Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Grade 11/12 PDF

11/12 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 1 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, secti...

11/12 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 1 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Sheryl D. Baquiran Editors: Name Reviewers: Name Illustrator: Name Layout Artist: Name Management Team: Name of Regional Director Name of CLMD Chief Name of Regional EPS In Charge of LRMS Name of Regional ADM Coordinator Name of CID Chief Name of Division EPS In Charge of LRMS Name of Division ADM Coordinator Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region (Ex. Department of Education-Region III) Office Address: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Telefax: ____________________________________________ E-mail Address: ____________________________________________  11/12 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 1 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Doing Philosophy! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the learner: Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Doing Philosophy! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.  Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Philosophy. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is divided into three lessons, namely: Lesson 1.1 – What is Philosophy? Lesson 1.2 – Why is there a need to philosophize? Lesson 1.3 – How do we characterize the study of philosophy? Lesson 1.4 – What is the difference between holistic thinking and partial thinking? Lesson 1.5 – How does one engage in reflection? Lesson 1.6 – What are the practical uses of philosophy in our lives? After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. define the role of philosophy in determining truth and knowledge; 2. distinguish opinion from truth; 3. analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth; 4. realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth; and 5. evaluate opinions.  What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. The term used by ancient Greeks to refer to “love of wisdom” is a. Paleontology b. Philanthropy c. Philosophy d. Physiology 2. It is defined as a way of thinking about the world and is composed of views and beliefs of a person. a. External questions b. Framework c. Love for wisdom d. Metaphysics 3. The area of Philosophy that understands the human person from a philosophical perspective is called a. Ethics b. Logic c. Philosophy of the Human Person d. Political Philosophy 4. It refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. a. External question b. Holistic thinking c. Internal question d. Partial thinking 5. It requires a person to be willing examine one’s thoughts feelings and actions and to learn more about one’s life and experiences. a. Holistic thinking b. Love for wisdom c. Partial thinking d. Reflection  Lesson 1 Doing Philosophy Philosophy is a study and discipline that enables a person to attain a broad understanding and perspective in life through reflection. Philosophy is described as a way of analyzing ideas and frameworks and a reflective and meditative activity. This lesson emphasizes reflection and holistic thinking as helpful tools in engaging in philosophy. What’s In Philosophy can enable us to attain a broad and deep perspective in life through deliberate and careful thinking, the use of reflection, and employing holistic thinking in understanding life situations and challenges. Through philosophy, a person can appreciate life experiences as vital components that give meaning to life. Notes to the Teacher This module is based on the Teaching Guide and Textbook combined to easily facilitate learning among students. It is guided by activities to help students further apply their learnings which can closely put their knowledge into life situations.  What’s New Inquire and Discover Have you come to a realization of what you want in life? Have you ever found yourself wondering about the things you experienced or where your life is headed? Have you ever encountered a situation where you had to think about the “deeper” questions in life? Throughout our lives, we have wondered about many things which lead us to ask a lot of questions. By nature, human beings are inquisitive. We ask questions to try and make sense of our world and experiences. Young children are very curious and we often hear them as simple and silly questions. These queries may be easily ignored but they indicate a healthy curiosity and a sense of wonder which is an important feature of childhood innocence. As we grow older, our questions are influenced by our experiences and circumstances. We find ourselves asking more “serious” questions. People ask questions to help them plan and decide on certain tasks. These are questions that we often hear in everyday conversations. There are other questions that make us pause and think. We often encounter these “deep” questions in serious conversation. A big part of living is spent pondering many questions, and our lives become more meaningful because we search for answers to these innumerable questions. This is the essence of philosophy-the search for answers to life’s questions. What is It Lesson 1.1 What is Philosophy? Philosophy Defined The word philosophy comes from two Greek words: philos (love) and sophia (wisdom). The ancient Greeks used this term to refer to “love of wisdom” and they soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons and principles which govern all things. People who engage in philosophy are called philosophers or “lovers of wisdom”. The following are the most notable ancient Greek philosophers: Pythagoras - credited with formulating Pythagorean theorem. He established a community of learners for the study of religion and philosophy. Heraclitus – proposed that everything exists based on a higher order or plan called logos. For him, change is a permanent aspect of human condition. Democritus – devoted himself to study the causes of natural phenomena and was first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. Diogenes