Introduction to Information Systems PDF

Faculty of Economics and Political Science The Department of Socio-computing Applications of Social Science Computing in Modern Information Societies 1 Information systems in perspective ( an introduction to information systems )...

Faculty of Economics and Political Science The Department of Socio-computing Applications of Social Science Computing in Modern Information Societies 1 Information systems in perspective ( an introduction to information systems ) Textbook: Ralph M. Stair and George W. Reynolds, “Principles of Information Systems”, thirteenth edition, 2018. (p. 1 – p.80) 1  outline 1- An introduction to information systems. 2- An introduction to information technology concepts. 2  Information systems Information Systems 3  What is a system ? A system is a group of interconnected components that work together to achieve some objectives. Every system has inputs and outputs and it is outlined by its boundaries and influenced by its environment. 4  Examples of systems in our life Human Body systems Solar system Internet 5  Types of systems 1- Simple system A system which is easy to understand, explain and predict. Where Simple rules produce simple and predictable responses. Small change in the input of the system leads to a small change at the system output level. Example: Making a cup of tea (simple recipe, simple components). More sugar gives sweeter taste. 6  Types of systems 2- Complicated system Complicated systems need more time to be built. The number of components is larger than in simple one and the elements and their connections or “ relationships” are equally important. Example: A car engine. 7  Types of systems 3- Complex adaptive system A Complex adaptive system is a system that: Consists of components or “agents” interacting with each other. Has no central master controller. Is dynamic and adaptive (changes over time). Derives its importance from the relationships between the agents and not from the agents themselves. Examples: Human Brain, Economy and Societies. 8  Complexity of social phenomena Social phenomena are complex ones. They are difficult to predict and treat using the traditional methods of analysis. 9  Information systems Information Systems 10 Data, Information, and Knowledge Data consists of raw facts. Several types of data can represent these facts. 11  Types of data Student Birthdate Gender Address Mobile# Level Major name AB 1/1/2001 M Maadi 0100xxxx P BA Structured CD 2/2/2002 F Shoroq 0120yyyy S Account data EF 3/3/2003 F Giza 0111zzzz C BA GH 4/4/2004 M Zmalek 0100www P BA IJ 5/5/2005 M Douki 0120bbbb S HR KL 6/6/2006 M Tagamo 0120cccc P BA MN 7/7/2007 F Ktamya 0111kkkk C BA  Unstructured data Dear Valued Customer, We are very delighted to inform you that you are candidate to win more points in our loyalty program. Please, come to our store on Sunday 16th of April 2020 at 12:00 pm to attend the selection lottery. You may win 1000 $ in cash or a coupon. Sincerely, Customer service team 01200000000 Email: [email protected]  Data, Information, and Knowledge Information is a collection of data organized and processed so that it has additional value beyond the value of the individual facts Rules and relationships can be set up to organize data so it becomes useful information. The value of the information created depends on the relationships defined among existing data. An “informed” person generally makes the most appropriate decision. 14 Information is the key word in our age 1-15  Data, Information, and Knowledge Turning data into information is a process, or a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome. The process of defining relationships among data to create useful information requires knowledge 16  The Value of Information The value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their goals. Valuable information helps people perform tasks more efficiently and effectively. Fundamental to the quality of a decision is the quality of the information used to reach that decision. 17  Characteristics of Quality Information The information should be easily accessible by authorized users. Information should be accurate and error free. Information should be complete and include all important facts. Information cost should be reasonable. Information should be used in a flexible way by many resources within the organization. Information should be verifiable i.e. you can check on its validity 18  Characteristics of Quality Information Information should be relevant to the decision making process. Information should be trusted and reliable Information should be secured from unauthorized access. Information should be presented in the simplest way. Information should be presented in a timely pattern whenever needed. 19  An Introduction to Information Systems 20  Why Learn about Information Systems? We live in an information society where information itself has real value and information systems are increasingly being used to make sense out of all this information. Using information systems makes us productive easily e.g. individuals communicate with one another; consumers make purchases online; project members dispersed globally and across multiple organizations collaborate effectively. 21  Why Learn about Information Systems? To participate in and lead these innovations, you must be familiar with fundamental information concepts. Regardless of your college or career, knowledge of information systems is vital in helping you land your first job and will help advance your career. 22  Information System An information system (IS) is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and disseminate data and information 23 24 25 An information system provides a feedback mechanism to monitor and control its operation to make sure it continues to meet its goals and objectives. It has mainly two types: Manual IS, Computer based IS. 26  Types of IS It has mainly two types: Manual IS, Computer based IS. 27  Manual Information System A manual information system does not use any computerized devices. The recording, storing and retrieving of data is done manually by the people, who are responsible for the information system. 28  Manual Information System Components: People: people are the recipients of information system Business Procedures: these are measures put in place that define the rules for processing data, storing it, analyzing it and producing information Data: these are the recorded day to day transactions Filing system: this is an organized way of storing information Reports: the reports are generated after manually analyzing the data from the filing system and compiling it. 29  Computer-based Information System A computer-based information system (CBIS) is a single set of hardware, software, databases, networks, people, and procedures that are designed to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information. The components of a CBIS are illustrated in Figure 1.2. 30 31  Computer-based Information System components The technology infrastructure is a set of IT resources that form the foundation of each CBIS. This includes hardware, software and networking components 32  Computer-based Information System components People are the core determinant of the success and failure in any IS. A good IS can enable people to produce extraordinary results. IS personnel (people) include all the people who manage, run, program, and maintain the system. 33  Computer-based Information System components A procedure defines the steps to follow to achieve a specific end result. Using a CBIS involves many procedures, including those for the operation, maintenance, and security of the system. For example, some procedures describe how to gain access to the system through the use of password. 34  Computer-based Information System components Following effective procedures: – get work done faster, – cut costs, – make better use of resources, – and more easily adapt to change. When procedures are well documented, they can greatly reduce training costs and shorten the learning curve. 35  Examples on CBIS 36 37 38 39 40 41  System development 42 43 44  IS for organizations 45 46 Management of Supply Chain (SCM) Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of information flows between and among activities in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and corporate profitability. Complex SCM systems provide demand forecasting, inventory control, and information flows between suppliers and customers.  Customer Relationship Management Customer relationship management (CRM) involves managing all aspects of a customer’s relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention and an organization’s profitability.  Thanks 49