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Questions and Answers
Who invented the first mechanical adding machine?
Who invented the first mechanical adding machine?
Which machine was designed by Charles Babbage in 1822?
Which machine was designed by Charles Babbage in 1822?
What input media concept did Herman Hollerith introduce around 1880?
What input media concept did Herman Hollerith introduce around 1880?
Which of the following computers was developed first?
Which of the following computers was developed first?
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Which generation in computer terminology refers to a step in technology?
Which generation in computer terminology refers to a step in technology?
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Which of the following machines was fully automatic?
Which of the following machines was fully automatic?
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Who is recognized as the father of modern digital computers?
Who is recognized as the father of modern digital computers?
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Which of the following computers was developed in the post-World War II era?
Which of the following computers was developed in the post-World War II era?
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What key characteristic distinguishes the third generation of computers?
What key characteristic distinguishes the third generation of computers?
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Which of the following was a key hardware technology in the third generation of computers?
Which of the following was a key hardware technology in the third generation of computers?
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Which key software development was notable in the third generation of computers?
Which key software development was notable in the third generation of computers?
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What does unbundling of software from hardware signify in the context of third-generation computers?
What does unbundling of software from hardware signify in the context of third-generation computers?
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Which of the following best describes the storage technology of the third generation?
Which of the following best describes the storage technology of the third generation?
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In terms of usability, third-generation computers were known for being:
In terms of usability, third-generation computers were known for being:
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Which of the following systems is representative of the third generation of computers?
Which of the following systems is representative of the third generation of computers?
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Minicomputers, a key hardware aspect of the third generation, are best described as:
Minicomputers, a key hardware aspect of the third generation, are best described as:
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What technology was prominent in fourth-generation systems for enhancing computing capabilities?
What technology was prominent in fourth-generation systems for enhancing computing capabilities?
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Which technology development characterizes the programming languages in the third generation?
Which technology development characterizes the programming languages in the third generation?
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Which type of computers became popular and affordable during the fourth generation?
Which type of computers became popular and affordable during the fourth generation?
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What does the term 'upward compatible' refer to in third-generation computers?
What does the term 'upward compatible' refer to in third-generation computers?
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What was a key feature of operating systems developed during the fourth generation?
What was a key feature of operating systems developed during the fourth generation?
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Which memory storage technology was commonly used in fourth-generation systems?
Which memory storage technology was commonly used in fourth-generation systems?
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Which programming language was notably associated with UNIX systems in fourth-generation computing?
Which programming language was notably associated with UNIX systems in fourth-generation computing?
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What processing technology was a hallmark of the fourth generation to improve performance?
What processing technology was a hallmark of the fourth generation to improve performance?
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Which development contributed to the widespread use of personal computers during this period?
Which development contributed to the widespread use of personal computers during this period?
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How did fourth-generation systems implement multiprocessing?
How did fourth-generation systems implement multiprocessing?
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Which characteristic differentiated supercomputers from personal computers in the fourth generation?
Which characteristic differentiated supercomputers from personal computers in the fourth generation?
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What was a benefit of using object-oriented programming in fourth-generation systems?
What was a benefit of using object-oriented programming in fourth-generation systems?
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What technology was primarily used during the first generation of computers?
What technology was primarily used during the first generation of computers?
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Which characteristic best describes the first generation of computers?
Which characteristic best describes the first generation of computers?
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During which period did the second generation of computers take place?
During which period did the second generation of computers take place?
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What key technology was introduced in the second generation of computers?
What key technology was introduced in the second generation of computers?
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Which of the following was NOT a key characteristic of the second generation?
Which of the following was NOT a key characteristic of the second generation?
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What type of memory was commonly used in the first generation of computers?
What type of memory was commonly used in the first generation of computers?
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Which representative system is associated with the first generation of computers?
Which representative system is associated with the first generation of computers?
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In which generation did magnetic tapes become a key technology?
In which generation did magnetic tapes become a key technology?
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Which programming method was primarily used in the first generation of computers?
Which programming method was primarily used in the first generation of computers?
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What was a major limitation of the second generation of computers?
What was a major limitation of the second generation of computers?
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Which type of secondary storage was employed during the first generation of computers?
Which type of secondary storage was employed during the first generation of computers?
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What was a key feature of the second generation of computers compared to the first generation?
What was a key feature of the second generation of computers compared to the first generation?
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Which of the following best describes the primary applications of first-generation computers?
Which of the following best describes the primary applications of first-generation computers?
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What operating system characteristic was common in the second generation of computers?
What operating system characteristic was common in the second generation of computers?
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Which of the following technologies was characteristic of the second generation?
Which of the following technologies was characteristic of the second generation?
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What does engineering primarily focus on?
What does engineering primarily focus on?
