INTRODUCTION-TO-NURSING-THEORY-Student-Copy.pdf

I. Introduction to nursing theory A.Definition of terms B.History C.The importance/ necessity D.Characteristics of theory OBJECTIVES Understand the theoretical foundation of nursing in the different knowledge of physical. Social, natural, and health sciences. Identify the relevance and application of the theories into nursing practice. theory Theory is a set of concepts (theory/idea/belief), deﬁnitions, and propositions (hypothesis,argument)that project a systematic view of phenomena (event/incident) by designating speciﬁc interrelationships among concepts for purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and/or controlling phenomena (Chinn & Jacobs). theory Theory is a set of concepts (theory/idea/belief), deﬁnitions, and propositions (hypothesis,argument)that project a systematic view of phenomena (event/incident) by designating speciﬁc interrelationships among concepts for purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and/or controlling phenomena (Chinn & Jacobs). Theory is a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena (Chinn & Kramer). Concepts Proposition SYTEMATICALLY THEORY VIEW PHENOMENA Assumption ORGANIZED Definitions NURSING THEORY Nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspect of reality (invented or discovered) that pertains to nursing. The conceptualization is articulated (joined/connected) for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, or prescribing nursing care (Meleis). Nursing theory is an inductively(preparatory/initial) and/or deductively (presumptibve/prior)derived collage of coherent, creative, and focused nursing phenomena that frame, give meaning to, and help explain speciﬁc and selective aspects of nursing research and practice (Silva). Nursing theories are organized, knowledge-based concepts that essentially define the scope of nursing practice. This scope would include what constitutes nursing, what nurses are typically tasked with, and the reasons why these tasks are in place. Classification of Nursing Theories T H DESCRIBES E EXPLAINS NURSING O PREDICTS CARE R PRESCRIBES Y Three Levels of Nursing Theory There are generally three levels of nursing theory, which begin with abstract ideas and become more specific according to each level. The three main categories of nursing theories are grand nursing theories, middle-range nursing theories and practice-level nursing theories. Different levels of nursing theories may influence others. The following details each type. Grand Nursing Theories Grand nursing theories are the broadest category. They’re the most abstract and complex concepts and propositions that provide a general nursing care framework. A grand nursing theory can apply to a variety of nursing care environments and situations. Grand Nursing Theories Grand nursing theories are the broadest category. They’re the most abstract and complex concepts and propositions that provide a general nursing care framework. A grand nursing theory can apply to a variety of nursing care environments and situations. Middle-Range Nursing Theories Middle-range nursing theories are more specific in focus compared to grand nursing theories, but they’re broader than the more specific practice-level nursing theories. Middle-range nursing theories may derive from theories of similar disciplines, nursing research or nursing practice. Since they’re less abstract than grand nursing theories, middle-range theories tend to be more verifiable through testing. These theories attempt to explain, describe or predict specific issues in clinical nursing practice. An example of a middle-range nursing theory is Imogene King’s Theory of Goal AttainmentExternal link:open_in_new. This theory focuses on the factors that affect the attainment of certain life goals and explains how a nurse and a patient can communicate, set goals together and take actions to achieve goals. The theory examines how the personal system, the interpersonal system and the social system affect goal attainment. Practice-Level Nursing Theories Practice-level nursing theories are situation-specific. They’re the most narrow in scope and focus of the three levels of nursing theories. They may be based on concepts from grand nursing theories and middle-range nursing theory but provide specific frameworks for specific nursing interventions. Nurses and nurse researchers may apply a practice-level nursing theory when it relates to a defined patient population at a specific time. Since these theories are more specific and unique, they may draw upon multiple theories to create the optimal recommended practice for that particular patient group. For example, a nurse who is working with a patient who is a mother may draw upon elements of middle-range nursing theories like the Maternal Role Attainment TheoryExternal link:open_in_new by Ramona Mercer and the Life Perspective Rhythm ModelExternal link:open_in_new by Dr. Joyce Fitzpatrick to provide optimal maternal patient care. https://nursinglicensemap.com/resources/nursing- theories/#:~:text=There%20are%20generally%20three%20levels,and%20practice%2Dlevel%20nursing%20theories. Importance of a Nursing Theory Theory guides and improves nursing practice Past and