Introduction To Heritage PDF

INTRODUCTION TO HERITAGE - Refers to things that we can store or physically touch. Movable Tangible Heritage HISTORY...

INTRODUCTION TO HERITAGE - Refers to things that we can store or physically touch. Movable Tangible Heritage HISTORY 1. Ancient documents or artifacts with pre-colonial - can justify and explain the existence of almost writings anything one can think of; objects, structures, 2. Archeological materials customs and tradition. 3. Ethnic crafts - Is the key in learning one’s own heritage and 4. Historical materials owned by historical persons, background. families or organizations - It helps in the holistic recognition of one’s self-identity. 5. Paintings Aristotle 6. Sculptures Systematic account of the past 7. Writings and other literary works History as a natural phenomenon Immovable Tangible Heritage Leopolde Von Ranke - Church complexes & Colonial Fortifications no document = no history - Mosque & Temple complexes Historical Empiricism - Indigenous place of worship or dambang complexes Emphasized both individuality and development in - Modern & Historical residences history. - Industrial, transportation and public works The task of the historian to establish its essence - Archaeological sites E.H. Carr - Miscellaneous structures and sites Facts are spoken through the historian History is a dialogue between the present and the Man-made Built Heritage past. - Man-made historic environment. Houses, factories, Teodoro Agoncillo commercial buildings, places of worship, monuments, Science + Art cemeteries; built infrastructures such as roads, History is not objective. The personality of the railways and bridges; gardens, mining sites, stack historian plays an important role. routes Renato Constantino - Cultural Landscapes Recorded struggle - Archaeological Sites It consists of the people’s efforts to attain a better life; - Historical Urban Sites “people’s history” - Monuments Reynaldo Ileto - Buildings or Structures History from struggle Challenging the “winners” viewpoint through the INTANGIBLE HERITAGE history of the masses. - Tradition and living expressions that are passed down Zeus Salazar for generations within a particular community. Salaysay na may saysay - The practices, expressions, knowledge and skills that Ang kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysay para sa communities, groups, and sometimes individuals isang grupo ng tao na may kakanyahan, identidad na recognize as part of their cultural heritage nakasandig sa sariling wika at kalinangan. - Oral tradition, performing arts, local knowledge, Herodotus traditional skill, etc. Historia; Inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation - Customs, Values, Trade and Skills HERITAGE HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE - “pamana”; maybe tangible or intangible. - The importance, relevance or meaning of a heritage - It is the manifestation of a nation’s development resource to an individual or group of people through history and it embodies its unique cultural - LEVELS OF SIGNIFICANCE identity. 1. Personal CULTURE ▪ Provide motivation/inspiration to individuals - Ways of living 2. Local - Behavioral patterns, arts, beliefs, institution and all ▪ Significance to the municipality products of human work and thought shared that 3. Provincial reflect the identity of a group ▪ Important to local area or region ▪ Place-specific by nature, local heritage Built-heritage is a physical manifestation of the past. 4. Regional More than ever, we need to intensify the preservation of our ▪ deemed important at a regional level story through conservation. 5. National ▪ Places where historic, cultural, natural Preserving our built-heritage is preserving our past and our resources combine to form cohesive, story. nationally important landscapes. ▪ National Heritage areas are large lived-in NATURAL HERITAGE spaces - Countryside and natural environment, cultural 6. Global landscapes including flora and fauna; Biodiversity ▪ Places on earth that are of outstanding - Can serve as an important component in a country’s universal value tourist industry. ▪ inscribed on the World Heritage List CULTURAL HERITAGE - Culture HERITAGE VALUE - Also Refers to all material traces such as - Halaga or worth ascribed by people to a heritage archaeological sites, historical monuments, artifacts, resource to justify its significance and objects that are significant to the community, nation and to humanity. TYPES OF HERITAGE VALUES TANGIBLE HERITAGE  1. Aesthetic Value – appearance and the emotional o Its stair-like buttresses (known as step buttresses) response it evokes. at the sides of the church are possibly for easy 2. Historic Value – past events, personages access to the roof. 3. Architectural Value – art and science of designing - Walls and building structures or open spaces o Made of large coral stones on the lower part and 4. Scientific Value – the importance of the data on bricks at the upper levels its rarity, quality or characteristics. o The mortar used in the church includes sand and 5. Archeological Value – based on the presence of lime with sugarcane juice boiled with mango (historical) remains. leaves, leather, and rice straw. 6. Social Value – sentimental value that the group or o Its wall suggests Javanese architectural style. community attaches to a place. - Facade o The stone façade appears as massive pediments rising from the ground and is built leaning towards WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THE PHILIPPINES – BUILT the front. HERITAGE o Square pilasters and stringed cornices divide the UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Baroque Churches in façade vertically and horizontally respectively. the Philippines (December 11, 1993) o Its bottom part is plain. o Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte o Gothic features are also present through the use o San Agustin Church in Intramuros of finials while the triangular pediment shows o Santa Maria Church in Ilocos Sur Chinese elements and Oriental strokes. o Miag-ao Church in Iloilo o Crenellations, niches, rosettes and the ^ A collection of four Baroque Spanish-era churches. Augustinian coat of arms can also be seen. The World Heritage Convention celebrates the o The façade is made of brick on the lower level and interdependency of cultural and natural diversity, coral stones on the upper level. testaments of human skill and inspiration, and the - Bell Tower wonders of nature’s gifts. o Adjacent to the façade is a three-storey coral bell The Philippines’ context embodies the confluence of constructed separately from the church building on cultural and natural patrimony considering its the right side resembling a pagoda pre-colonial history, periods of colonization, its o The cornerstone of the bell tower was laid in 1793. ethno-linguistic diversity, and its ecologically and o It stands at a distance from the church as a biologically rich environs. protection against earthquake. o It served as an observational post for Filipino (BUILT) HERITAGE LIST IN THE PHILIPPINES revolutionaries against Spaniards in 1898 and by 1. Saint Augustine Church (Paoay Church) Filipino guerrillas against the Japanese soldiers 2. Church of San Agustin during World War II. 3. Church of Sto. Tomas de Villanueva o According to historians, the bell tower also served 4. Santa Maria Church (Ilocos Sur) as a status symbol for the locals. 