Introduction to Profession - CSE-Lecture-2 PDF

History of Computer 20 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642 Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the fir...

History of Computer 20 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642 Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671 Evolution of Computers Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880 Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punched cards that were extensively used as input media until late 1970s 21 CS1001_Introduction to Profession (Dr. V. K. Jain) 1  ▪ Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers. ▪ He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822. Evolution of ▪ He designed a fully automatic analytical Computers engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions ▪ His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer 22 The Mark I Computer (1937-44) The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) Some Well The ENIAC (1943-46) Known Early The EDVAC (1946-52) Computers The EDSAC (1947-49) Manchester Mark I (1948) The UNIVAC I (1951) 23 CS1001_Introduction to Profession (Dr. V. K. Jain) 2  “Generation” in computer talk is a step-in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry Originally it was used to distinguish Computer between various hardware technologies, Generations but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software. Till today, there are five computer generations 24 Key hardware Key software Key Some Generation representativ (Period) technologies technologies characteristics e systems First ▪ Vacuum tubes ▪ Machine ▪ Bulky in size ▪ ENIAC (1942-1955) ▪ Electromagn and assembly ▪ Highly unreliable ▪ EDVAC etic relay languages ▪ Limited ▪ EDSAC memory ▪ Stored commercial use and ▪ UNIVAC I program Computer ▪ Punched cards secondary storage concept ▪ Mostly scientific costly ▪ Difficult commercial production ▪ IBM 701 Generations Second (1955-1964) ▪ Transistors ▪ Magnetic applications ▪ Batch operating ▪ Difficult to use ▪Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to ▪ ▪ Honeywell 400 IBM 7030 cores memory system program than previous ▪ CDC 1604 ▪ High-level generation systems ▪ Magnetic tapes ▪ UNIVAC LARC programmi ▪Commercial ▪ Disks for ng production was still secondary languages difficult and costly storage ▪ Scientific and commercial applications 25 CS1001_Introduction to Profession (Dr. V. K. Jain) 3  Generation Key hardware Key software Key Some rep. (Period) technologies technologies characteristics systems Third ▪ ICs with SSI and ▪ Timesharin ▪ Faster, smaller, more ▪ IBM 360/370 (1964-1975) MSI technologies g operating reliable, easier and ▪ PDP-8 Computer ▪ Larger magnetic cores memory ▪ Larger capacity system ▪ Standardization of high-level cheaper to produce ▪ Commercially, easier to use, and easier to ▪ ▪ PDP-11 CDC 6600 Generations disks and magnetic tapes secondary storage programming languages ▪ Unbundling of software from upgrade than previous generation systems ▪ Scientific, commercial ▪ Minicomputers; hardware and interactive on- upward line applications compatible family of computers 26 Generation Key hardware Key software Key Some (Period) Technologies technologies characteristic rep. s systems Fourth ▪ ICs with ▪ Operating ▪ Small, ▪ IBM PC (1975- VLSI technology systems for PCs affordable, and its 1989) ▪ Microprocessors; with GUI and reliable, and clones semiconductor multiple windows easy to use ▪ Apple II memory on a single PCs ▪ TRS-80 ▪ Larger capacity terminal screen ▪ More powerful ▪ VAX 9000 hard disks as in- ▪ Multiprocessing and reliable built secondary ▪ CRAY-1 storage OS with mainframe ▪ CRAY-2 concurrent systems and ▪ Magnetic tapes ▪ CRAY- programming supercompute Computer and floppy disks as portable storage media languages ▪ UNIX system operating with C rs ▪ Totally general X/MP Generations ▪ Personal computers ▪ Supercomputers programming language purpose machines ▪ Easier to based on ▪ Object-oriented produce parallel design and commercially vector programming ▪ Easier to processing ▪ PC, Network- upgrade and symmetric based, and ▪ Rapid multiprocessing supercomputing software technologies applications development ▪ Spread of high- speed computer possible networks 27 CS1001_Introduction to Profession (Dr. V. K. Jain) 4  Generation Key Key software Key Some rep. (Period) hardware technologies characteristic systems technologie s s Fifth ▪ ICs with ULSI ▪ Micro-kernel ▪ Portable ▪ IBM notebooks (1989- technology based, computers ▪ Pentium PCs Present) ▪ Larger multithreading, ▪ Powerful, ▪ SUN capacity distributed OS cheaper, Workstatio main ▪ Parallel reliable, and ns memory, programming easier to use ▪ IBM SP/2 hard disks libraries like MPI desktop & PVM ▪ SGI Origin 2000 with RAID machines support ▪ JAVA ▪ Powerful ▪ PARAM 10000 ▪ Optical disks supercomput Computer as portable read-only storage media ▪ World Wide Web ▪ Multimed ia, ers ▪ High uptime due to hot-pluggable Internet Generations ▪ Notebooks, powerful desktop applicatio ns components ▪ Totally general purpose ▪ More PCs machines complex and supercomputing ▪ Easier to workstations applications produce ▪ Powerful commercially, servers, easier to supercompute upgrade rs ▪ Rapid ▪ Internet software ▪ Cluster development computing possible 28 Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations (a) A Vacuum Tube (b) A Transistor (c) An IC Chip 29 CS1001_Introduction to Profession (Dr. V. K. Jain) 5  Understanding Nature through Observation About real things like bowling balls, black holes, antimatter, electrons, comets, etc. Math and Computer Science are Science? about fake things like numbers, graphs, functions, lists, etc. Computer Science is a useful tool for doing real science, but some scientist doesn’t consider it as a real science. 30 “Engineering is design under constraint… Engineering is synthetic - it strives to create what can be, but it is constrained by nature, by cost, by concerns of safety, Engineering? reliability, environmental impact, manufacturability, maintainability and many other such 'ilities.'...” William Wulf 31 CS1001_Introduction to Profession (Dr. V. K. Jain) 6  “Technology is the sum of any techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation.” --Wikipedia Technology? Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes. --Collins Dictionary 32 CS1001_Introduction to Profession (Dr. V. K. Jain) 7