present problems in nursing might be solved through theory development. A theory provides the nurse with goals for nursing care. by being goal-directed, nursing practice is rendered more efficient and effective. Theory helps to identify the focus, the goals, and the means of practice. As theory evolves, nurses become more confident and gain more control over practice because their actions are based on tested theory. Theory guides research According to Meleis (1985), “the use of theory is to guide research.: Research validates and modifies theory. The theory forms the basis for hypothesis testing and for the theory to be expanded. Research tests hypothesis in clinical settings. Statistical analysis is used in describing, explaining, or predicting nursing realities. The theory is a very rich source of research problems. Theory contributes to the development of the discipline’s body of knowledge Nursing must have a foundation of theoretical knowledge that is based on research findings. Theory in nursing describes, explains, predicts, and controls phenomena or events to achieve desired outcomes. It can show relationships between and among concepts to create a different way of understanding a nursing phenomenon. Theory enhances communication It provides a common language for understanding a phenomenon so that nursing could be described and explained by common concepts. The theory, therefore, creates a better link between practitioners, educators, administrators, and researchers. Communication theory provides a way of talking about and analyzing key events, processes, and commitments that together form communication. Characteristics of a Theory Systematic, logical and coherent There must be orderly reasoning and no contraindications between and among the concepts. There must be proper sequencing of ideas and propositions or theoretical assertions. Creative structuring of ideas We said that concepts are the building blocks of a theory and that they are the mental images resulting from one’s experiences and perceptions. Therefore, when these concepts are interrelated, they create different ways of looking at a particular phenomenon, event, or object. It's about giving direction to our thoughts, not about limiting them. Structure(form/composition) and creativity are not opposing forces; they can - and should - work in. Common examples of mental images include daydreaming and the mental visualization that occurs while reading a book. Tentative in nature A theory can change over time, implying that it is evolving and dynamic. As further research and studies are done and as they are enriched by practice, theory can change. However, some theories remain valid despite the passage of time. (End for Sec NAM) Descriptive theories (Factor-isolating theories) -To know the properties and workings of a discipline -Main purpose is to present phenomena based on five senses together with their corresponding meaning. Ex. A descriptive research about Filipino Nursing practices like the use of herbal medicine Nursing is a discipline that stems from a foundation in the humanities, the social and behavioral sciences, and the physical and biological sciences; these serve as the foundation for the Baccalaureate Essentials of Nursing Education (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2008). Descriptive Theory (Sebastien-2016) states: "A set of propositions that attempts to describe something." According to Sebastien's definition of the term, descriptive theories aim at describing a certain object under study, where describe is understood in the broad sense and includes explain, predict, etc. A descriptive theory is one that claims to describe how things really are, as opposed to how they should be. Explanatory theories (Factor-relating theories) -Present relationship among concepts and propositions -Cause and effect relationship are well explained Ex. A research study about the factors affecting the newborn in failing to thrive. Failure to thrive, also known as weight faltering or faltering growth, indicates insufficient weight gain or absence of appropriate physical growth in children. FTT is usually defined in terms of weight, and can be evaluated either by a low weight for the child's age, or by a low rate of increase in the weight. Delay in physical skills, such as rolling over, sitting, standing and walking. Mental and social skills Secondary sexual characteristics (delayed in adolescents) Predictive theories (Situation-relating theories) -Are achieved when the relationships of concept under a certain condition are able to describe future outcomes consistently Ex. A theoretical model based on the observation of the effects of unsanitary environmental condition on the recovery of post- operative patients. Prescriptive theories (Situation-producing theories) -This theory deals with nursing actions, and test the validity and certainty of specific nursing intervention -This kind is commonly used in testing new nursing interventions Ex. Laurente’s theory validates and explains the different nursing management in the emergency room in relieveing anxiety among its clients. Categories of nursing theories NURSING Nursing is the “diagnosis and treatment of human response to actual or