5. Historic Town of Vigan 2. Church of San Agustin 1. The Saint Augustine Church ❖ Other names: ❖ Iglesia de San Agustin de Paoay; Paoay Church - San Agustin Church ❖ A roman catholic church in the Municipality of Paoay. - The Church of Saint Augustine Ilocos Norte - Simbahan ng San Agustin ❖ Built in 1694 Completed in 1710 - Iglesia de San Agustin ❖ Enormous buttresses on the sides and back of the - Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation and building Cincture ❖ Declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the - Santuario Arquidiocesano de Nuestra Señora de la Philippine government in 1973 Consolacion y Correa ❖ History: - Immaculate Conception Parish - Historical records date back 1593 ❖ A roman catholic church under the auspices of the - Became an independent Augustinian parish in 1686 Order of Saint Augustine - Building started in 1694 by Augustinian friar Father ❖ Located in the historic walled city of Intramuros in Antonio Estavillo Manila, Philippines. - Completed in 1710 and rededicated in 1896. - Built in 1587 and completed in 1607, - Some portions of the church were damaged in the - it is the oldest stone church in the country 1865 and 1885 earthquakes. - Named as National Historical Landmark by the - Later restored under the initiative of former First Lady Philippine government in 1976. Imelda Marcos. ❖ History: ❖ Restorations: - Located in General Luna St., Manila, Metro Manila - Several projects for the restoration of Paoay Church - The present structure is actually the third Augustinian were sought by government and non-government church erected on the site. organizations due to possible question on its structural - About the first San Agustin Church: integrity. o Was the first religious structure constructed by the - Restoration of the church’s buttresses, walls, tower and Spaniards on the island of Luzon. interior was announced in 2018 o It was completed in 1571 and was made of ❖ Architectural Characteristics bamboo and nipa. - Buttresses o It was destroyed by a fire in December 1574 o 24 huge buttresses of about 1.67 meters (5.5 ft) during the attempted invasion of Manila by the thick at the sides and back of the church building. forces of Limahong. o Built as a solution to possible destruction of the - The Augustinians decided to rebuild the church and building due to earthquakes. add and adjacent monastery using stone  - Construction began in 1586, based on a design by - She has a moon underneath her feet Juan Macias. ❖ One of the three other parishes in the Diocese of Pasig - The structure was built using hewn (cut down) adobe that has been granted the special Papal blessing to stones quarried from Meycuayan, Binangonan and San mark its Diamond Jubilee Year in connection with its 60th Mateo, Rizal. anniversary. - San Agustin Church is currently administered by the ❖ History: Augustinian friars of the Province of the Most Holy - The first chapel in Santolan was made of wood and Name of Jesus of the Philippines. cogon ❖ Architectural Style o Built in 1798 by siblings, Don Luis & Antonio - Patterned after magnificent temples built by the Victorino Augustinians in Mexico. - In 1808, the siblings built a second chapel with stone, - The atmosphere is medieval since “both church and chalk and tiles. monastery symbolize the majesty and equilibrium of a o It was the biggest chapel built in Pasig. Spanish golden era” - After more than 100 years, the parish was then - The massive structure of the church is highlighted of established on November 8, 1953 by Conrado the church is highlighted by the symmetry and splendor Arciaga of the interiors: - First parish priest: Alejandro Vermorel (served: o Painted by two Italians who succeeded in 1953-1956) producing trompe l’oeil – the profile of the o In 1956, he proposed the construction of a bigger moldings, rosettes and sunken panels. church and convent. ⮚ They appear as three-dimensional carvings o By the year 1959, Archbishop Rufino Santos o A baroque pulpit with the native pineapple as a blessed the new church. motif ❖ Architecture of the new church: o A grand pipe organ - A modernized structure with an art deco design o An antechoir with a 16th-century crucifix - Walls made of concrete o Choir seats carved in molave with ivory inlays from - The roofing at the entrance door is made of tiles. the 17th century o A set of 16 huge and beautiful chandeliers from 4. Santa Maria Church (Ilocos Sur) Paris. ❖ Other names: ❖ Heritage Threats - The Church of Our Lady of the Assumption - The Binondo-Intramuros Bridge (opened in 2022) - Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion o It is 550 meters (1800 ft) away from San Agustin ❖ It is the parish church of Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur Church province o It is believed to have encroached on the buffer ❖ It is also an attraction for tourists and Catholics in Ilocos zone prescribed for the church (includes the walls Sur. of Intramuros and the immediate areas outside) ❖ History: o The Nat’l gov’t argues that the bridge will have no - The parish started as a chapel-of-ease (visita) of direct physical or visual impact to the church, Narvacan, its neighboring town to the North, in 1567 owing to its remote distance and the number of - The chapel became an independent ministry in 1769 taller structures between the bridge and the - It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary under the title of church. “Our Lady of Assumption” According to World Heritage Convention (WHC): - According to the legend, before the Santa Maria - Ground vibration due to vehicular traffic Church was built in on its present site, the Virgin Mary - Air and Noise Pollution was enshrined at a different place called Bulala - Direct visual impact of the bridge to the overall setting o The frequent disappearance of the Virgin Mary and sense of place of the property (including the ff.) from her previous place of enthronement only to o Maestranza strip be found perched on a guava tree o Plaza Mexico o The guava tree grew where the present church is o Visual corridor of the Pasig River now located. o Underlying remains of Baluarte de Santo Domingo ❖ The church was listed as one of the most endangered ❖ Mitigations that were recommended to the Nat’l monuments in the world by the World Monuments Fund Gov’t during the 2010 World Monuments Watch - Reconsidering the bridge’s location. - Along with the Rice Terraces of the Philippine - Converting the surrounding roads of the church into Cordilleras and San Sebastian Church in Manila pedestrian areas - All sites mentioned were taken off the list in 2011 after - Conducting structural assessments of the church the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act. - Adapting the design of the bridge to the character of ❖ Design: Intramuros. - The church and convent of the Santa Maria Church are situated on a hill surrounded by a defensive wall on all 3. Church of Sto. Tomas de Villanueva sides like a fortress ❖ The fourth oldest parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese o This is unlike other town churches where they are of Pasig (other 3 churches: Pasig Cathedral, Santa Ana situated on a central plaza, conforming to Spanish Shrine in Taguig and San Roque Parish in Pateros) tradition. ❖ Santolan’s 200-year-old patron is Thomas of Villanova - The church is reached by climbing an 85-step stairway - He was a great Augustinian bishop and man of charity made of granite rock but unknown in the Manila area. - The grand three-flight stairway leads to a courtyard in ❖ The jurisdiction of the parish is as follows: front of the church doorway where a sweeping view of - Santolan (North) the lower plains and the town of Santa Maria is beheld - Marikina River (West) - A narrow roadway coming from the back of the church - Maybunga San Miguel (South) also leads up to the courtyard, but only used for special - Cainta, Rizal (East) occasions. ❖ The church enshrines the 19th century Virgin Mary ❖ Façade:  - The church brick façade has one large portal with three → Filipino: Bahurang Tubbataha windows. → located in the middle of the Sulu Sea. - The recessed arched entrance is flanked by a pair of → consists of two huge atolls (named the North Atoll rectangular pilasters dividing the façade into three and South Atoll) and the smaller Jessie Beazley well-defined planes. Reef - The whole façade is then framed on the sides by heavy o covering a total area of 97,030 hectares circular buttresses by urn-like finials. (239,800 acres; 374.6 sq mi). - An open pediment in the upper face → It is located 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of - An open pediment in the upper façade is topped by a Puerto Princesa, the capital of Palawan. small cupola, → The uninhabited islands and reefs are part of the - The curvilinear shape of the pediment serves as a island municipality of Cagayancillo, located graceful finish to the upward movement of the pilasters roughly 130 kilometers (81 mi) to the northeast of and the arch entrance. the reef. - The blind niche, urn-shaped pinnacles and even → In December 1993, the UNESCO declared the proportions. Tubbataha Reefs National Park as a World - Overlooking at the top are decorative pieces of the Heritage Site upward movement. → the North Islet serving as a nesting site for birds ❖ Nave and marine turtles - The church follows the standard Philippine layout with → In 2008, the reef was nominated at New 7 the façade fronting a long single nave rectangular Wonders of Nature. building. 2. Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras - It measures about 99 meters (325 ft) long and 22.7 → Filipino: Mga Hagdan-Hagdang Palayan ng meters (74 ft) wide. Kordilyera ng Pilipinas; - The thick outer walls have delicately carved side → Ifugao: Payyo entrances with few openings. → a World Heritage Site consisting of a complex of - The eastern and western side of the outer walls are rice terraces on the island of Luzon in the reinforced by thirteen huge rectangular buttresses, Philippines. each typical of Earthquake Baroque architecture. The → They were inscribed on the UNESCO World first buttress from the front is adorned by a huge relief Heritage List in 1995, retelling how the statue of our Lady of Assumption was ▪ the first-ever property to be included in the found on top of a tree. The relief is visible as one cultural landscape category of the World ascends the front stairway. Heritage List. ❖ Bell Tower: → This inscription has five sites (all in Ifugao - The bell tower is free standing, constructed separate Province) from the church and not parallel to the façade, but ▪ Batad Rice Terraces situated about a third of the wall from the front. ▪ Bangaan Rice Terraces - The octagonal four-storey tower was built wide, with ▪ Mayoyao Rice Terraces each level narrowing till it reaches the top, typical of ▪ Hungduan Rice Terraces Earthquake Baroque church towers. ▪ Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan) - The top floor is covered by a dome that is capped by a → The Ifugao Rice Terraces reach a higher altitude cupola. and were built on steeper slopes than many other - A cross above the cupola tops the structure. terraces. - Blank walls are arranged alternately with open → The Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and windows. the careful carving of the natural contours of hills - Other decorative devices, like single pilasters, finials, and mountains to make the terraced pond fields balustrades indicate that this form is of later vintage → coupled with development of intricate irrigation - A clock on the third level faces the stairway for the systems, harvesting water from the forests of the churchgoers to see. mountain tops, and an elaborate farming system. 3. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park → The park is located in the Saint Paul Mountain 5. The Historic Town of Vigan Range on the western coast of the island of ❖ Established in the 16th century, Vigan is the Palawan, best-preserved example of a planned Spanish colonial → about 80 kilometers (50 mi) north of the city of town in Asia. Puerto Princesa, ❖ Total of the inscribed property: 17.25 hectares → It has been managed by the Puerto Princesa city ❖ The urban plan of the town closely conforms with the government since 1992. Renaissance grid plan specified in the Ley de la Indias → It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for all new towns in the Spanish Empire in 1999, and voted as a New Seven Wonders of ❖ The Latin tradition is tempered by strong Chinese, Nature in 2012. Ilocano and Filipino influences. → It also became a Ramsar Wetland Site in 2012 ❖ As its name implies, this district was settled by affluent → It is mostly accessed through road trips to the families of mixed Chinese-Ilocano origin. seaside village of Sabang from where one of the many bangkas (kayaks) take visitors to the park WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THE PHILIPPINES – → History: In 2010, a group of environmentalists NATURAL HERITAGE and geologists discovered that the underground 1. Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park river has a second floor, which means that there 2. Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are small waterfalls inside the cave. 3. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park → They also found a cave dome measuring 300 m 4. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (980 ft) above the underground river, rock formations, large bats, a deepwater hole in the 1. Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park river, more river channels, and another deep → The Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, cave, as well as marine creatures and more.  → Deeper areas of the underground river are almost life for all. Not only do these buildings and their impossible to explore due to oxygen deprivation. workmanship represent the lesson of the past and → On November 11, 2011, Puerto Princesa embody previous features of one's heritage, they Underground River was provisionally chosen as serve as examples of quality for today. one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. 3. Dela Torre, 2013 o This selection was officially confirmed ⮚ Such reflections include human behavior, beliefs, on January 28, 2012. art, as well as relations. Heritage sites reflect the 4. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary anthropological, historical, and cultural values of → is a mountain located in the province of Davao the people. Oriental, Philippines 4. Embaby, 2014 → It has a height of 1,620 metres (5,315 ft). The ⮚ it is vital to conserve heritage sites and properties mountain and its vicinity have one of the most as a platform for teaching or learning the past way diverse wildlife populations in the country. of life of a given group of people. → Among the wildlife found in the area are i. Furthermore, some of these sites serve as a Philippine eagles and several species of significant reminder of the origin or occurrence Nepenthes (tropical pitcher plants). Some of the of a given phenomena latter, such as the Nepenthes peltata and 5. Jones, 2017 Nepenthes micramphora, are endemic to the ⮚ The rich historical social delineations associated area. with a given heritage site or property play a → The mountain has a protected forest area of significant role in reminding members of the approximately 2,000 hectares. society of the social values that governed the → This woodland is noted for its unique pygmy ancestors of a particular group of people in the forest of century-old trees in ultramafic soil, with past many endangered, endemic and rare species of 6. Shinbira, 2012 flora and fauna. ⮚ Furthermore, the cultural identities associated with → The Mount Hamiguitan range, with an area of certain heritages help to enhance a sense of 6,834 hectares (68.34 km2), was declared a belonging to a particular group or clan of people national park and a wildlife sanctuary in 2003. 