Introduction to Computing (Prelims).pdf

*read at your own risk (medyo mahaba ‘to pero naka-highlight naman mga important deets, you can skip naman yung ibang mga lessons dito) *uno cutie, happy reviewing! :> Lesson 1: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS What is a Computer? The term c...

*read at your own risk (medyo mahaba ‘to pero naka-highlight naman mga important deets, you can skip naman yung ibang mga lessons dito) *uno cutie, happy reviewing! :> Lesson 1: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS What is a Computer? The term computer was originally a job role The first computers were actually people (usually women) who did ‘computation’ on paper using slide rules Most of the early calculations were for mathematical tables, bomb trajectories and rocketry calculations John Napier Blaise Pascal Invented “logarithms” which use This famous French philosopher lookup tables to find the solution to and mathematician invented the otherwise tedious and error-prone first calculator in 1645 to help mathematical calculations. with collecting taxes. It could add and subtract by rotating dials Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz Joseph-Marie Jacquard Leibnitz invented a machine in Joseph-Marie Jacquard was a 1674, around 30 years after Pascal weaver invented his machine In 1804, he adapted the use of He called it the “Stepped punched cards from musical Reckoner” boxes to control looms. And it could not only add and His invention provided a model for subtract, but multiply and divide input and output of data in the as well electro-mechanical and electronic computing industry. Charles Babbage Lady Augusta Ada Designed the “Difference Engine” She was the daughter of the and “Analytical Engine” in the famous romantic poet Lord early 19th century. Byron and she was a brilliant This was the blueprint used in the mathematician who helped invention of the modern electronic Babbage in his work. digital computer. She documented his work, which The Difference Engine was never Babbage could never bother to do fully built and also wrote programs to be run Babbage drew up the plans for it on Babbage’s machines while still a student at Cambridge She is recognized as the first University. computer programmer Alan Turing John Vincent Atanasoff Alan Turing published a paper Invented the ABC, a digital called On Computable Numbers, computer, so called because it with an application to the processed data using 1s and 0s. Entscheidungsproblem. Being binary, the data could easily The paper proved that a machine be represented electronically since is capable of processing a stream switches naturally have two states of 1s and 0s (binary) according to — on and off. programmed instructions would be capable of solving any problem. Howard Aiken Dr. Grace Murray Hopper In 1944, Howard Aiken, a professor Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray of physics at Harvard, was Hopper worked with Howard  supported by IBM to build the Aiken from 1944. ASCC computer (Automatic She used his machine for Sequence Controlled Calculator). gunnery and ballistics The ASCC computer used calculations for the US Bureau of mechanical relays to represent Ordnance’s Computation project. mathematical data. Dr. Hopper invented the "COBOL" It was huge, weighing 35 tons and language, which was the first containing 500 miles of wiring. programming language to use Computers of that era were large, English for variable names and purpose-built for each company, logical operations. and very expensive. She also invented the term Howard Aiken was asked about the “debugging” when a moth caused future of electronic computers. an error in the computer. Jack Kilby Bill Gates Jack Kilby invented the first At the age of 13, Bill Gates integrated circuit in 1959, which became interested in programming meant computers could become computers. smaller or more reliable He sold a computer he built and These were first used inside programmed to Seattle for counting calculators city traffic while still a teenager. While at Harvard University, he developed a programming language for his computer. Gates dropped out of university to focus on writing programs and started a company called Microsoft. Microsoft developed software for the emerging personal computer market. Gates persuaded IBM to let Microsoft create the operating system, leading to significant profits from MS-DOS. Over the years, Gates earned billions of dollars and has donated a substantial portion of his fortune to improving lives in developing countries. Steve Jobs Apple Steve Jobs also dropped out of In 1976 this “Apple I” was one of university at the age of 21 to start the first home computers and was his company Apple with another sold for $600 college dropout Steve Wozniak The immense success of Apple 2 revolutionized the personal computer market with the invention of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) which made using the computer very user friendly This made Steve Jobs a millionaire at the age of 25 In 2000 digital music players were big and bulky or small but played terrible quality music Apple saw the opportunity and announced the release of the iPod in 2001, the first digital portable  music player which changed the course of media entertainment and was followed with equal success by the iPhone and iPad. Larry Page and Sergey