WEEK 9 TFN Newman Johnson PDF

SYSTEMS MODEL IN NURSING “ Health is a condition in which all parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole of the client” WEEK 9 B. NURSING CONCEPTUAL  BETTY NEUMAN (1924- 2012)  Completed nursing with double honors -She Was a school nurse, i...

SYSTEMS MODEL IN NURSING “ Health is a condition in which all parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole of the client” WEEK 9 B. NURSING CONCEPTUAL  BETTY NEUMAN (1924- 2012)  Completed nursing with double honors -She Was a school nurse, industrial nurse, and hospital staff in California -Received a Doctoral Degree in Clinical Psychology - Have several publications -Fellow in the American Association of Marriage and Family and Family Therapists -International consultant internationally for nursing schools’ theory-based practice METAPARADIGM IN NURSING she believes that nursing requires a holistic approach, an approach that NURSING considers all factors affecting a client’s health. The nurse must be able to adjust to meet the individual and unique needs of every client. PERSON dynamic in nature. A person’s health depends upon which state of the health Health continuum they are in line with, the person may be in line with the state of wellness or illness. it can be the internal or external and Environment created force that interacts with a person’s state of health. Forces could be THE NEWMAN SYSTEMS MODEL SYSTEM MODEL IN NURSING PRACTICE  CLIENT SYSTEM  Physiological- body structure and function  Psychological-mental processes in interaction with the environment  Socio-cultural- effects and influences of social and cultural conditions  Developmental- age-related processes and activities  Spiritual- beliefs and influences SYSTEM MODEL IN NURSING PRACTICE BASIC STRUCTURE LINES OF RESISTANCE  central core that is  acts to facilitate made up of basic survival factors coping to common to human overcome the beings (system stressors that are variables, genetic features, strengths and present with the weaknesses individual. SYSTEM MODEL IN NURSING PRACTICE NORMAL LINE OF DEFENSE FLEXIBLE LINE OF DEFENSE   necessary to boundary for the achieve the stability normal line of of the system and defense to adjust must act in situations that coordination with threaten the the normal wellness imbalance between state. the client’s stability HEALTH  it is a continuum of wellness to illness that is dynamic in nature. Optimal wellness can only exist when the needs of the total system are completely met. Wellness- this exists when all system subparts interact in harmony with the whole system’s needs are being met. Illness- occurs at the opposite of the continuum and represents a state of instability and energy depletion STRESSORS  forces that produce tensions, alterations, or potential problems causing instability within the client’s system. Intrapersonal- occurs in the client system and correlates with the internal and external environment such as conditioned responses. Interpersonal- occurs between one or more individuals, such as role expectations Extrapersonal- occurs outside the individual, such as social policy or financial circumstances DEGREE OF REACTIONS  Reactions are outcomes or produced results of certain stressors and actions of the lines resistance of the client. It can be positive or negative depending on the degree of reaction the client produces to adjust and adapt to the situation. Negentropy- set towards stability or wellness Egentrophy- set towards disorganization of the system producing illness.  PREVENTION AS INTERVENTION 1. Primary- focuses on foreseeing the result of an act or situation and preventing its unnecessary effects as possible. 2. Secondary- focusing on helping alleviate the actual existing effects of an action that altered that balance of health of a person. 3. Tertiary- focuses on actual treatments or adjustments to facilitate the strengthening of person after being exposed to certain disease or illness. ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY  Practice- with her model, nursing becomes a unified and holistic approach. Its application is multidisciplinary.  Education-applicable to the academe because of its holistic approach and has been widely used by nursing students and educators.  Research-research incorporated the use of testing the efficacy and usefulness of the model in different areas and scopes of nursing practice. THEORY ANALYSIS CLARITY SIMPLICITY  initially clear as to its  her model is conceptual description wherein its structure viewed to have shows itself as a contradicting central nucleus reactions. wrapped by normal and defensive lines. THEORY ANALYSIS GENERALITY ACCESSIBILITY  her theory is  her model comprehensive and increases the adaptable as it can collection of be used by the empiricism within nurse in different the scope of settings. nursing practice. THEORY ANALYSIS IMPORTANCE  it provides guidelines for a professional nurse to have an accurate assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation.  BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL “Each individual has redisposition to act with reference to the goal, in certain ways rather than in other ways” WEEK 9 B. NURSING CONCEPTUAL DOROTHY JOHNSON (1919-1999)  Finished her Master in Public Health at Harvard University Advocate Nursing as Science and as an Art Her thinking was influenced by Florence Nightingale. She proposed that nursing care facilitated the client’s maintenance of a state of equilibrium METAPARADIGM IN NURSING NURSING PERSON the primary goal of   she viewed a person nursing is to cultivate as having two major within the individual systems: biological which allows for the and behavioral. It is practice of nursing with the role of medicine to individuals at any point in focus on the biological the health-illness and nursing in the continuum. biological METAPARADIGM IN NURSING HEALTH ENVIRONMENT  an elusive state that is  she believes that affected by social, psychological, biological, an individual is and physiological factors. being influenced Her model supports the idea that the individual is by all events in striving to retain some the environment. balance or equilibrium MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS BEHAVIOR SYSTEM  output of  a whole that intraorganismic structures and functions as a processes as they are whole by virtue of coordinated and articulated by and the responsive to changes interdependence in sensory stimulation of its parts MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM SUBSYSTEM  patterned,  Mini-system with its own particular goal and repetitive, and function that can be purposeful ways maintained as long as its relationship to the other of behaving subsystems or the environment is not disturbed MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS EQUILIBRIUM SUSTENAL IMPERATIVES  a stabilized but more  a constant supply or less transitory resting state in which of function the individual is in requirements harmony with himself and with his environment MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS REGULATION OR CONTROL TENSION   implies that a state of being deviations will be stretched or strained and can be detected and viewed as an end- corrected. product of equilibrium disturbance STRESSOR  internal or external stimuli that produce tension and result in a degree of instability SEVEN BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEMS 1. Attachment or affiliative subsystem - Attachment or affiliative subsystem is the “social inclusion intimacy and the formation and attachment of a strong social bond.” It is probably the most critical because it forms the basis for all social organizations. On a general level, it provides survival and security. Its consequences are social inclusion, intimacy, and the formation and maintenance of a strong social bond. SEVEN BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEMS 2. Dependency subsystem- The dependency subsystem is the “approval, attention or recognition and physical assistance.” In the broadest sense, it promotes helping behavior that calls for a nurturing response. Its consequences are approval, attention or recognition, and physical assistance. Developmentally, dependency behavior evolves from almost total dependence on others to a greater degree of dependence on self. A certain amount of interdependence is essential for the survival of social groups. SEVEN BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEMS 3. Ingestive subsystem- An ingestive subsystem is the “emphasis on the meaning and structures of the social events surrounding the occasion when the food is eaten.” It should not be seen as the input and output mechanisms of the system. All subsystems are distinct subsystems with their own input and output mechanisms. The ingestive subsystem “has to do with when, how, what, how much, and under what conditions we eat.” SEVEN BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEMS 4. Eliminative subsystem- Eliminative subsystem states that “human cultures have defined different socially acceptable behaviors for excretion of waste, but the existence of such a pattern remains different from culture to culture.” It addresses “when, how, and under what conditions we eliminate.” As with the ingestive subsystem, the social and psychological factors influence the biological aspects of this subsystem and may conflict with the eliminative subsystem. SEVEN BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEMS 5. Sexual subsystem- A sexual subsystem is both a biological and social factor that affects behavior. It has the dual functions of procreation and gratification. Including, but not limited to, courting and mating, this response system begins with the development of gender role identity and includes a broad range of sex-role behaviors. SEVEN BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEMS 6. Aggressive subsystem- The aggressive subsystem relates to protection and self- preservation, generating a defense response when there is a threat to life or territory. Its function is protection and preservation. Society demands that limits be placed on self-protection modes and that people and their property be respected and protected. SEVEN BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEMS 7. Achievement subsystem- The achievement subsystem provokes behavior that tries to control the environment. It attempts to manipulate the environment. Its function is to control or mastery an aspect of self or environment to some standard of excellence. Areas of achievement behavior include intellectual, physical, creative, mechanical, and social skills. ACCEPTANCE BY THE COMMUNITY PRACTICE EDUCATION   her model was used a core curriculum to develop a self- based on a person report and as a behavioral observational system would have instrument to be definite goals and a carried out with the clear course of nursing process. planning. ACCEPTANCE BY THE COMMUNITY RESEARCH  according to Johnson, nursing research is vital to explain and identify the behavioral system disorders which arise in relation to illness and develop good reasoning for the means of management. THEORY ANALYSIS CLARITY SIMPLICITY  clear and easy  simple because framework and she is guidelines for straightforward in human behavior relation to the number of concepts THEORY ANALYSIS GENERALITY ACCESSIBILITY  her theory is  she identified limitless when empirical applied to sick individuals, but it indicators for the has not been used theory because as much with well the model contain individuals or groups abstract concepts. THEORY ANALYSIS IMPORTANCE  her theory guides nursing practice, education, and research, generates new ideas about nursing, and differentiates nursing from other professions