7. Garcia-Hernandez et. Al., 2017 → In 2014, the park was inscribed as a UNESCO ⮚ With proper conservation, it is possible that a World Heritage Site, becoming the first in particular heritage property or site can become a Mindanao and the sixth in the Philippines. tourist attraction possibly due to its architectural → Mount Hamiguitan is part of the Eastern beauty as well as its historical significance. Mindanao Biodiversity Corridor. i. In such a manner the heritage can provide → Conservation of the mountain range is a economic benefits not only to the government multisectoral effort involving the provincial but also the community living within the vicinity government of Davao Oriental, the Department of such a heritage. Environment and Natural Resources, local ❖ Retaining Our Identity communities, and indigenous people. o Heritage precincts are focal points for community gatherings and events. The importance of their IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE CONSERVATIONS preservation stretches beyond their history, ❖ Background on Heritage Conservation attributing more the unique character and sense of o Conservation is nearly as old as the building activity belonging they evoke in our hearts. itself and has been as long as cities have existed. In ❖ Promotes Cultural Tourism Europe, conservation dates from the 16th century o Heritage tourism is often deeply rooted in historic when humanists went back to Greek and Roman buildings. These intriguing and tangible connections legacies for inspiration and Conservation in detection. to our past spur interest for tourists to soak in its o Europe was institutionalized by the enactment of the distinct ambiance and this alone helps attract Ancient Monument Act of 1882. The preservation of business. particular buildings began in 1932 and the concept o Statistics have also shown that heritage visitors have and practice of preservation and conservation started a greater per trip economic impact, as they tend to in 1967. stay for a longer duration and spend more a day o The unprecedented destruction and world wars ❖ Reduction of Demolition Waste intensified the movement of conservation. o Conservation and restoration of heritage buildings ❖ UNESCO are the ultimate forms of recycling. o UNESCO has been instrumental in propagating the o Research has shown that the demolition of a typical notion of the universal responsibility for the brick house results in an average of 60 to 100 tons conservation of the World Heritage Council from worth of waste. 1972-1973. o To top it off, restoration is also proven to be a o (Embaby, 2014). Furthermore, some of these sites massive energy saver. The energy required to serve as a significant reminder of the origin or demolish an old building and erect a new one is occurrence of a given phenomena estimated to be equivalent to the energy needed to ❖ According to: operate it for 40 years. Imagine the number of 1. Dick Netzer invaluable resources and savings that could be put ⮚ The importance of conservation and heritage to better use. preservation proves its value in the affirmation of the uniqueness of a place. When cultural heritage THREATS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE is appreciated, enhanced and enriched Globalization – causes rapid flow of people, products and socio-cultural, religious, political and economic information, which menaces the minority society, particularly gains are manifested their cultural heritage. Study shows that many indigenous 2. Justice William Brennan languages and cultures are on the verge of becoming extinct ⮚ Structures with special historic, cultural due to globalization. Heritage is often lost or damaged in architectural significance enhances the quality of conflict as a consequence of development (both buildings  and agricultural expansion). The loss of heritage from illegal ii. Increase of vendors inside/outside site development is a common problem in peacetime. iii. Building community support, sustainable livelihoods. ‘ The standard list of threats / factors affecting the 4. Utilities of Service Infrastructure Outstanding Universal Value of World Heritage properties a. Water infrastructure consists of a series of primary factors encompassing each a i. Dams, locks, weirs, water tanks, pumping number of secondary factors stations ii. Introduction of new system / infrastructure PRIMARY THREATS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE b. Renewable energy facilities 1. Buildings and Development i. Thermal, Wave, Solar, Wind a. Housing c. Non-renewable energy facilities i. Urban high rise / urban sprawl i. Nuclear power plants ii. Encroachment / changes to skyline ii. Coal power plants b. Commercial Development iii. Oil/Gas facilities i. Skyscrapers d. Localized Utilities ii. Large Shopping Malls i. Incinerators c. Industrial Areas ii. Cell phone towers i. Individual factories iii. Sewerage works ii. Industrial parks iv. Radio towers d. Major Visitor accommodation and associated e. Major Linear Utilities infrastructure i. Power lines / easements i. Hotels, Restaurant, golf courses, ski resort ii. Pipelines etc. ii. Major permanent high cost tourism facilities iii. Channels (pontoon, jetties, observatories, cable cars, 5. Other Human Activities chalets, fully serviced camping areas, etc.) a. Illegal Activities e. Interpretative and visitation facilities i. Illegal extraction of biological resources i. Visitor center (poaching) ii. Site Museum ii. Blast fishing, cyanide fishing iii. Signages iii. Illegal extraction of geological resources iv. Trail Hardening (trail markers etc.) (mining fossils) v. Information booths iv. Illegal trade, extractions, occupation of space vi. Minor picnic facilities v. Looting / theft vii. Moorings / markers buoys vi. Treasure hunting 2. Local Conditions affecting local fabric vii. Ghost nets (discarded fishing gear) a. Wind b. Deliberate destruction of heritage i. Erosion i. Vandalism, graffiti ii. Vibration ii. Politically motivated acts b. Relative Humidity iii. Arson c. Temperature 6. Physical resource extraction d. Radiation / Light a. Quarrying e. Dust b. Mining f. Water i. Rocks, sands, aggregates g. Pests c. Oil and Gas h. Micro-organisms d. Water Extraction 3. Social / Cultural Uses of Heritage 7. Sudden Ecological or Geological Events - Social factors that contribute to deterioration a. Volcanic Eruption processes of the fabric of heritage sites. Some uses b. Earthquake might have a positive impact as they enhance certain c. Tsunami / Tidal Wave values (e.g. ritual, religious) while others might d. Avalanche / Landslide compromise ascribed values and could lead to the e. Erosion & Siltation / Deposition deterioration of the heritage site. f. Fire / Wildfires a. Ritual / spiritual and associative uses 8. Pollution i. Festival / Performances a. Pollution of marine waters b. Society’s valuing of heritage i. Ocean dumping i. Changes in values to new uses of heritage ii. Bilge water discharge ii. Expansions / additions to current uses of iii. Solid debris in marine environments heritage resources iv. Groundwater pollution iii. Conflicting values v. Oil / chemical spills iv. Abandonment vi. Agricultural run-off c. Indigenous hunting / gathering and collecting vii. Household sewage / waste d. Changes in the traditional ways of life and b. Surface Water pollution knowledge system i. Acid rain i. Loss of traditional knowledge and practices ii. Mine / tailings run-off linked to heritage. iii. Agricultural run-off e. Identity, social cohesion, changes in local c. Air Pollution population and community i. Excessive smoke / airborne particulates i. Changes in identity and local cohesion ii. Dust ii. Changes in livelihood iii. Local effects of emissions from use of fossil iii. Migration to or from site fuels iv. Changes in local population community d. Solid waste f. Impacts of tourism / visitor recreation i. Mine tailings i. High levels of visitation ii. Litter  iii. Industrial waste A process of maintaining the existing state of the iv. Household rubbish heritage resource to retard deterioration and 9. Management and Institutional factors prolong its existence. a. Management systems / plan 11. Maintenance b. Legal framework A continuous process of caring for heritage c. Low impact research / monitoring activities resources to retard its deterioration. i. Visitor surveys 12. Repair ii. Water sampling A process of putting together what is torn, broken or iii. In-site surveys replacing any part to keep the heritage resource in d. Governance good condition. e. High Impact research / monitoring activities 13. Restoration i. Sampling using destructive techniques A form of repair that returns a heritage resource to 10. Research involving the removal of features / a previously known state, done without the species introduction of new materials to the existing fabric. i. Management activities 14. Reinstatement ii. Financial resources A for of restoration that refers to the returning of a iii. Human resources component of a heritage resource to its former 11. Climate change and severe weather events condition or position a. Storms 15. Reconstruction i. Tornadoes, Hurricanes/Cyclones, gales, hail A form of repair that refers to the accurate damage, lightning strikes rebuilding of a vanished or irreversibly deteriorated ii. River or stream overflows. Extreme tides heritage resource from a known earlier state and b. Flooding with the introduction of new materials. c. Drought 16. Replacement d. Desertification A form of reconstruction that refers to the e. Changes to Oceanic Waters substitution of a new material, preferably using an i. Water flow / circulation patterns at local, equivalent material, to a damaged, depleted, regional, or global scale deteriorated, or lost component of a formerly known ii. Changes in the pH scale state of a heritage resource. f. Temperature change 17. Renovation g. Other climate change impacts A process of repair to increase the value, utility, and/or improve the aesthetic quality of a heritage TERMINOLOGIES resource. 1. Authenticity 18. Consolidation The measure of a heritage resource belongs truly to A process of renovation to secure or strengthen a what it is claimed to be. Authenticity is to be based building or structure by combining material, use, on the cultural context/s to which the heritage form, size, or shape. resource belongs to. 19. Retrofitting 2. Integrity A drastic form of repair that entails furnishing the A measure of the wholeness and intactness of a heritage resource with new or modified parts or heritage resource and its attributes to secure, equipment not available or considered necessary at sustain, and convey its significance. It pertains to the same time of its creation. May involve adding the physical fabric, its risks in its environment and new materials, like mechanical, plumbing, fire the ability of the values of a resource to be safety or electrical equipment or other elements respected and communicated. and components often to meet the current code. 3. Material 20. Change A physical attribute of a heritage resource that A process of drastic alteration or transformation of refers to the physical elements, constituents, or the material and/or form of a heritage resource to substance it is composed of. make it radically different form the original 4. Form 21. Refurbishment A physical attribute of a heritage resource that A process of change that involves upgrading the refers to its shape and structure. material and/or form of a heritage resource, often 5. Scale primarily for aesthetic purposes. May involve The ratio of the actual measurements of something installing new equipment, fixtures, furnishings and and those of a drawing, map or model. finishes. 6. Function 22. Redevelopment An attribute of a heritage resource that refers to its A process of drastically changing the material natural purpose or intended to it. and/or form of a heritage resource, in effect 7. Setting renewing a heritage resource often without much The immediate and extended environment that is regard to its heritage values. part of, contributes to, its significance and 23. Reproduction distinctive character. The process of copying to make a representation, 8. Context counterpart, image, or copy of an original work. It An attribute of a heritage resource that refers to the can be the same form of material and size (replica), wider framework within which the values of a place or same form but different size and material, or should be considered. same form and material but of different size. 9. Conservation 24. Replica All the processes of looking after a heritage Exact copy of an original work in all details that is resource so as to sustain its values and its cultural the same material, size, and form. significance. 25. Rehabilitation 10. Preservation Modification of resource to meet various functional requirements such as safety, property protection  and access while preserving the historic character Refers to a value that deals with the art and science of the structure of designing and building structures or open spaces 26. Original Use following aesthetic, functional, and technical Refers to the initial intended function of a heritage criteria. resource. 43. Aesthetic Value 27. Compatible Use Refers to a value that appeals to a sense of beauty Being consistent to the original intended function of based on the aspects of sensory perception, such an existing heritage resource. It is a use that as form, scale, color, texture and material of fabric, involves no or minimal on the nature, fabric, and as well as the smell and sounds associated with the values of a heritage resource. place and its use. 28. Adaptive Reuse 44. Historical Value A new or modified function of an existing heritage Refers to a value that deals with past events, resource achieved after making it fit through personage, groups, and associations, trends and modification or extensive modification. movements. 29. Historical Markers 45. Value Historical markers are installed by the National An aspect worth ascribed by people to a heritage Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) in resource, that is used to justify the heritage the Philippines and places abroad that signify resource's significance. A heritage may have a important events, persons, structures, and range of values for different individuals or groups. institutions in Philippine national and local histories 46. Significance 30. Heritage Sites Pertains to the importance, relevance and the A historical site, a building, or an area of the meaning of a heritage resource to an individual or unspoiled natural environment, considered to be group of people. Heritage may have different levels important to a country or area's heritage. of significance like individual, family, band, 31. Monument community, province, region, country or world. A Site or Structure that is erected and/or preserved because of its historical, cultural, or aesthetic INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ON HERITAGE importance. CONSERVATION 32. Vista 1. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific A distant view of a natural and/or built environment, and Cultural Organization) e.g. One seen through an opening. A pleasing view, especially one seen through a long, narrow ○ "Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live opening. with today, and what we pass on to future 33. Basis generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are Principal reference for establishing the significance both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration". of a heritage resource. ○ The United Nations Educational, Scientific and 34. Landscape Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to A visually distinct area whose character is the result encourage the identification, protection and of the action and interaction of nature (natural preservation of cultural and natural heritage around landscape) or between nature and man (cultural the world considered to be of outstanding value to landscape). humanity. 35. Streetscape The overall appearance of street elements that ○ This is embodied in an international treaty called make up the street scenery and may include natural the Convention concerning the Protection of the and man-made physical elements found within and World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by along the street, as well as its activities carried out UNESCO in 1972. on it. 2. (The Venice Charter 1964) International Charter for 36. Building the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments An edifice of one of the physical end products of and Sites architecture and engineering works intended for occupancy. ○ is a set of guidelines, drawn up in 1964 by a group 37. Ensemble of conservation professionals in Venice, that A group of individual built and/or natural elements provides an international framework for the put together to form a whole, which manifests in conservation and restoration of historic buildings. varying forms. ○ ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and 38. Structure Sites The organization of arrangement of the aesthetic and technical framework of the building that ○ ICOMOS is a network of experts that benefits from provides stability to its parts or elements. the interdisciplinary exchange of its members, 39. Social Value among which are Architects, Historians, Archaeologists, Geographers, Engineers and Urban Refers to the sentimental value that a group or planners. community attaches to a place. 