Brin Google Larry Page and Sergey Brin met at They renamed BackRub to Stanford University Google, a play on the word They began to work on developing "googol”, a mathematical term a search engine called “BackRub” for 1 followed by 100 zeros. The name change reflected their mission to organize the seemingly infinite amount of information on the internet. Google grew from a small company in a garage to one of the world’s largest companies with diverse areas like: ○ Gmail ○ Google Maps ○ Google Books Since 2010, Google has been acquiring a company a week, including: ○ Youtube ○ Motorola Mobility ○ Android In 2019, Google was estimated to be worth $927 billion. Key Points in Modern Computing History 1984 2001 Apple introduces the Macintosh Microsoft Windows XP is computer released 1990 2005 Microsoft introduces Windows Google purchases Android 3.0 1992 2005 Microsoft introduces Windows Youtube was founded and 3.1 appears online 1996 2006 BackRub was created and Google buys Youtube launched onto Stamford Universities’ servers 1997 2006 BackRub given a new home and Nintendo releases the Wii changed to the name Google 2000 2007 Bill Gates relinquishes his title as Apple introduces the iPhone head of Microsoft and Microsoft Windows 2000 was released 2001 2007 Wikipedia was founded Microsoft releases Microsoft  Windows Vista and Office 2007 2010 Apple introduces the iPad LESSON 3: MS OFFICE 2016 What is MS Office Suite? ➔ Microsoft Office is the collective name for Microsoft’s set of home and business productivity software. The MS suite of programs includes: ◆ Microsoft Word, a word processing tool; ◆ Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program; ◆ Microsoft Powerpoint, used for creating interactive presentations; ◆ Microsoft Outlook, used for email and calendar management ◆ Microsoft Access, a database management program; and ◆ Microsoft OneNote, a note-taking application Buying and Subscribing ➔ Access to Microsoft Office is normally bought as a single package ➔ Customers can buy the suite for local use or subscribe to Office 365 ➔ Office 365 is a cloud-based system accessible through a local program or Web browser MS Office Suite Version ➔ The latest stand-alone version of Microsoft Office is Office 2016. ➔ Newer versions can open files from older versions ➔ Newer versions can save files in formats accessible by older versions ➔ Some formatting and settings may be lost when using multiple version Benefits of MS Office 2016 ➔ MS Office software suite is the global reference for desktop publishing ➔ Provides different versions suitable for students, home users, small businesses, and corporations. ➔ Each application is customized to suit the requirements of each user Other Benefits Easy to Use A Lot of Improvements ➔ MS Office is one of the most used ➔ The suite is continuously software suites in the world with improved with each release for simple and direct features. easy and good-looking desktop ➔ Extensive user guides and help publications. files are available online and offline Diversity User Friendly ➔ It includes language support with ➔ The interface features simple spellings and grammar checks, shortcuts, buttons, and dictionary, and thesaurus in over 50 easy-to-interpret picture guides, languages. making the applications simple to use, learn, and maintain. Importance A Lot of Businesses Use Microsoft Microsoft Office Improves Team Office Communication  ➔ Skills in Microsoft software are ➔ Microsoft tools enhance transferable to new jobs and communication and companies. collaboration, (e.g., Outlook for email, Word, and PowerPoint). Microsoft Office Makes Businesses All Microsoft Office Suite Programs Are More Productive User-Friendly ➔ Microsoft helps improve efficiency ➔ MS Office components are and productivity, (e.g., Excel’s user-friendly with easy-to-access advanced analytical tools for data files and online support for and financial decisions). tutorials and troubleshooting. How to Create a File? 1. On the File tab, click New 2. In the Search for online templates box, enter the type of document you want to create and press ENTER Tip: To start from scratch, select Blank document. Or, for practice using Word features, try a learning guide like Welcome to Word, Insert you first table of contents, and more Create a Document ➔ Add and format text 1. Place the cursor and type some text 2. To format, select the text and then select an option: Bold, Italic, Bullets, Numbering, and more. ➔ Add Pictures, Shapes, SmartArt, Chart, and More 1. Select the Insert tab 2. Select what you want to add: ➔ Tables: select Tables, hover over the size you want, and select it. ➔ Pictures: select Pictures, browse for the picture you want, and select Insert ➔ Online Pictures: select Online Pictures, search and choose the picture you want, and select Insert ➔ Shapes: select Shapes, and then select a shape from the drop-down ➔ Icons: select Icons, choose the one you want, and select Insert ➔ 3D Models: select 3D Models, choose from a file or online source, go to the image you want, and select Insert ➔ SmartArt: select SmartArt, choose a SmartArt Graphic, and select OK ➔ Chart: select Chart, select the chart you want, and select OK ➔ Screenshot: select Screenshot and select one from the drop-down How to Save your File? ➔ When you save your files to the cloud, you can share and collaborate with others, and get to your files from anywhere - on your computer, tablet, or phone 1. Select File > Save As 2. Select OneDrive, or any location in your computer 3. Save personal files to OneDrive - Personal, and work files to your company OneDrive. You can also save to another location in the list, or Add a Place. 