potential health problems” (American Nurses Association) “to assist clients in the performance of activities contributing to health, its recovery or peaceful death that clients will perform unaided, if they had the necessary will, strength or knowledge” (Henderson) Nursing integrates the art and science of caring and focuses on the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and human functioning; prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; and alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence. Nursing theories are organized, knowledge-based concepts that essentially define the scope of nursing practice. This scope would include what constitutes nursing, what nurses are typically tasked with, and the reasons why these tasks are in place. A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. A paradigm is a way of looking at something. The word paradigm comes up a lot in the academic, scientific, and business worlds. Paradigm comes from the Greek verb paradeiknynai, meaning “to show side by side.” It has been used in English to mean “example” or “pattern” since the 15th century. Nursing paradigm determines the goals and boundaries like a foundation of a building. The nursing paradigm represents global ideas about individuals, groups, situations and phenomena of interest to this discipline (Fawcett, 1995). It explains the nature of human beings, their relationship with the environment, and the human-universal-health processes (Fawcett, 1993; Parse, 2000). NURSING PARADIGMS/ METAPARADIGMS Used to show a clear relationship among the existing theoretical works in nursing. “meta”- with and “paradeigima”- pattern Nursing Metaparadigms - are patterns or models used to show a clear relationship among the existing theoretical works in nursing. = A model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline. 1. Person Is the recipient of care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, and sociocultural components. A person can be referred to as an individual, family, or community. 2. Environment This refers to all internal and external conditions, circumstances, and influences affecting the person. 3. Health It is the degree of wellness or illness experienced by the person 4. Nursing Refers to actions, characteristics, and attributes of the person giving care. Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its own methods and assumptions. 1. : the study of the basic ideas about knowledge, truth, right and wrong, religion, and the nature and meaning of life. 2. : the philosophical teachings or principles of a person or group. PHILOSOPHY IN NURSING Philosophy in nursing- is the next knowledge level after metaparadigm. It specifies the definition of metaparadigm concepts. Ex. Nurses have an obligation to provide safe, patient-centered care in a manner that supports individual patient choices, values, and beliefs A conceptual model is the model of an application that the designers want users to understand. By using the software and perhaps reading its documentation, users build a model in their minds of how it works. It is best if the model that users build in their minds is like the one the designers intended. Conceptual models are abstract, psychological representations of how tasks should be carried out. The conceptual model itself is a static diagram that shows concepts and the relationships between them. As an example, consider the shopping cart in most ecommerce sites. The conceptual model would show the cart and the relationship it has to items being ordered, the checkout process and delivery. A concept is an idea, belief, principle, or theory. Bioethics, human rights, free speech, religious freedom, and karma are examples of concepts. A concept is an idea, belief, principle, or theory. Bioethics, human rights, free speech, religious freedom, and karma are examples of concepts. Science: the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation, experimentation, and the testing of theories against the evidence obtained. "the world of science and technology" Knowledge: facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. "a thirst for knowledge" Phenomena can be defined as “observable events that occur in a natural or designed system.” They are everywhere around us, but some are easier to notice than others. Common examples of natural phenomena include lightning, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, and similar. A nursing phenomenon is frequently described as an experience (e.g., fatigue) or related experiences that influences health status and is relevant to nursing practice (e.g., postpartum fatigue, post traumatic stress disorder, burnout, job satisfaction, maternal child attachment, care coordination). KNOWLEDGE Information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through formal or informal learning. Knowledge acquirement involves several cognitive process. Types of cognitive process 1. Perception- Achieving an understanding of sensory data 2. Association -Combining two or more concepts/ideas to form a new concept, or for comparison 3. Learning - Acquiring experiences, skills, information, and values 4. Reasoning - Mental process of seeking conclusions through reason 5. Communication - Transferring data from sender to receiver using different mediums or tools of communication. CONCEPTS Concepts- building blocks of theory. It enhances ones capacity to understand phenomena as it helps define the meaning of a word 2 types of concepts Abstract concepts- are indirectly observed or intangible. Independent of time and place Eg. Love, care, freedom Concrete concepts- are directly observed or tangible. eg. nurse, mother, pain Conceptual and theoretical models CONCEPTUAL THEORETICAL are representations of an are highly established idea or body of knowledge set of concept that are based on the own testable understanding or perception of a person or researcher on a certain topic, phenomena or theory Science- latin “scientia” meaning knowledge. The organized body of knowledge gained through research. Scientific Method: 1.Observation 2.Gathering data 3.Forming hypothesis 4.Experimental investigation 5.Conclusion/Theoretical Explanation Purpose of Nursing Theory Assignment 1. In a table format identify the sources of knowledge give its advantage and disadvantage in nursing Sources of Knowledge Definition Advantage Disadvantage 2.Define Phenomenon and give at least 5 examples related Clean short bond paper, HANDWRITTEN, acknowledge sources Margin: Name: Section: Date: Subject: 1” all sides 1. 2. Rubrics READ on the evolution/history of nursing for the activity next meeting TFN QUIZ 1 NAME: SECTION: DATE: INNUMERATION The four components of Nursing Metaparadigm Cognitive Process of Knowledge 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Scientific Method 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. IDENTIFICATION 15. What do you call the components that contribute to generate a theory? _____________________________ 16. Also called as building blocks of theories? ________ 18. It is the meaning of a word based on the method of how it was measured or how the person came up with the perception. 19. This refers to all internal and external conditions, circumstances, and influences affecting the person. 20. Category of nursing theories that are broad in scope and complex in nature, they only assist nursing research in an Thank You! HISTORY Nursing at its beginning Nursing start in the intuitive way of caring for the sick members of the family Traditionally, the roles of women are limited as wives,mothers, daughters and sisters They are the ones who stayed at home and took care of the family In ancient civilization Providing care revolves around the use of magical thinking, superstitious and religious beliefs Female slaves are usually the ones who provide physical maintenance and comfort for the sick Their actions are usually ordered by a master, healer or priest In Egypt People worshipped the Goddess Isis and her son Horus, as they are believed to manipulate the dreams of the sick Code of Hammurabi- the earliest documented forms of service and law governing the practice of medicine Religion greatly influenced the practice of caring for the sick individual, Christian based this from the use of Christ’s parable of the “ good samaritan” Nursing roles- Women (Old testament) Israel Moses – “Father of Sanitation” He wrote the five-book the Old Testament which: Emphasized the practice of hospitality to strangers and acts of charity. Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and the ritual of male circumcision. Nursing science and theory in the early 20th century Major developments 1. The use of experiment to gain new knowledge emerged during this period as nurses strive their actins on evidence and scientific data. 2. Positivism= use of both logical reasoning and empiricism, became prevalent during this era in the discovery of truth for the development of science 3. Empirical and objective data= co-exist as the focus of interest of study as one of each need to be tested in order to determine as to “what is true or what is not” 20th century As a result of the different point of views during this period, the growth of new scientific knowledge commenced-this evident with the emergence of radical thinking-rationalism and empiricism rationalism 1. RATIONALISM= makes use of reason gained thru expert study, tested theory and established facts to evidently prove something Deductive type of reasoning= is used to generate rationalist view which starts from the general to specific knowledge Ex: use of evidenced-based nursing and nursing research that make use of a general or broad concept that needs to be studied and understand thru different supplemental materials. empiricism 2. EMPIRICISM= makes use of objective and tangible data or those that are perceived by the senses ( smell, sight, taste and feeling) to observe and collect data These data are the used to formulate general knowledge which use inductive type of reasoning In nursing, the use of empiricism is highly important in the assessment of patients all throughout the entire nursing process NURSING SCIENCE AND THEORY IN THE LATE TH 20 CENTURY The development of knowledge in the late 20th century was mainly affected by the different nursing leaders and theorist of the early 20th century The evolution of nursing science throughout the time was further studied and tested that led to the contemporary