40. Archeological Value ○ The members of ICOMOS contribute to improving Refers to a value that provides important resources the preservation of heritage. The standards and the of historic and other scientific information based on techniques for each type of cultural heritage the presence of cultural or physical remains in property: buildings, historic cities, cultural historical places. landscapes and archaeological sites. 41. Scientific Value 3. ICCROM (International Charter for the Refers to a value that measures the importance of Conservation and Restoration of Monuments) data on its rarity, quality or characteristic contributing substantial information about the place. ○ ICCROM is an intergovernmental organization 42. Architectural Value working in service to its Member States to promote  the conservation of all forms of cultural heritage in The concept of a historic monument embraces not every region of the world. only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a ○ It operates in the spirit of the 2001 UNESCO particular civilization, a significant development or a Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, historic event. which states that "Respect for the diversity of This applies not only to great works of art but also cultures, tolerance, dialogue and cooperation, in a to more modest works of the past which have climate of mutual trust and understanding are acquired cultural significance with the passing of among the best guarantees of international peace time. and security." ❖ Article 2. The conservation and restoration of monuments ○ For more than six decades, ICCROM has partnered must have recourse to all the sciences and with Member States to support them in techniques which can contribute to the study and safeguarding heritage within their borders and safeguarding of the architectural heritage. beyond. ❖ Article 3. ○ Working at the international and governmental The intention in conserving and restoring levels, and with institutions and professionals on monuments is to safeguard them no less as works the ground, the organization engages and informs of art than as historical evidence. new generations of professionals and the general public with an interest in heritage. CONSERVATION ○ The only institution of its kind in the world, ICCROM ❖ Article 4. is small and agile, enabling it to respond swiftly to It is essential to the conservation of monuments the needs of its Member States. At the same time, that they be maintained on a permanent basis of its as an intergovernmental organization with a vast form. network of conservation experts, ICCROM relies on ❖ Article 5. formal institutional collaborations with organizations The conservation of monuments is always such as UNESCO, both Headquarters and facilitated by making use of them for some socially Regional Offices together with its World Heritage useful purpose. Such use is therefore desirable but Committee to which ICCROM is an Advisory Body; it must not change the lay-out or decoration of the non-governmental organizations such as ICOMOS, building. ICOM, ICA and IIC; and scientific institutes and It is within these limits only that modifications universities in Member States. demanded by a change of function should be envisaged and may be permitted. ○ Those working on the front lines of heritage ❖ Article 6. preservation, including scientists, conservators, The conservation of a monument implies preserving museum curators, site managers, archivists, a setting which is not out of scale. Wherever the researchers and archaeologists, rely on ICCROM traditional setting exists, it must be kept. No new for its world-class initiatives in conservation training, construction, demolition or modification which information, research, cooperation and advocacy. would alter the relations of mass and color must be allowed. 4. BURRA CHARTER ❖ Article 7. ○ The Burra Charter is a document published by the A monument is inseparable from the history to Australian ICOMOS which defines the basic which it bears witness and from the setting in which principles and procedures to be followed in the it occurs conservation of Australian heritage places. The moving of all or part of a monument cannot be allowed except where the safeguarding of that ○ The Charter was first endorsed in 1979 as an monument demands it or where it is justified by Australian adaptation of the Venice Charter, but national or international interest of paramount with the introduction of a new analytical importance. conservation model of heritage assessment that ❖ Article 8. recognized forms of cultural heritage beyond Items of sculpture, painting or decoration which tangible and physical forms. form an integral part of a monument may only be removed from it if this is the sole means of ensuring ○ The Charter was the first national heritage their preservation. document to replace the Venice Charter as the basis of national heritage practice. RESTORATION 5. NARA DOCUMENT ON AUTHENTICITY ❖ Article 9. ○ The Nara Document on Authenticity is a document The process of restoration is a highly specialized that addresses the need for a broader operation. Its aim is to preserve and reveal the understanding of cultural diversity and cultural aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is heritage in relation to conservation in order to based on respect for original material and authentic evaluate the value and authenticity of cultural documents. property more objectively. It must stop at the point where conjecture begins, and in this case moreover any extra work which is ○ It was drafted by 45 representatives from 28 indispensable must be distinct from the countries after their deliberation on the definition architectural composition and must bear a and assessment of authenticity during the Nara contemporary stamp. Conference held in Nara, Japan in November 1994. The restoration in any case must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical study INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES ON HERITAGE of the monument. CONSERVATION ❖ Article 10. Where traditional techniques prove inadequate, the I. THE VENICE CHARTER consolidation of a monument can be achieved by DEFINITIONS the use of any modern technique for conservation ❖ Article 1.  and construction, the efficacy of which has been II. ICOMOS PRINCIPLES shown by scientific data and proved by experience. ❖ Article 11. 1. General Criteria The valid contributions of all periods to the building 1.1. Conservation, reinforcement and restoration of of a monument must be respected, since unity of architectural heritage requires a multi- disciplinary style is not the aim of a restoration. approach. When a building includes the superimposed work of different periods, the revealing of the underlying 1.2. Value and authenticity of architectural heritage state can only be justified in exceptional cannot be based on fixed criteria because the circumstances and when what is removed is of little respect due to all cultures also requires that its interest and the material which is brought to light is physical heritage be considered within the cultural of of great historical, archaeological or aesthetic context to which it belongs value, and its state of preservation good enough to justify the action. 