History of Computers and Their Evolution

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Questions and Answers

Who invented the first mechanical adding machine?

  • Blaise Pascal (correct)
  • Charles Babbage
  • Herman Hollerith
  • Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

Which machine was designed by Charles Babbage in 1822?

  • UNIVAC I
  • Difference Engine (correct)
  • Analytical Engine
  • ENIAC

What input media concept did Herman Hollerith introduce around 1880?

  • Mechanical calculators
  • Keyboard machines
  • Digital computers
  • Punched cards (correct)

Which of the following computers was developed first?

<p>The Mark I Computer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation in computer terminology refers to a step in technology?

<p>Generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following machines was fully automatic?

<p>Analytical Engine (C), Analytical Engine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the father of modern digital computers?

<p>Charles Babbage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following computers was developed in the post-World War II era?

<p>UNIVAC I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic distinguishes the third generation of computers?

<p>Faster, smaller, and more reliable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key hardware technology in the third generation of computers?

<p>Integrated circuits with SSI and MSI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key software development was notable in the third generation of computers?

<p>Timesharing operating systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does unbundling of software from hardware signify in the context of third-generation computers?

<p>Separating hardware and software development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the storage technology of the third generation?

<p>Magnetic tapes and larger capacity disks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of usability, third-generation computers were known for being:

<p>Easier to use and manage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is representative of the third generation of computers?

<p>IBM 360/370 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minicomputers, a key hardware aspect of the third generation, are best described as:

<p>Mid-sized systems suitable for various applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology was prominent in fourth-generation systems for enhancing computing capabilities?

<p>VLSI technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology development characterizes the programming languages in the third generation?

<p>Advancements in high-level programming languages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of computers became popular and affordable during the fourth generation?

<p>Personal computers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'upward compatible' refer to in third-generation computers?

<p>Hardware that can run older software applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of operating systems developed during the fourth generation?

<p>Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory storage technology was commonly used in fourth-generation systems?

<p>Magnetic tapes (A), Floppy disks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming language was notably associated with UNIX systems in fourth-generation computing?

<p>C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processing technology was a hallmark of the fourth generation to improve performance?

<p>Parallel processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which development contributed to the widespread use of personal computers during this period?

<p>High-speed computer networks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did fourth-generation systems implement multiprocessing?

<p>Through symmetric multiprocessing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiated supercomputers from personal computers in the fourth generation?

<p>Extensive data handling capabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a benefit of using object-oriented programming in fourth-generation systems?

<p>Simplified software development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology was primarily used during the first generation of computers?

<p>Vacuum tubes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes the first generation of computers?

<p>Highly unreliable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the second generation of computers take place?

<p>1955-1964 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key technology was introduced in the second generation of computers?

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Which of the following was NOT a key characteristic of the second generation?

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What type of memory was commonly used in the first generation of computers?

<p>Electromagnetic relay memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which representative system is associated with the first generation of computers?

<p>UNIVAC I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which generation did magnetic tapes become a key technology?

<p>Second generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming method was primarily used in the first generation of computers?

<p>Machine and assembly languages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major limitation of the second generation of computers?

<p>Commercial production was still costly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of secondary storage was employed during the first generation of computers?

<p>Punched cards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the second generation of computers compared to the first generation?

<p>More reliable and easier to program (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary applications of first-generation computers?

<p>Scientific applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operating system characteristic was common in the second generation of computers?

<p>Batch processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technologies was characteristic of the second generation?

<p>Magnetic cores memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does engineering primarily focus on?

<p>Designing solutions within various constraints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines technology?

<p>The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some scientists not consider computer science a 'real' science?

<p>It does not focus on physical phenomena like black holes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of engineering according to William Wulf?

<p>It creates possibilities constrained by external factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is one of the primary tools used in real science?

<p>Computer Science (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does technology relate to scientific investigation?

<p>It encompasses techniques used to conduct such investigations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect distinguishes computer science from traditional sciences?

<p>It emphasizes algorithms and data structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically considered in engineering design?