practices in nursing CHRISTIAN ORGANIZATIONS THAT PROVIDED CARE FOR THE SICK ORGANIZATION CONTRIBUTION Parabolani Brotherhood Provided care during the great plague in Alexandria Knights of St. John of Jerusalem The organizations were responsible for the development of Teutonic Knights early managerial and administrative standards in providing care in hospitals Knights of Lazarus Knights of St. John of Jerusalem One of the first nursing orders Alexian Brotherhood Augustinian Sisters Camillus De Lellis Considered as the patron saint of nurses. Order of Christian charity providing care for the poor, sick, dying and prisoners Sisters of Charity Established by St. Vincent de Paul in France Order of Deaconesses Founded at Kieserwerth, Germany. Recognized the role of women in giving services for the sick. It also initiated the establishment of a training school for nurses Nursing Leaders in the Philippines Anastacia Giron – Tupas, First Filipino nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent; founder of the Philippine Nurses Association. Cesaria Tan, First Filipino to receive a Master’s degree in Nursing abroad. Socorro Sirilan, Pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the chief nurse Rosa Militar, a pioneer in school health education Sor Ricarda Mendoza, a pioneer in nursing education. Socorro Diaz, first editor of the PNA magazine called “The Message” Conchita Ruiz, First full-time editor of the newly named PNA magazine “The Filipino Nurse” IMPORTANCE of nursing theory How does domain relate to nursing theory? Nursing has identified its domain in a paradigm that includes four linkages: 1) person/client 2) health 3) environment 4) nursing Purposes of nursing theory What are the purposes of nursing theory? It guides nursing practice and generates knowledge It helps to describe or explain nursing Enables nurses to know WHY they are doing WHAT they are doing Why on earth do we study nursing theory? Everyday practice enriches theory Both practice and theory are guided by values and beliefs Theory helps to reframe our thinking about nursing Theory guides use of ideas and techniques Theory can close the gap between theory and research To envision potentialities (Gordon, Parker, & Jester, 2001) “The study and use of nursing theory in nursing practice must have roots in the everyday practice of nurses (Gordon, Parker, and Jester, 2001). So how do nurses use theory in everyday practice? Organize patient data Understand patient data Analyze patient data Make decisions about nursing interventions Plan patient care Predict outcomes of care Evaluate patient outcomes (Alligood, 2001) How do student nurses begin to use nursing theory? By asking yourself two very important questions….. Student nurse questions What is the nature of knowledge needed for the practice of nursing? What does it mean to me to practice nursing? Nursing also utilizes non-nursing theories Commonly used non-nursing theories Systems theory Basic Human Needs theory Health and Wellness Models Stress and Adaptation Developmental Theories Psychosocial Theories What is the link between nursing theory and the research process? Theory provides direction for nursing research Relationships of components in a theory help to drive the research questions for understanding nursing Chinn and Kramer (2004), indicate a spiral relationship between the two Current trends that influence nursing theory Medical science Nursing education Professional nursing organizations Evolving research approaches Global concerns Consumer demands Technologies II. FOUR WAYS OF KNOWING NCMTFN1 Zorenne B. Basilio, RN Includes: Empirics- the scientific discipline of Nursing Ethics- the moral directions of Nursing Personal- method by which nurses approach their patient Aesthetics- deals with the emphatic aspect of nursing Empirical Knowing ❑is the principal for relating factual and descriptive knowing aimed at the expansion of abstract and theoretical explanations ❑it emphasizes scientific research in nursing knowledge Empirical Knowing ❑EXAMPLE: 1. Azu, a nursing student answers the question during hospital rotation based on what he learned from school. 2. Abi, a nurse researcher uses scientific method to produce desired study result. 3. Nurse Abdu practices nursing intervention based from the clinical practices. Aesthetics knowing ❑Is related to understanding what is of significance to particular patients such as feelings, attitudes, points of view(Carper, 1978) ❑It Is also the manifestation of the creative and expressive styles of the nurse( Kenney,1996) ❑“empathy” Aesthetics knowing ❑EXAMPLES: 1. Nurse Awi places himself in the “patient’s shoe” when providing care. 2. Nurse Ax shows compassion and understanding towards patients, co-workers and supervisors. 3. Nurse Ann uses layman terms in explaining the needs of the patient with Cardiac Failure. Ethical knowing ❑“ the moral component of nursing” ❑require knowledge of different philosophical positions regarding what is good and right in making moral actions and decisions, particularly in the theoretical components of nursing ❑involves the judgment of right and wrong in relation to intentions, reasons and attributes to individuals and situations ❑It includes all deliberate nursing actions involving and under the jurisdiction Ethical knowing ❑EXAMPLES: 1. A clinical instructor reprimands a student who gave wrong medication to the patient. 