of Sinope – an advocate of living a simple and virtuous life. His teachings were later developed into schools of philosophy such as Cynicism and Stoicism by his followers. Epicurus – believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. Epicurianism, a school of philosophy, is a belief that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free of fear and pain. Socrates – considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times. He made great contributions in the field of ethics and formulated the Socratic Method, a means of examining a topic by devising series of questions. Plato – a student of Socrates who wrote down his mentor’s teachings and incorporated some of his ideas in them. His teachings and writings were the foundation of Western philosophy. His Theory of Forms proposed that everything exists based on an idea or template can only be perceived in the mind. He is also known for his dialectic, a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at a new knowledge. He also founded the Academy, an institution of higher learning which was the first of its kind in the Western World. Aristotle – he attended the Academy and was a prominent student of Plato who disagreed with Plato’s Theory of Forms in interpreting reality, which for him is based on what we can sense and perceive, which greatly influenced the study of physical sciences. His deductive reasoning, in his study of logic, is a process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion or generalization. Lesson 1.2 Why is there a need to philosophize? The need to philosophize can be traced to the following according to some great philosophers: 1. sense of wonder (Plato)-whenever we are confronted with experience, we always wonder how it came about. 2. doubt (Descartes)-Descartes was famous for questioning or rejecting established ideas as far as doubting his own ideas. 3. experience (Karl Jaspers)-Jaspers believed that man is often confronted by experiences which challenged his ideas and frameworks which he called limit situations, often accompanied by feelings of helplessness, anxiety, or dread. 4. love for wisdom (Socrates)-the insatiable desire for truth. A philosopher does not seek knowledge to claim ownership of it; and one who engages in philosophy is not satisfied with figuring out the answer to a question. He seeks to continue to question, to probe, and to discuss in order to get to the bottom of things. Socrates exemplified this perspective, having said that, “I know that I do not know…” Lesson 1.3 How do we characterize the study of philosophy? One way of looking at philosophy is to consider it as (1) a way of analyzing frameworks. A framework is defined as a way of thinking about the world and is composed of the views and beliefs of a person. Questions dealing with our own correctness and values are considered internal questions which can be addressed using our own personal frameworks. Also, there are external questions that seek to question the very frameworks upon which people base their own beliefs and views. Example: A child going through the bitter experience of his or her parent’s separation in a state of confusion begins to question his or her personal framework of what a family should be (internal questioning). Then the child seeks to clarify, examine and evaluate the basis of frameworks which he or she uses to deal with the world and give meaning to his or her experiences (external questioning). Philosophy can also be thought of as (2) an examination of a particular area of knowledge. Philosophy goes hand in hand with other disciplines in examining their fundamental purposes and evaluating the changes they experience. Philosophy itself is (3) a distinct area of knowledge with its own goals, concerns, and ways of doing things. It is divided into several branches: Branch of Philosophy Area Aesthetics deals with beauty and what makes things beautiful Logic deals with correct reasoning Epistemology discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing Ethics deals with moral questions and dilemmas Political Philosophy studies governments and deals with questions of justice, power and the rights and obligations of citizens Metaphysics deals with questions regarding reality and existence Philosophy of the Human understands the human person from a philosophical Person perspective-integrating and synthesizing the different branches of philosophy of other fields of study to know the truth about the human person. However complex and varied the perceptions, they suggest two important facts about philosophizing: (4) philosophy is a reflective and meditative activity and it has no designated subject matter of its own. It is also (5) a method of mental exercise on any type of experience. When confronting human experience, philosophers often employ tools that engage the mind in analyzing problems and situations. Lesson 1.4 What is the difference between holistic thinking and partial thinking? Holistic thinking refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. This is often described as looking at the “big picture” when describing and analyzing a situation or problem. A holistic perspective requires an individual to have an open mindset and an ability to get the general sense or impression regarding a situation. Partial thinking, on the other hand, focuses on specific aspects of a situation. The partial view is an important component of analytical thinking, as an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it. Though partial thinking is useful, philosophy utilizes holistic thinking in making sense of problems and issues related to the human experience. Example: For instance, doctors often focus on a specific set of symptoms to determine the cause of patient’s illness and prescribes an appropriate medicine and other treatments to address the illness (partial thinking). A holistic perspective, however, requires the doctor to look at the “big picture” and view the patient’s illness as an aspect of his or her lifestyle and personal circumstances to identify other underlying causes of the illness. Upon inquiry about the patient’s habits and lifestyle, it led to a discovery that a fatigue and stress may be causing the illness and this leads the doctor to advise the patient to change his or her habit for well-being. Lesson 1.5 How does one engage in reflection? Reflection requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings and actions and to learn more about one’s life and experiences. One can reflect on almost any subject. For instance, the moment you wake up, you can already reflect upon the things that you plan to do for the day to set you to you daily goals and set you on the path of thinking of ways to achieve them. Lesson 1.6 What are the practical uses of Philosophy in our lives? 1. Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments and problems; 2. Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision-making; 3. A philosopher is a good communicator who can clearly and adequately present his or her ideas;  4. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing which refers to a person’s ability to apply knowledge to daily life particularly in making sound choices and judgment; 5. Finally, knowledge of Philosophy can contribute to self-development. What’s More Activity 1.1 Holistic thinking vs Partial thinking. List down the difference between holistic thinking from partial thinking Activity 1.2 How philosophy helps you. Give one use of philosophy and explain how it can help you obtain a broad perspective in life. Activity 1.3 Reflect from a holistic perspective. Write about how you are spending your time during this time of pandemic applying holistic thinking. What I Have Learned 1. Philosophy is the study that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons and principles which govern all things. 2. The need to philosophize is traced to a person’s sense of wonder and doubt, the need to make sense of challenging experiences and the love for wisdom. 3. The study of philosophy can be considered as a way of analyzing ideas and frameworks. It is also considered a way of examining a particular area of knowledge. Philosophy itself is a discipline with its own goals, concerns and ways of doing things. Philosophy also makes use of information gathered from other fields of knowledge and not just its own conclusions. Finally, philosophy can be considered a reflective and meditative activity. 4. Reflection is an important aspect of philosophy. One can engage in reflection by examining one’s thoughts, feelings and actions and learning from experience. Reflecting on situations, activities, actions and decisions enables a person to gain insights that will help in effective decision-making. 5. Holistic thinking is a perspective that considers larger patterns or the bigger picture when looking at problems or situations. Adopting a holistic view enables a person to view a problem more objectively and come up with better decisions or solutions. A holistic view also means that one does not confine one’s understanding of the world to one’s own perspective, but also includes the perspective of others. This view also enables a person to better appreciate his or her experiences as vital components that give meaning to life.  What I Can Do Discuss with your other family members a problem or issue important to your family. Write down their views to come up with a solution based on a holistic perspective. Assessment Identify the following. Write your answers on a piece of paper. _________________ 1. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons and principles which govern all things. _________________ 2. The Greek term for philosophy, philosophia means_____. _________________ 3. The Greek philosopher Plato believes that philosophy is brought about by man’s sense of _______________. _________________ 4. He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make sense of difficult life experiences. _________________ 5. Rene Descartes considers this as a reason why people philosophize. _________________ 6. It refers to a way of thinking about the world and is made up of a person’s views and beliefs. _________________ 7. These are questions that examine personal ideas regarding correctness and values. _________________ 8. It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. _________________ 9. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at problems and situations. _________________ 10. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.  Additional Activities Think of a creative way (examples: poster-making, writing an essay, a poem, etc.) of expressing how you view your life holistically. Highlight how your experiences contributed to give meaning to your life. Answer Key What I Know What's More 1.Philosophy 1.1 Holistic thinking considers large-scale patterns 2. Philosophers in systems; described as looking at the “big picture” 3. Framework when describing and analyzing a situation or 4. Philosophy of the problem an d requires an open mindset and ability to Human Person get the general sense or impression regarding a 5. Reflection situation while Partial thinking focuses on specific aspects of a situation and is an important Assessment component of analytical thinking. 1. Philosophy 1.2 Sample answer: Philosophy gives us wisdom 2. Love of wisdom which we can use to make sound choices and 3. Wonder judgment, which can lead to more practical solutions 4. Karl Jaspers to problems. 5. Doubt 6. Frameworks 1.3 Sample answer: Using time productively and 7. Internal questions living in accordance with the rules and guidelines 8. Reflection implemented at the moment. 9. Holistic thinking 10. Partial thinking References Abella, Roberto. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Textbook. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2016 Abella, Roberto. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Teacher’s Manual. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2016 https://images.app.goo.gl/ec6fMRV4iVZn96AT7 https://images.app.goo.gl/4G1EuxN4prN12ufy7 https://images.app.goo.gl/fYTXrQqTAeUnvrtg8 https://images.app.goo.gl/nG4qkcQYsXc1VUYH6 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]