<p>Aesthetics only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology is primarily associated with the fifth generation of computers?

<p>Integrated Circuits (ICs) with ULSI technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fifth generation computers?

<p>Exclusively rely on vacuum tubes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What programming libraries are commonly used in the fifth generation of computing?

<p>MPI and PVM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following devices is characteristic of the fifth generation of computers?

<p>Pentium PCs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a probable benefit of cluster computing mentioned in relation to fifth generation technologies?

<p>Enhanced software development speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics describes fifth generation supercomputers?

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How do fifth generation computers typically support their memory architecture?

<p>Through RAID-supported hard disks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the overall purpose of fifth generation computing technology?

<p>To create more complex and general-purpose computing machines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key trait of micro-kernel systems used in the fifth generation?

<p>Support for multithreading and distributed processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of fifth generation portable computers?

<p>They offer enhanced performance while retaining portability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First Mechanical Adding Machine

Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642.

First Multiplication Calculator

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671.

Punched Cards

Herman Hollerith developed punched cards, used as input media until the late 1970s.

Father of Modern Computers

Charles Babbage is considered the father of modern digital computers.

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Difference Engine

Charles Babbage designed 'Difference Engine' in 1822.

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Analytical Engine

Babbage designed an 'Analytical Engine' in 1842 for arithmetic functions.

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Mark I Computer

A significant early computer (1937-44).

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Atanasoff-Berry Computer

An early computer (1939-42).

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ENIAC

A significant early computer (1943-46).

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EDVAC

A significant early computer (1946-52).

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EDSAC

A significant early computer (1947-49).

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Manchester Mark I

An early computer (1948).

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UNIVAC I

An important early commercial computer (1951).

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Computer Generation

A step-in technology in computer development.

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Computer Generations

A framework used to categorize the evolution of computer technology, considering both hardware and software advancements.

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First Generation Computers

Early computers using vacuum tubes and electromagnetic relays, characterized by large size, unreliability, and limited commercial use.

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First Generation Programming

Used machine and assembly languages, with a limited understanding of stored program concept.

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First Generation Storage

Used punched cards for secondary storage, making data input and output processes cumbersome.

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Second Generation Computers

Computers using transistors and magnetic core memory, marked by increased speed, size reduction, and reliability, paving the way for commercial applications.

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Second Generation Programming Languages

High-level programming languages emerged, simplifying development compared to previous machine-level programming.

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Second Generation Storage

Magnetic tapes and disks were used for secondary storage, indicating a shift towards more efficient storage methods.

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Third Generation Computers

Third-generation computers (1964-1975) used integrated circuits (ICs), leading to faster, smaller, and more reliable systems.

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Key Hardware (3rd Gen)

Integrated circuits (ICs) with Small Scale Integration (SSI) and Medium Scale Integration (MSI) technologies, Larger magnetic core memory, increased capacity hard drives and magnetic tapes.

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Key Software (3rd Gen)

Timesharing operating systems, high-level programming languages.

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Standardization (3rd Gen)

Standardization of high-level programming languages helped upgrade systems easier.

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IBM 360/370

Example of a popular third-generation computer system.

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Minicomputers

Smaller computers, upward compatible, available in a family of computers.

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Science vs. Computer Science

Science deals with real things (like planets and atoms), while computer science deals with abstract concepts (like numbers and algorithms).

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Engineering Definition (Wulf)

Engineering creates things, but is limited by factors like cost, safety, and environmental impact.

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Technology Definition

Technology includes methods, skills, equipment used in creating goods or services.

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Fourth Generation Computers

Computers from the 1975-1989 era, characterized by VLSI technology, microprocessors, and the use of personal computers.

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Operating Systems (OS)

Software that manages computer hardware and software resources, allowing various applications to run on top of it.

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VLSI Technology

Very Large Scale Integration, a technique for placing many transistors on a single silicon chip.

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Personal Computers (PCs)

Small, affordable, reliable computers designed for individual use, prominent in the fourth generation.

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Supercomputers

Powerful computers designed for computationally intensive tasks, frequently using parallel processing.