4. Enter a descriptive name for the file, and select Save How to Design and Edit? ➔ Styles templates apply a consistent font, font size, font color, and spacing to  headings, paragraphs, and titling throughout your document ◆ Select the words, paragraph, list or table to edit ◆ On the Home tab, select a style ➔ If you don’t see the style you want, click the More button to expand the gallery How to Apply Themes? ➔ Themes add a professional look to your document 1. Select Design > Themes 2. Point to a theme to preview how it will look 3. Select the theme you want ➔ Word marks misspelled words with a red squiggly underline and grammar mistakes with a blue double underline. 1. Right-click the word 2. Select a correction, or select Ignore 3. Note: Spelling and grammar check work a little differently in newer versions of Word and Microsoft 365 How to Find and Replace Text? 1. Select Home > Replace 2. For Find what, enter a word or phrase to search. For Replace with, enter the new text 3. Select Find next, and then select: ➔ Replace to replace the first instance, or ➔ Replace all to replace all instances LESSON 4: TAPPING INTO THE POWER OF THE INTERNET The Internet ➔ A global computer network allows communication with millions of computer users ➔ It provides access to resources from around the world ➔ There is a limitless resources available for everyday use The Internet Internet Literacy: Using search engines, creating web pages, developing an online resume, job searches E-MAIL LISTSERV (List Servers) ➔ Most used Internet Service ➔ Like electronic mailing list ➔ Every registered internet user ➔ Sends email messages to people has one on the list ➔ Great way to communicate ➔ You join a Listserv by subscribing ◆ Avoids delays, such as to it telephone tag ➔ Thousands on the Internet ➔ Read and respond at your ➔ You receive a copy of all emails convenience sent ➔ Everyone on list gets your email ➔ Simple way for “groups” to communicate INTERNET ADDRESS DNS SYSTEM (Domain Name System) ➔ Every computer has an IP ➔ Uses alphabetic characters Address ➔ Easier to remember  ◆ IP (Internet Protocol) ◆ Example: ◆ IP Address has 4 numbers www.whitehouse.gov Example: 15.899.45.8 ◆ Not very user friendly INTERNET IS CHANGING THE WORLD TEACHING AND LEARNING ➔ How? Convergence ➔ Computer-Based Learning ◆ All our traditional ways of ◆ Benefits well documented communicating are ◆ Findings indicate learning converging into a networked time is reduced significantly supermedium — the Internet (by 80%) ➔ No discrimination on the net ◆ Achievement levels more ◆ Cannot see racial than a standard deviation differences, age, sex, or higher physical handicaps ➔ Exception ◆ Discrimination against the unconnected SURFING THE NET BROWSERS ➔ Surfing: Browsing ➔ Most popular browsers: ◆ Going from place to place in ◆ Netscape Navigator search of something ◆ Microsoft Internet Explorer ◆ Similar to Channel Surfing (IE) ➔ WWW: Most popular for ➔ Can be purchased or free if searching downloaded from the Net ◆ A worldwide hypertext system ◆ Interconnects millions of documents ◆ Connections made through “links” Links: “hot spots” (word, phrase, or graphic) ➔ Browsing: Progressively clicking through the Web by clicking on “links” URLS WEBSITES ➔ Uniform Resource Locator ➔ Every website has url ➔ Web Address ➔ Example: ➔ Examples: ◆ www.sony.com ◆ http://www.udel.edu ◆ www.cnn.com ◆ www.udel.edu ◆ udel.edu WEBPAGES ➔ Often confused with Email address ➔ Document on the web ◆ [email protected] ➔ Scrolling NETIQUETTE ENCRYPTING YOU EMAIL ➔ Internet Etiquette ➔ Privacy concerns ➔ Rules for the Internet ➔ Runs message through an ◆ Avoids free-for-alls on the “encoder” net ◆ Garbles or alters the ◆ Tons of unwanted messages characters of the message ◆ Junk mail ◆ Example ◆ Spam Hello Word: Igomq ◆ Lurking zptoe ➔ Good Network Citizens: Netizens ➔ Email receiver must have the  encryption key to decode it ◆ More: Netscape — Security Icon COMMUNICATING “REAL TIME” ONLINE CHAT ➔ Historically ➔ Chat Rooms ◆ Face to face conversation ◆ Places to talk with other ◆ Telephone conversation Internet users “real time” ➔ Real time over the Internet ◆ Can see what’s being typed ◆ Chat rooms ◆ Other users/chatters see ◆ Videoconferencing what you type, as well ◆ ICQ Private message ◆ Instant Messenger ◆ NetMeeting ➔ Web Cam (multiconferencing) More at www.udel.edu/interlit LESSON 5: MICROSOFT EXCEL What Is Excel? ➔ A software program created by Microsoft ➔ Uses spreadsheets to organize numbers and data with formulas and functions ➔ Excel analysis is ubiquitous around the world ➔ Used by businesses of all sizes to perform financial analysis What Is Excel used for? ➔ Used to organize data and perform financial analysis ➔ It is used across all business functions and by companies of all sizes ◆ Data entry, Accounting, Charting and graphing, Time management, Financial modeling, Customer relationship management (CRM), Data management, Financial analysis, Programming, Task management Features of Microsoft Excel Worksheet ➔ A grid composed of rows, columns, and cells. