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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is characteristic of acute inflammation?
Chronic inflammation can develop insidiously.
True
What type of immune cells primarily accumulate during acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
The term for inflammation of the stomach is called __________.
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What is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?
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Inflammation is always a sign of infection.
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Match the following types of inflammation to their corresponding characteristics:
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Define chronic inflammation.
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The body’s response to injury is known as __________.
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Match the following types of inflammation with their descriptions:
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What is NOT a purpose of inflammation?
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Acute inflammation and chronic inflammation have the same characteristics.
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List one key macroscopic feature of acute inflammation.
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Inflammation of an organ is commonly denoted by the suffix __________.
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Match the following features with their type of inflammation:
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Which of the following is a complication of inflammation that can occur with an excessive response?
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Normal inflammation is designed to promote tissue repair.
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Name one of the delivery mechanisms provided by inflammation.
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Chronic inflammation may be the result of an insidious __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of inflammation?
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What is the primary characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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Neutrophils primarily accumulate during chronic inflammation.
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What is a common outcome of chronic inflammation?
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The process of __________ involves the movement of fluid, proteins, and cells during inflammation.
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Match the inflammation type with its associated immune cell:
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Which organ is associated with the term 'gastritis'?
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Vasodilation is characterized by a decrease in blood flow.
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Name one factor that can lead to chronic inflammation.
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__________ is the condition of inflammation of the gums.
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What type of immune mediator includes interleukins?
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Study Notes
What is Inflammation?
- The body's response to injury
- Designed to eliminate the cause of injury and break down damaged cells
- Part of innate immunity: First line of defense
- Not a disease and not always caused by infection
- Denoted by the suffix "itis"
Beneficial effects
- Delivery of immune cells and proteins
- Dilution of toxins
- Elimination of substances to allow tissue repair
- Stimulating further response
- Entry of drugs
Malfunction of Inflammation
- Inappropriate triggers: Autoimmune disorders
- Excessive response: Sepsis
- Inadequate response: AIDS
Causes of Inflammation
- Infectious agents
- Chemicals
- Foreign bodies
- Physical trauma
- Dead cells
- Allergens
Types of Inflammation
- Acute Inflammation: Immediate defensive response, characterized by vascular and exudative processes
- Chronic Inflammation: Prolonged and persistent inflammation, can be a continuation of acute inflammation or due to an insidious insult, characterized by scar tissue formation
Acute Inflammation
-
Macroscopic Features:
- Erythema (redness)
- Oedema (swelling)
- Warmth
- Pain
- Loss of function
-
Microscopic Features:
- Vascular changes: Vasodilation
- Exudative changes: Increased permeability for fluid, proteins, and cells
- Neutrophil emigration and accumulation to eliminate substances through phagocytosis
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- Resolution
- Chronic inflammation
- Healing
- Tissue injury with lytic enzymes and pus accumulation
- Autoimmune disease
- Death
Chronic Inflammation
-
Features:
- Prolonged duration
- Coexistence of inflammation, injury, and repair
- Can follow acute inflammation or develop insidiously
-
Microscopic Features:
- Lymphocytes and macrophages
- Tissue destruction
- Attempts at healing
- Adaptive immunity
Adaptive Immunity in Chronic Inflammation
- T Lymphocytes:
- Helper T cells (TH)
- Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
- B Lymphocytes
- Plasma cells
Other mediators in Chronic Inflammation
- Monocytes/Macrophages
- Interleukins
- Acute phase proteins
- Complement
Leukocytosis
- Increase in white blood cell count, indicating inflammation
Activity Response
- Patient 1: 45-year-old gentleman with a high white blood cell count indicates possible bacterial infection.
- Patient 2: 89-year-old lady with dementia, the high WBC count combined with high neutrophil count might also indicate bacterial infection, but the dementia might complicate interpretation and diagnosis.
Inflammation
- Inflammation is the body's response to injury
- Its purpose is to get rid of the cause of injury and break down damaged cells
- Inflammation is part of innate immunity, the body's first line of defence
- Inflammation is not a disease
- Inflammation is not always caused by infection
- Inflammation is denoted by the suffix 'itis'
- The suffix 'itis' indicates inflammation of an organ, for example, appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix
- Inflammation can be beneficial
- It delivers immune cells and proteins that help the body fight off infection and repair damaged tissue
- It dilutes toxins
- Inflammation allows tissue repair
- Inflammation can be harmful
- It can be inappropriately triggered, leading to autoimmune disorders
- An excessive response can lead to sepsis
- An inadequate response can lead to AIDS
- Causes of inflammation include: infection, chemicals, foreign bodies, physical trauma, dead cells, and allergens
Types of Inflammation
- Acute inflammation is the immediate response to injury
- Acute inflammation is characterised by vascular and exudative processes
- There is an increase in blood flow to the affected area
- Fluid, proteins and cells move into the affected area
- Neutrophils emigrate and accumulate in the affected area
- Neutrophils try to eliminate the cause of injury by phagocytosis
- Chronic inflammation is a prolonged and persistent response to injury
- Chronic inflammation can be a continuation of acute inflammation
- Chronic inflammation can be caused by an insidious insult, such as a persistent infection or foreign body
- Chronic inflammation is characterised by scar tissue formation
Chronic Inflammation
- Causes of chronic inflammation include: persisting infection, autoimmune diseases, persisting foreign bodies, ongoing injury, ongoing trauma, prolonged toxin exposure, and an inadequate response to the initial injury
- Chronic inflammation is characterised by a prolonged duration
- It is a mixture of inflammation, injury and repair
- It can follow acute inflammation or develop insidiously
- Chronic inflammation involves adaptive immunity
- Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes, including T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, B lymphocytes and plasma cells
- Other mediators of chronic inflammation include: monocytes/macrophages, interleukins, acute phase proteins and complement
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- The outcomes of acute inflammation are resolution or chronic inflammation
- Resolution is the ideal outcome and occurs when the cause of injury is removed and the tissue heals
- Chronic inflammation occurs when the cause of injury is not removed or when the body is unable to heal properly
- Other outcomes of acute inflammation include: healthy tissue injury, pus accumulation and death
Outcomes of Inflammation
- Possible outcomes of inflammation other than chronic inflammation include:
- Healing
- Death
- Autoimmune disease
- Lytic enzymes
- Accumulation of pus
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of inflammation, including its role in the body's immune response to injury. Learn about the beneficial effects, potential malfunctions, and various causes and types of inflammation. Test your knowledge on how inflammation functions in both acute and chronic contexts.
