMENT PQUIZ NO. 1 COVERAGE: MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING CODE PART 1 AUGUST 31, 2024 (SATURDAY) ENGR. CHRISTIAN Y. IBONIA, RCE Course Instructor, CE013 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013 BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN ANNOUNCMENT PQUIZ NO. 2 COVERAGE: MODULE 2 - STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SEPTEMBER 6, 2024 (FRIDAY) ENGR. CHRISTIAN Y. IBONIA, RCE Course Instructor, CE013 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025