INTRODUCTION TO PHARMA.pdf

PHARMACOLOGIC TERMS DIVISIONS OF PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacology the science and study of drugs and their interaction with living organisms It also includes history, source, physicochemical properties, dosage forms, methods of administration, absorption, distribution, mechanism of action,...

PHARMACOLOGIC TERMS DIVISIONS OF PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacology the science and study of drugs and their interaction with living organisms It also includes history, source, physicochemical properties, dosage forms, methods of administration, absorption, distribution, mechanism of action, biotransformation, excretion, clinical uses and adverse effects of drugs I. General Terms II. Terms associated with dosage (posology) and related phenomena III. Terms Associated with the absorption and Fate of Drugs in the body IV. Terms associated with Drug Action (mechanisms, influencing factors, etc.,) Pharmacology The sum of knowledge regarding drugs Subdivisions: 1. Pharmacognosy 2. Materia Medica 3. Pharmacy 4. Pharmacodynamics 5. Therapeutics 6. Toxicology Pharmacognosy a subdivision of pharmacology which treats the characteristics of crude drugs. Since most crude drugs are of botanical origin, this science is concerned mainly with the botanical characteristics of drugs themselves, such as gross and microscopic appearance, the nature of common contaminating material, etc. Materia Medica a subdivision which deals with the sources, preparations, uses, and sometimes actions of drugs It may encroach upon pharmacognosy and may include such features such as the study of the various pharmaceutical preparations made from crude drugs and a consideration of their uses. It may also include drugs which are neither crude nor of botanical origin. Pharmacy The science of identification, selection, preservation, standardization, compounding and dispensing of medical substances The art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs For economic reasons, the art is of considerable service to veterinarians, modern trends in the preparation and merchandising of drugs. Pharmacodynamics Is the study of the actions of drugs on the living organism. Biological and therapeutic effects of drugs “ what the drugs does to the body” a thorough understanding of the function of the normal organism is fundamental to an explanation of all pharmacodynamic phenomena. Physiology - primary basis upon which pharmacodymics rests Pathology – may complicate the actions of many drugs Chemistry –indispensable basic area of knowledge Therapeutics A general term referring to the treatment of disease and borders upon many fields other than pharmacology. The subject has various subdivisions based on: a. Classified according to the objectives attainable may specific or non specific ( symptomatic, palliative, etc.) B. Classified according to the means by which these objectives are attained Includes chemotherapy, physical therapy, biological therapy, etc. Chemotherapy and phamacotherapeutics has reference to the use of drugs in the treatment of disease. Toxicology The study of poisons: their effects, identification, and the treatment of conditions produced by them This is best handled separately or integrated with the study of therapeutics. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH DOSAGE (POSOLOGY) AND RELATED PHENOMENA Dosages toxic dose fatal dose minimal lethal dose minimal dose maximal dose therapeutic dose therapeutic ratio Tolerance Addiction Hypersensitivity Idiosyncracy A. Dosage Loading dose Maintenance dose Toxic dose Fatal dose Minimal Lethal dose Minimal Dose Therapeutic dose Therapeutic ratio B. Tolerance Tolerance species tolerance acquired tolerance individual tolerance Gross tolerance Addiction Hypersensitivity Idiosyncracy TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ABSORPTION AND FATE OF DRUGS IN THE BODY Absorption of drugs solution filtration osmosis diffusion dialysis Administration of drugs intravenous by inhalation Intraperitoneal Intramuscular subcutaneous stomach Rectum Skin TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG ACTION Mechanism of action The nature of response of cells to drugs stimulation irritation Fatigue or exhuastion Depression Paralysis Local and Systemic Drug Action Primary vs Secondary drug action Affinity vs Efficacy vs potency Drug effect vs drug action PHARMACOLOGICAL TEXTBOOKS Medical Pharmacology Textbooks Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th ed. Principles of Medical Pharmacology Pharmacology: Principles and Practice Modern Pharmacology with Clinical applications Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th ed. Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2nd ed by Boothe Small animal clinical pharmacology, 2nd ed by Maddison Plumb, D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook. 6th ed. DRUG in the broadest definition it is any chemical agent, other than food, that affects the structure and function of living organism. In its legal or regulatory function, it is any substance, food or non food, that is used to treat, cure, mitigate, or prevent diseases including any non food substances that are intended to affect the structure or function of the individual. Food is defined as any article that is eaten or drunk that provide taste, aroma, or nutritive value. Nutraceutical simply refers to nutrient used as drug A drug is any substances different from a normal constituent of the body or one that is required for normal bodily function (e.g. food, water, oxygen) that when applied to or introduced into a living organism has the effect of altering body functions. These alterations may prove useful in the treatment of disease (therapeutic application) or it may cause disease (toxicity). SOURCES OF DRUGS Natural sources Carbohydrates Glycosides (sugar + aglycone) Lipids Proteins Alkaloids Volatile oils Plant exudates Antibiotics, Hormones, Growth factors, Cytokines, Vitamins, Toxins Synthetic sources Natural mimicking Natural modification Laboratory synthetics Drugs are obtained from: 1. Minerals: Liquid paraffin, magnesium sulfate, magnesium trisilicate, kaolin, etc. 2. Animals: Insulin, thyroid extract, heparin and antitoxin sera, etc. 3. Plants: Morphine, digoxin, atropine, castor oil, etc. 4. Synthetic source: Aspirin, sulphonamides, paracetamol, zidovudine, etc. 5. Micro organisms: Penicillin, streptomycin and many other antibiotics. 