2. Nurse Amy presents himself as a patient advocate and defends his client’s right to choose care. PERSONAL KNOWING ❑“self knowledge” ❑encompasses knowledge of the self in relation to others and to self ❑involves the entirety of the nurse-patient relationships ❑most difficult to master and to teach ❑involves therapeutic use of self ❑takes a lot of time to fully know the nature of oneself in relation to the world around PERSONAL KNOWING ❑EXAMPLES: 1. Nurse Ads strives to promote a meaningful personal relationship with his elderly patient. 2. Ara, a nursing student undergoes Psychological Counseling and Self- Awareness session before her Psychiatric Nursing rotation. Seatwork by 2’s EMPIRICAL AESTHETIC ETHICAL PERSONAL EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION CONSCIOUSNESS IDENTITY WHISTLE-BLOWING KINDNESS REFLECTION SCIENTIFIC METHOD CREATIVITY MORALITY PERCEPTION UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH ADVOCATE ABORTION EMPATHY SELF-AWARENESS COMPASSION CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE EVIDENCE- BASED PRACTICE BENEFICENCE Analysis and evaluation of theory Criteria ❑ CLARITY ❑ SIMPLICITY ❑ GENERALITY ❑ EMPIRICAL PRECISION ❑ DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES importance ❑Consider the degree of usefulness. ❑New insights into relationships among concepts and their links to each other. ❑To know the theory’s strength and weakness. ❑Reflection is done. CLARITY ❑In order to assess these, the nursing student needs to identify the major concepts and their sub concepts. ❑Words commonly have multiple meanings within and across disciplines and for that reason, they should be defined operationally or how it is used in the framework from which it is derived ❑Diagrams should be clear and consistent all though out. ❑It follow a logical sequence which is understandable Questions to be asked “ Is the theory clearly stated?” “How clear is the theory?” “Is it easily understood?” SIMPLICITY ❑A theory must be adequately comprehensive at a level of abstraction to offer direction ❑Reynolds added that the theory is the one that offers greatest sense of understanding Questions to be asked “How simple is the theory?” generality ❑It is important to examine the scope of concepts and goals within the theory for this analysis criterion, ❑As a rule of thumb, the more limited the concept and goals is, the less general the theory becomes ❑According to Chin and Kramer, situations in which the theory is applicable should be boundless ❑Ellis added that the broader the scope of theory, the greater its significance Questions to be asked “How general is the theory?” “How broad is the scope of the theory?” Empirical precision ❑is defined as the degree in which the defined concepts are observable in actual setting. ❑It is in line with the testability and ultimate use of theory ❑Hardy elaborated that empirical adequacy can be measured by the evidences that supports the theory ❑Reynolds on the other hand refers the empirical relevance as being able to examine the correspondence between a theory and the objective empirical data ❑He noted that it is important for the theory to be evaluated and verified by other investigators. Questions to be asked “Is the theory testable?” “How accessible is the theory?” Derivable consequences ❑Chinn and Kramer suggest that if research, theory and practice are meaningfully related. ❑Nursing theory should lead itself to research testing which would result to additional knowledge that would guide practice. ❑Furthermore, they suggest that nursing theory should give direction to research, and practice, create new ideas, and ought to distinguish the focus of nursing to other professions Questions to be asked “How important is the theory?” “Does the theory have a significant contribution to nursing knowledge?” CONTRIBUTIONS OF NURSING THEORISTS THEORIST PRACTICE EDUCATION RESEARCH FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Environmental aspects as Development of Invented the “polar (Environmental Theory) integral part of nursing Excellent training system diagrams” to analyse and care: in St. Thomas Hospital gather data. -good ventilation and King’s College -proper disposal Hospital in London. -sanitation Scientific principles and -water treatments practical experience in mastery of skills HILDEGARD PEPLAU (Psychodynamic Nursing) VIRGINIA HENDERSON (14 Components of Basic Nursing Care) CONTRIBUTIONS OF NURSING THEORISTS THEORIST PRACTICE EDUCATION RESEARCH IMOGINE KING (Goal Attainment Theory) DOROTHEA OREM (Self Care Deficit Theory in Nursing) FAYE ABDELLAH (Typology of 21 Nursing Problems JOYCE TRAVELBEE (Human to Human Relationship Model) BETTY NEUMAN (System Model) DOROTHY JOHNSON (Behavioral System Model) CONTRIBUTIONS OF NURSING THEORISTS THEORIST PRACTICE EDUCATION RESEARCH SR. CALLISTA ROY (Adaptation Model) MADELEINE LEININGER (Transcultural Nursing) JEAN WATSON (Philosophy and Scierrce of Caring) PATRICIA BENNER (From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice)

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