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Which of the following best defines technology?
Which of the following best defines technology?
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Why might some scientists not consider computer science a 'real' science?
Why might some scientists not consider computer science a 'real' science?
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What is a significant characteristic of engineering according to William Wulf?
What is a significant characteristic of engineering according to William Wulf?
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According to the content, what is one of the primary tools used in real science?
According to the content, what is one of the primary tools used in real science?
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How does technology relate to scientific investigation?
How does technology relate to scientific investigation?
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What key aspect distinguishes computer science from traditional sciences?
What key aspect distinguishes computer science from traditional sciences?
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Which aspect is NOT typically considered in engineering design?
Which aspect is NOT typically considered in engineering design?
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What technology is primarily associated with the fifth generation of computers?
What technology is primarily associated with the fifth generation of computers?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fifth generation computers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fifth generation computers?
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What programming libraries are commonly used in the fifth generation of computing?
What programming libraries are commonly used in the fifth generation of computing?
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Which of the following devices is characteristic of the fifth generation of computers?
Which of the following devices is characteristic of the fifth generation of computers?
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What is a probable benefit of cluster computing mentioned in relation to fifth generation technologies?
What is a probable benefit of cluster computing mentioned in relation to fifth generation technologies?
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Which of the following characteristics describes fifth generation supercomputers?
Which of the following characteristics describes fifth generation supercomputers?
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How do fifth generation computers typically support their memory architecture?
How do fifth generation computers typically support their memory architecture?
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Which of the following best describes the overall purpose of fifth generation computing technology?
Which of the following best describes the overall purpose of fifth generation computing technology?
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Which of the following is a key trait of micro-kernel systems used in the fifth generation?
Which of the following is a key trait of micro-kernel systems used in the fifth generation?
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What is a significant characteristic of fifth generation portable computers?
What is a significant characteristic of fifth generation portable computers?
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Study Notes
History of Computers
- Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642.
- Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671.
- Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880.
- Herman Hollerith developed punched cards around 1880, extensively used as input media until the late 1970s.
Evolution of Computers
- Charles Babbage is considered the father of modern digital computers.
- He designed the "Difference Engine" in 1822.
- He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for basic arithmetic functions.
- His work established fundamental principles for the design of digital computers.
- The Mark I Computer (1937-44)
- The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)
- The ENIAC (1943-46)
- The EDVAC (1946-52)
- The EDSAC (1947-49)
- Manchester Mark I (1948)
- The UNIVAC I (1951)
Computer Generations
- "Generation" in computer talk is a step-in technology framework for the growth of the computer industry.
- Initially used to distinguish hardware technologies, now includes hardware and software.
- There are five computer generations.
- First Generation (1942-1955): Vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relay memory, punched cards as secondary storage. Machine and assembly languages. Mostly scientific applications, Batch operating systems. Bulky, unreliable, limited commercial use. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I.
- Second Generation (1955-1964): Transistors, magnetic cores memory and tapes, disks for secondary storage. High-level programming languages, improved operating systems (batch). Faster, smaller, more reliable, still difficult commercial production. IBM 701, Honeywell 400, IBM 7030, CDC 1604, UNIVAC LARC.
- Third Generation (1964-1975): Integrated circuits (ICs) with SSI and MSI technologies, larger magnetic core memory, larger capacity disks and tapes. Timesharing operating systems, standardization of high-level languages, unbundling of software. Faster, smaller, reliable, easier and cheaper to produce. Scientific, commercial, and interactive applications. IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-11, CDC 6600.
- Fourth Generation (1975-1989): Integrated circuits with VLSI technology, microprocessors, semiconductor memory, larger hard disks. Operating systems (GUI), multiple windows, UNIX. Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use. IBM PC, Apple II, TRS-80, VAX 9000, CRAY-1, CRAY-2, CRAY-X/MP. Increased commercial use, general purpose machines.
- Fifth Generation (1989-Present): Ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) technology, larger storage capacity, portable devices (notebooks). Advance operating systems (distributed, micro-kernel based, multithreading), parallel programming. Portable computers, powerful desktop machines, and supercomputers. IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs.
Science
- Understanding nature through observation (e.g., bowling balls, black holes).
- Math and computer science deal with abstract concepts like numbers and graphs. These concepts are useful tools for real science.
Engineering
- Engineering is about creating something under constraints (nature, cost, safety).
- It's a synthetic process that strives to create what's possible.
Technology
- Technology involves all the techniques, skills, methods, and processes for producing goods or services.
- Technology is based on underlying scientific knowledge.
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Description
Explore the fascinating history and evolution of computers, from the early inventions like Pascal's mechanical adding machine to the birth of modern digital computers. This quiz covers significant milestones, key figures, and the generations of computing technology that shaped the digital world we know today.