1.3. The value of architectural heritage is not only in its Evaluation of the importance of the elements appearance, but also in the integrity of all its involved and the decision as to what may be components as a unique product of the specific destroyed cannot rest solely on the individual in building technology of its time. In particular the charge of the work. removal of the inner structures maintaining only ❖ Article 12. the facades does not fit the conservation criteria. Replacements of missing parts must integrate 1.4. When any change of use or function is proposed, harmoniously with the whole, but at the same time all the conservation requirements and safety must be distinguishable from the original so that conditions have to be carefully taken into account. restoration does not falsify the artistic or historic evidence. 1.5. Restoration of the structure in Architecture ❖ Article 13. Heritage is not an end in itself but a means to an Additions cannot be allowed except in so far as end, which is the building as a whole. they do not detract from the interesting parts of the building, its traditional setting, the balance of its 1.6. The peculiarity of heritage structures, with their composition and its relation with its surroundings. complex history, requires the organization of HISTORIC SITES studies and proposals in precise steps that are similar to those used in medicine. Anamnesis, ❖ Article 14. diagnosis, therapy and controls, corresponding The sites of monuments must be the object of respectively to the searches for significant data special care in order to safeguard their integrity and and information, individuation of the causes of ensure that they are cleared and presented in a damage and decay, choice of the remedial seemly manner. measures and control of the efficiency of the The work of conservation and restoration carried interventions. In order to achieve cost out in such places should be inspired by the effectiveness and minimal impact on architectural principles set forth in the foregoing articles. its form. heritage using funds available in a rational way; it is usually necessary that the study repeats these EXCAVATIONS steps in an iterative process. ❖ Article 15. 1.7. No action should be undertaken without having Excavations should be carried out in accordance ascertained the achievable benefit and harm to the with scientific standards and the recommendation architectural heritage, except in Organization defining international principles to be applied in the cases where urgent safeguard measures are case of archaeological excavation adopted by necessary to avoid the imminent collapse of the UNESCO in 1956. structures (e.g. after seismic damages); those Ruins must be maintained and measures urgent measures, however, should when possible necessary for the permanent conservation and avoid modifying the fabric in an irreversible way. protection of architectural features and of objects discovered must be taken. 2. RESEARCHES AND DIAGNOSIS Furthermore, every means must be taken to 2.1. Usually a multidisciplinary team, to be determined facilitate the understanding of the monument and to in relation to the type and the scale of the problem, reveal it without ever distorting its meaning. should work together from the first steps of a study All reconstruction work should, however, be ruled - as in the initial survey of the site and the out a priori. Only anastylosis, that is to say, the preparation of the investigation programmed. reassembling of existing but dismembered parts can be permitted. The material used for integration 2.2. Data and information should first be processed should always be recognizable and its use should approximately, to establish a more comprehensive be the least that will ensure the conservation of a plan of activities in proportion to the real problems monument and the reinstatement of its form. of the structures. PUBLICATION 2.3. A full understanding of the structural and material ❖ Article 16. characteristics is required in conservation In all works of preservation, restoration or practice. Information is essential on the structure excavation, there should always be precise in its original and earlier states, on the techniques documentation in the form of analytical and critical that were used in the construction, on the reports, illustrated with drawings and photographs. alterations and their effects, on the phenomena Every stage of the work of clearing, consolidation, that have occurred, and, finally, on its present rearrangement and integration, as well as technical state. and formal features identified during the course of 2.4. In archaeological sites specific problems may be the work, should be included. posed because structures have to be stabilized This record should be placed in the archives of a during excavation when knowledge is not yet public institution and made available to research complete. The structural responses to a workers. It is recommended that the report be rediscovered building may be completely different published.  from those to an exposed building. Urgent 3.9. Where possible, any measures adopted should be site-structural-solutions, required to stabilize the reversible so that they can be removed and structure as it is being excavated, should not replaced with more suitable measures when new compromise the complete buildings concept form knowledge is acquired. Where they are not and use. completely reversible, interventions should not limit further interventions. 2.5. Diagnosis is based on historical, qualitative and quantitative approaches; the qualitative approach 3.10. The characteristics of materials used in restoration being mainly based on direct observation of the work (in particular new materials) and their structural damage and material decay as well as compatibility with existing materials should be fully historical and archaeological research, and the established. This must include long-term impacts, quantitative approach mainly on material and so that undesirable side-effects are avoided. structural tests, monitoring and structural analysis. 3.11. The distinguishing qualities of the structure and its 2.6. Before making a decision on structural intervention environment, in their original or earlier states, it is indispensable to determine first the causes of should not be destroyed. damage and decay, and then to evaluate the safety level of the structure. 3.12. Each intervention should, as far as possible, respect the concept, techniques and historical 2.7. The safety evaluation, which is the last step in the value of the original or earlier states of the diagnosis, where the need for treatment measures structure and leave evidence that can be is determined, should reconcile qualitative with recognised in the future. quantitative analysis: direct observation, historical research, structural analysis and, if it is the case, 3.13. Intervention should be the result of an overall experiments and tests. integrated plan that gives due weight to the different aspects of architecture, structure, 2.8. Often the application of the same safety levels as installations and functionality. in the design of new buildings requires excessive, if not impossible, measures. In these cases 3.14. The removal or alteration of any historic material specific analyses and appropriate considerations or distinctive architectural features should be may justify different approaches to safety. avoided whenever possible. 2.9. All aspects related to the acquired information, the 3.15. Deteriorated structures whenever possible should diagnosis including the safety evaluation, and the be repaired rather than replaced. decision to intervene should be described in an explanatory report?. 3.16. Imperfections and alterations, when they have become part of the history of the structure, should 3. REMEDIAL MEASURES AND CONTROLS be maintained so far so they do not compromise 3.1. Therapy should address root causes rather than the safety requirements. symptoms. 