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Multiprocessing

The ability of a computer to perform multiple processes simultaneously.

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GUI

Graphical User Interface- a user-friendly method of interacting with a computer using images and icons instead of text commands.

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UNIX operating system

A powerful and versatile operating system known for its flexibility and ability to run diverse applications.

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Object-oriented design

A way to create software that is easy to modify and reusable.

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Parallel Processing

A method of computation where multiple processors work on a problem simultaneously.

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Fifth Generation Computers (1989-Present)

Computers using ULSI technology, portable computers, powerful supercomputers, and parallel processing.

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ULSI Technology

Ultra-Large Scale Integration of components on a single chip.

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Micro-kernel based OS

Operating systems with a small core set of functions.

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Multithreading

Executing multiple tasks (threads) simultaneously within one program.

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Distributed Operating System

An OS that manages multiple computers working together as one.

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Parallel Programming

Writing programs that can run on multiple processors.

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Key Software Technologies

Important software tools and programming languages.

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Powerful Supercomputers

High-performance computers.

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Larger Capacity Main Memory

More space for storing active computer data.

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Hard Disks with RAID Support

Hard disk systems working together to enhance storage reliability and performance.

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Optical Disks

Storage media using laser to read data (CD-ROM, DVD)

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Study Notes

History of Computers

  • Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642.
  • Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671.
  • Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880.
  • Herman Hollerith developed punched cards around 1880, extensively used as input media until the late 1970s.

Evolution of Computers

  • Charles Babbage is considered the father of modern digital computers.
  • He designed the "Difference Engine" in 1822.
  • He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for basic arithmetic functions.
  • His work established fundamental principles for the design of digital computers.
  • The Mark I Computer (1937-44)
  • The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)
  • The ENIAC (1943-46)
  • The EDVAC (1946-52)
  • The EDSAC (1947-49)
  • Manchester Mark I (1948)
  • The UNIVAC I (1951)

Computer Generations

  • "Generation" in computer talk is a step-in technology framework for the growth of the computer industry.
  • Initially used to distinguish hardware technologies, now includes hardware and software.
  • There are five computer generations.
  • First Generation (1942-1955): Vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relay memory, punched cards as secondary storage. Machine and assembly languages. Mostly scientific applications, Batch operating systems. Bulky, unreliable, limited commercial use. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I.
  • Second Generation (1955-1964): Transistors, magnetic cores memory and tapes, disks for secondary storage. High-level programming languages, improved operating systems (batch). Faster, smaller, more reliable, still difficult commercial production. IBM 701, Honeywell 400, IBM 7030, CDC 1604, UNIVAC LARC.
  • Third Generation (1964-1975): Integrated circuits (ICs) with SSI and MSI technologies, larger magnetic core memory, larger capacity disks and tapes. Timesharing operating systems, standardization of high-level languages, unbundling of software. Faster, smaller, reliable, easier and cheaper to produce. Scientific, commercial, and interactive applications. IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-11, CDC 6600.
  • Fourth Generation (1975-1989): Integrated circuits with VLSI technology, microprocessors, semiconductor memory, larger hard disks. Operating systems (GUI), multiple windows, UNIX. Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use. IBM PC, Apple II, TRS-80, VAX 9000, CRAY-1, CRAY-2, CRAY-X/MP. Increased commercial use, general purpose machines.
  • Fifth Generation (1989-Present): Ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) technology, larger storage capacity, portable devices (notebooks). Advance operating systems (distributed, micro-kernel based, multithreading), parallel programming. Portable computers, powerful desktop machines, and supercomputers. IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs.

Science

  • Understanding nature through observation (e.g., bowling balls, black holes).
  • Math and computer science deal with abstract concepts like numbers and graphs. These concepts are useful tools for real science.

Engineering

  • Engineering is about creating something under constraints (nature, cost, safety).
  • It's a synthetic process that strives to create what's possible.

Technology

  • Technology involves all the techniques, skills, methods, and processes for producing goods or services.
  • Technology is based on underlying scientific knowledge.

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