Introduction to Inflammation PDF

Introduction to Inflammation Dr Katherine Hewitt Histopathology ST3/ACF  Inflammation Define the terms acute inflammation & chronic inflammation Explain the purpose and benefits of inflammation List key macroscopic and microscopic features of acute and chronic inflammation...

Introduction to Inflammation Dr Katherine Hewitt Histopathology ST3/ACF  Inflammation Define the terms acute inflammation & chronic inflammation Explain the purpose and benefits of inflammation List key macroscopic and microscopic features of acute and chronic inflammation List the outcomes of acute & chronic inflammation Explain the clinical features of normal inflammation Explain the clinical features of malfunctions of inflammation Apply the principles of inflammation to the gastrointestinal system  What is Inflammation? Definition: the body’s response to injury Designed to: – Rid the body of the initial cause of injury – Break down cells damaged by injury Part of innate immunity – First line of defence  What is Inflammation? Not a disease Not always infection Denoted by suffix ‘itis  Beneficial effects… Delivery of immune cells and proteins Dilution of toxins Eliminate substance & allow tissue repair or Stimulate further response Entry of drugs  … but it can go wrong Inappropriately triggered: Autoimmune disorders Excessive response: Sepsis Inadequate response: AIDS  Activity 1 List causes of inflammation (except infection!) Causes of inflammation Infectiv e Chemic Foreign als bodies Inflammati on Physica Dead l cells trauma Allerge ns  Types of Inflammation Acute Inflammation: the immediate defensive reaction of tissue to injury, in which vascular and exudative processes predominate Chronic Inflammation: prolonged and persistent inflammation; which may be a continuation of acute inflammation, or the result of an insidious insult, characterised by scar tissue formation  Acute Inflammation Macroscopic Features 1. Erythema 2. Oedema 3. Warmth 4. Pain 5. Loss of function  Micro Features Vascular 1 changes Vasodilation: change in calibre & wall structure Increased blood flow  Microscopic Features 2 Exudative Changes: Increased permeability Movement of fluid, proteins & cells  Microscopic Features 3 Neutrophils Emigrate Accumulate Try to eliminate – Phagocytosis Microscopy of inflammation  Outcomes of Acute Inflammation Outcome Resoluti Acute on Inflammato Persistin Nature of ry g Injury stimulus Response Chronic  Outcomes of Inflammation Healing Chronic inflammation Healthy tissue injury Lytic enzymes Accumulation of pus Autoimmune disease Death  Activity 2 Match the ‘itis with the organ in relates to Organ ‘itis Blood vessels Brain Blepharitis Keratitis Urinary Cornea Cholecystiti Myocardit bladder Gums s is Heart muscle Ear Encephaliti Otitis Stomach Kidney s Meningitis Gall bladder Tongue Gastritis Nephritis Meninges Lung Gingivitis Vasculitis Eye lids Glossitis Cystitis Chronic inflammation  Types & Definitions Acute Inflammation: the immediate defensive reaction of tissue to injury, in which vascular and exudative processes predominate Chronic Inflammation: prolonged and persistent inflammation; which may be a continuation of acute inflammation, or the result of an insidious insult, characterised by scar tissue formation  Causes of Chronic Inflammation Persist ing infecti Auto- on Persist immun ing e foreig n Ongoi bodies ng Injury Ongoin Inadequ g ate traum respons a Prolon e ged toxin exposu re  Features of Chronic Inflammation Prolonged duration Inflammation, injury and repair co- exist Can follow acute inflammation or develop insidiously  Microscopic Features New immune cells – Lymphocytes & macrophages Tissue destruction Attempts at healing Involves adaptive immunity  Adaptive Immunity T Lymphocytes TH (helper) TC (cytotoxic) B Lymphocytes Plasma cells  Other mediators Monocytes/macrophages Interleukins Acute phase proteins Complement Leukocytosis  Activity 3.1 Inflammatory / Responsive Cell Infection Type Acute / Bacteria Neutrophil Chronic / Viral Lymphocytes Parasites Eosinophils Allergy Basophils Paramet Resul Parame Resu er t Patient 1 ter lt Patient 2 WBC 13 45 year old WBC 22 89 year old lady gentleman Neut 18 with dementia. Neut 8 recently moved Carers say she is Lymph 7 Lymph 4 here from India. more confused Mono 0.3 Has had a cough Mono 1 than normal Eosin 0.3 for 6 months. Eosin 0.5 today and her Baso