3.17. Dismantling and reassembly should only be 3.2. The best therapy is preventive maintenance undertaken as an optional measure required by the very nature of the materials and structure 3.3. Safety evaluation and an understanding of the when conservation by other means is impossible, significance of the structure should be the basis or harmful. for conservation and reinforcement measures. 3.18. Provisional safeguard systems used during the 3.4. No actions should be undertaken without intervention should show their purpose and demonstrating that they are indispensable. function without creating any harm to heritage values. 3.5. Each intervention should be in proportion to the safety objectives set, thus keeping intervention to 3.19. Any proposal for intervention must be the minimum to guarantee safety and durability accompanied by a programme of control to be with the least harm to heritage values. carried out, as far as possible, while the work is in progress. 3.6. The design of intervention should be based on a clear understanding of the kinds of actions that 3.20. Measures that are impossible to control during were the cause of the damage and decay as well execution should not be allowed. as those that are taken into account for the analysis of the structure after intervention; 3.21. Checks and monitoring during and after the because the design will be dependent upon them. intervention should be carried out to ascertain the efficacy of the results. 3.7. The choice between traditional and innovative techniques should be weighed up on a PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ON CULTURAL case-by-case basis and preference given to those HERITAGE CONSERVATION (NHCP, NMP, NCCA, CCP, NLP, that are least invasive and most compatible with CFL) heritage values, bearing in mind safety and - NHCP (National Historical Commission of the durability requirements. Philippines - NMP (National Museum of the Philippines) 3.8. At times the difficulty of evaluating the real safety - NCCA (National Commission for Culture and the Arts) levels and the possible benefits of interventions - CCP (Cultural Center of the Philippines) may suggest an observational method, i.e. an - NLP (National Library of the Philippines) incremental approach, starting from a minimum - CFL (Commission on the Filipino Language) level of intervention, with the possible subsequent adoption of a series of supplementary or corrective 1. NHCP (National Historical Commission of the measures. Philippines) ○ The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), by virtue of Republic Act 10086, is  responsible for the conservation and preservation of Commission whose functions were delegated to the country's historical legacies. the NHC. ○ Its major thrusts encompass an ambitious cultural 1. Among the functions of the NHC are the program on historical studies, curatorial works, following: architectural conservation, Philippine heraldry, historical information dissemination activities, a. to publish or cause to have written or restoration and preservation of relics and memorabilia published the works of our national of heroes and other renowned Filipinos. heroes and other great and good Filipinos; ○ The NHCP undertakes the commemoration of b. to compile from various sources here significant events and personages in Philippine and abroad data on Philippine history history and safeguard the blazoning of the national and prepare and publish there from government and its political divisions and source books on Philippine history; instrumentalities. c. to identify, designate and approximately mark historic places in the Philippines ○ Its five divisions are and to US cause the construction or i. Finance and Administrative: reconstruction ii. Historic Preservation; d. to maintain and care for national iii. Historic Sites and Education; monuments, shrines and historic iv. Research, Publications and Heraldry markers that have been erected; v. Materials Research Conservation e. to take charge of all historical activities or projects not otherwise undertaken by ○ As such, it "aims to inculcate awareness and any entity of the government; appreciation of the noble deeds and ideals of our f. to gather data on historical dates, heroes and other illustrious Filipinos, to instill pride in personages, events, and documents the Filipino people and to rekindle the Filipino spirit presented for evaluation, and through the lessons of history. g. to acquire through purchase, donation, ○ History of NHCP exchange or otherwise, important historical documents and materials; and i. PHMC - Philippine Historical Research and h. to encourage research in Philippine Markers Committee (1933) was created by the history and the writing and publication of U.S. Governor General Frank Murphy by textbooks on the subject, the research Executive Order 451 to identify and mark "historic and writing of biographies of heroes, antiquities" in Manila accounts of historical events, translations of important scholarly works 1. as a first step towards their preservation. of Filipinos and foreigners by providing Church of San Agustin, Fort Santiago, Plaza appropriate or adequate incentives. McKinley, Roman Catholic Cathedral of Manila, San Sebastian Church, Concordia iv. National Historical Institute (1972) - In 1972, College, Manila Railroad Company, Dr. President Ferdinand Marcos' declaration of Lorenzo Negrao, and University of Santo martial law resulted in a reorganization of Tomas (Intramuros site) were among the first government and the renaming of the NHC as the structures to be granted markers. National Historical Institute. 2. The installation of markers were first limited v. National Historical Commission of the to identify antiquities in Manila; however, the Philippines (2010) - On May 12, 2010, President commission's mandate was later expanded Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed Republic Act to cover the whole of the Philippines. Many No. 10086, or the law reverting the National markers were destroyed or lost due to World Historical Institute into its original form as the War II, along with the structures they National Historical Commission of the represent, and many have been replaced by Philippines. post-war markers. 2. NMP (National Museum of the Philippines) ii. Philippines Historical Committee (1935) - With ○ (Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas) is an umbrella establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth in government organization that oversees a number of 1935, the PHRMC was replaced by the national museums in the Philippines including Philippines Historical Committee. (PHC), which ethnographic, anthropological, archaeological, and took over the functions as its predecessor, as visual arts collections. From 1973 until 2021, well as the tasks of repairing government-owned antiquities and acquiring antiquities owned by ○ The National Museum served as the regulatory and private individuals. enforcement agency of the government of the Philippines in the restoring and safeguarding of 1. While there are extant historical markers significant cultural properties, sites, and reservations issued in 1941 (e.g. Magellan's Cross, throughout the Philippines The mandate has since Basilica del Santo Niño, First shot of the been transferred to the National Commission for Philippine-American War, Colegio de San Culture and the Arts. Juan de Letran, & Malacañan Palace), ○ The National Museum operates the: 2. There are no known records of the activities i. National Museum of Fine Arts, of the committee during the Japanese ii. National Museum of Anthropology, and the occupation of the Philippines during World iii. National Museum of Natural History, War II, as the Committee closed in protest. ○ …all located in the National Museum Complex in iii. National Historical Commission (1965) - In Manila. The institution also operates branch museums 1965 Congress passed Republic Act No. 4368 throughout the country. that created the National Historical Commission ○ History: 1887 (NHC) and effectively abolished the Philippine i. The National Museum of the Philippines can Historical Committee and the National Heroes trace its history to the establishment of the  Mus