Introduction to English Sounds and Accents PDF

ACCENTS IN ENGLISH 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH SOUNDS AND ACCENTS HANNA DZICZEK-KARLIKOWSKA, PHD PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY TWO SUBDISCIPLINES IN LINGUISTICS WHICH DEAL WITH SOUNDS  LINGUISTICS The scientific study of language and its structure. There are br...

ACCENTS IN ENGLISH 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH SOUNDS AND ACCENTS HANNA DZICZEK-KARLIKOWSKA, PHD PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY TWO SUBDISCIPLINES IN LINGUISTICS WHICH DEAL WITH SOUNDS  LINGUISTICS The scientific study of language and its structure. There are broadly three aspects to the study: a. language form, b. language meaning, and c. language in context.  LINGUISTICS DESCRIPTIVE THEORETICAL APPLIED Anthropological linguistics Cognitive linguistics Computational linguistics Comparative linguistics Generative linguistics Forensic linguistics Historical linguistics Semantics Evolutionary linguistics Sociolinguistics Syntax Language acquisition Etymology Morphology 2nd Language acquisition … Graphemics Linguistic anthropology PHONETICS … Psycholinguistics PHONOLOGY  PHONETICS Provides objective ways of describing and analysing the range of sounds humans use in their languages, that is, it is concerned with the physical properties of sounds, i.e. phones.  Branches of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic and auditory. a. Articulatory phonetics: identifies precisely which speech organs and muscles are involved in producing the different sounds of the world’s languages; a. Acoustic phonetics: the study of speech as it travels through the air in the form of sound waves; b. Auditory phonetics: the study of how sounds are perceived by the hearer’s ears and brain.  PHONOLOGY It studies the way speech sounds are organised into patterns and systems in a particular language.  PHONETICS vs. PHONOLOGY Phonetics: more concrete field of study than phonology; it is concerned with more detailed, physical description of speech sounds. Phonology: more abstract field of study than phonetics; it is concerned with the functioning of speech sounds as part of a system within a language and the relationships between them. Phonology tries to answer the following questions: 1. How are the sound patterns of one language different from those of another language (phonotactics)? 2. Why do L2 learners have particular pronunciation problems (phonological processes)? 3. How do the sound patterns of a language change over time or over geographical area?  RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION (RP)  Also known as: BBC English, Oxford English, Royal English, the Queen’s English Some prestige is still attached to this implicitly accepted social standard of pronunciation.  RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION (as defined by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: 2000) ‘A pronunciation of British English, originally based on the speech of the upper class of south-eastern England and characteristic of the English spoken at the public schools and at Oxford and Cambridge Universities’.  The term suggests that it is the result of a social judgment rather than of an official decision as to what is ‘correct’ or ‘wrong’. The first RP model of pronunciation was codified by Daniel S. Jones in Outline of English Phonetics, 1918 and English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1917. LEARN THE BRITISH ENGLISH RP ACCENT WITH JAMES BOND 007! HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=RQVVCGMCZ 0M  TRANSCRIPTION OF ENGLISH Phonetic symbols are used to represent sounds, e.g. the word ‘enough’ is written (transcribed) as /ɪnʌf/. PHONETIC SYMBOLS/PHONEMES PHONEME is the smallest contrastive linguistic unit whose change brings a change of meaning, for example: pin vs sin dame vs fame vs tame.  The list of phonetic symbols (phonemes) for British English: Monophthongs (short): Monophthongs (long): ɪ as in ‘pit’ pɪt i: as in ‘key’ ki: e as in ‘pet’ pet ɑ: as in ‘car’ kɑ: æ as in ‘pat’ pæt ɔ: as in ‘core’ kɔ: ʌ as in ‘cup’ kʌp u: as in ‘cool’ ku:l ɒ as in ‘pot’ pɒt ɜ: as in ‘first’ fɜ:st ʊ as in ‘put’ pʊt ə as in ‘upper’ ʌpə Diphthongs: eɪ as in ‘bay’ beɪ əʊ as in ‘go’ gəʊ ɪə as in ‘peer’ pɪə aɪ as in ‘buy’ baɪ aʊ as in ‘cow’ kaʊ eə as in ‘fare’ feə ɔɪ as in ‘boy’ bɔɪ ʊə as in ‘poor’ pʊə Consonants: p as in ‘pea’ pi: b as in ‘bee’ bi: t as in ‘toe’ təʊ d as in ‘doe’ dəʊ k as in ‘cap’ kæp g as in ‘gap’ gæp f as in ‘fat’ fæt v as in ‘vat’ væt ɵ as in ‘thing’ ɵɪŋ ð as in ‘this’ ðɪs s as in ‘sip’ sɪp z as in ‘zip’ zɪp ʃ as in ‘ship’ ʃɪp ʒ as in ‘measure’ meʒə h as in ‘’hat’ hæt ʧ as in ‘chin’ ʧɪn ʤ as in ‘gin’ ʤɪn m as in ‘map’ mæp l as in ‘led’ led n as in ‘nap’ næp r as in ‘red’ red ŋ as in ‘hang’ hæŋ j as in ‘yet’ jet w as in ‘wet’ wet  TRANSCRIPTION can be: PHONEMIC or PHONETIC (ALLOPHONIC) * Phonemic transcription is also referred to as broad transcription which contains only information concerning those sounds which introduce contrast (change) in meaning. * Phonetic (Allophonic) is also referred to as narrow transcription which contains small details which are not responsible for meaning contrasts (allophones). take /teɪk/ vs [theɪk] acts /ækts/ vs [æks] little /lɪtl/ vs [lɪtɫ] would you /wʊd jʊ/ vs [wʊʤʊ] Links to online dictionaries: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/phonetics  INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (IPA) The standardised representation of the sounds of oral language. The basis for the most widely used system of symbols for the transcription of English. IPA provides one letter for each of all distinctive sounds present in the world’s languages. ACCENT RP/ British English standard: /ˈæksent/ / ˈæksƏnt/ General American: /ˈæksent/ / ˈæksƏnt/ A WAY OF PRONOUNCING THE WORDS OF A LANGUAGE THAT SHOWS WHICH COUNTRY, AREA OR SOCIAL CLASS A PERSON COMES FROM; HOW WELL SOMEBODY PRONOUNCES A PARTICULAR LANGUAGE: A NORTHERN/DUBLIN/SCOTTISH ACCENT A STRONG/BROAD ACCENT (= ONE THAT IS EASY TO NOTICE) WITH AN ACCENT SHE SPOKE ENGLISH WITH AN ACCENT. THE AMERICANS HAD LEARNED KOREAN AND SPOKE WITH A GOOD ACCENT. HTTPS://WWW.OXFORDLEARNERSDICTIONARIES.COM/DEFINITION/ENGLISH/ACCENT_1?Q=ACCENT THE 5 HARDEST BRITISH ACCENTS TO UNDERSTAND! HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=R6_8OEVI85E The 5 Hardest British Accents to Understand! Brummy/Black Country, Geordie, Scouse, Glaswegian, Cockney ACCENT VS DIALECT HTTPS://WWW.BBC.CO.UK/BITESIZE/ARTICLES/Z3W X6G8#ZGBK8HV BASED ON: * CRUTTENDEN, ALAN. GIMSON’S PRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH. * ROACH, PETER. ENGLISH PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY. * WEBSITES (ADDRESSES GIVEN IN THE PRESENTATION). * OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE ONLINE DICTIONARIES.