6. Genetic engineering: Human insulin, human growth hormone etc. Popular examples of drug derived from plants are: 1. Metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic drug Derived from French lilac plant, Galega officinalis Active ingredient: 1,1-dimethylbiguanide 2. Morphine, an analgesic Derived from Papaver somniferum (poppy) 3. Aspirin, an anti-inflammatory drug Derived from Salix alba (white willow) the anti-malarial 4. Quinine, anti- malarial drug derived from Cinchona succirubra 4 DIVISIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF PHARMACOLOGY 1. Pharmacodynamics Is the science and study of HOW drugs produce their effects on living organisms. It involves the following in producing an effect Site - where the drug act Mechanism of action - how drugs act “what the drugs does to the body” Pharmacokinetics is a subdivision of pharmacodynamics that deals with the physiological processes and factors that determines the amount of drug at its sites of action at various times between the application to and elimination from the body 2. Toxicology Is the study of the harmful effects of drugs, and the conditions under which these harmful effects occur. 3. Pharmacotherapeutics Is concerned with the useful application of drugs in the diagnosis, prevention, mitigation and cure of diseases and in the purposeful alteration of body structure and functions. Deals with the proper selection and use of drugs for the prevention and treatment of disease 4. Pharmacy Is the art and science of developing, preparing, compounding, and dispensing of drugs. As an art, pharmacy is an older discipline As a science being a branch of pharmacology. Pharmacognosy Is a division of pharmacy that studies (plants, animals, minerals, or synthetic) sources of drugs. Metrology Is a subdivision of pharmacy that deals with weights and measure of drugs. Posology Is a subdivision of pharmacy that deals with formulating drug dosages CATEGORIES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1. Molecular Pharmacology Is concerned with the study of basic mechanisms of drug action on biologic systems, and aims to determine and interpret the relationship between biologic activity and structures of molecules or groups of molecules 2. Clinical Pharmacology Is concerned with the rational development, effective use and proper evaluation of drugs for the diagnosis, prevention and cure of diseases (by clinical trials). It also deals with the safe use of drugs in animals and humans. It applies to both veterinary and human medicine 3. Veterinary Pharmacology Veterinary pharmacology is concerned with drugs as they are used in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of animal diseases and in the international alteration of animal physiology. THE NATURE OF DRUG ACTION a drug act to produce an effect A drug action is the mechanism or manner by which a drug produces an effect A drug effect is the change the drug produces in a subject Drug Activity is a matter of cause and effect For example: Effect of Aspirin: relief of fever, pain, inflammation Action of aspirin: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins, which mediates fever, pain and inflammation. A drug may produce an effect by: Binding to a specific receptor, or Nonspecific physiochemical means A drug effect may be pharmacological or physiological Pharmacological effect refers to exaggerated change in the function or condition in an individual caused by a drug. Physiological effect refers to an effect that promotes and maintain normal body function Example: insulin when given in proper dose to a hyperglycemic individual causes the blood sugar to reduce to normal level a physiological effect When given in excess, insulin leads to hypoglycemia pharmacological effect A new drug does not confer new function in an individual A drug can only enhance, or reduce the functions of which the individual is NATURALLY capable. The effect of a drug is therefore: Quantitative Altering the magnitude or degree of a body function NOT qualitative Altering the nature of the function No drug is capable of conferring x-ray vision on an animal, or the ability to cause ovulation in a normal male Every drug is a poison “ all substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy” Paracelsus (Phillus Aureolus Theopatus Bombastus Von Hohenheim) Alternative medicine Applies to treatments or therapies that are outside accepted conventional medicine Complementary medicine Implies that these alternative therapies can be used with or in addition to conventional treatment Veterinary acupuncture and acutherapy Consists of the examination and stimulation of body points by use of acupuncture needles, injections, and other techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of numerous conditions in animals Vet Homeopathy A medical discipline in which animal conditions are treated by administration of substances that are capable of producing clinical signs in healthy animals. These substances are used therapeutically in very small doses. The theory behind homeopathy is that signs caused by a substance are needed clinically to resolve the condition If these substances are given in small doses, the signs will be produced and help treat the condition. Vet Chiropractic Is the examination, diagnosis, and treatment of animals through manipulation and adjustments of specific joints and cranial structures. Vet Physical Therapy The use of non-invasive techniques for the rehabilitation of animal injuries This includes stretching, range-of-motion exercise, hydrotherapy, massage therapy, and application of heat and cold. Vet botanical medicine uses plants and plant derivatives as therapeutic agents Nutraceutical medicine Uses micronutrients, macronutrients, and other nutritional supplements as their therapeutic agents. Example of nutraceutical substances include glucoseamine, chondroitin sulfate, and coenzyme Q. Holistic Veterinary Medicine is a comprehensive approach to health care using both alternative and conventional diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches Holistic veterinarians may use a combination of methods to treat patient’s condition “A dream doesn’t become a reality through magic; it takes sweat, determination and hard work”. …Colin Powell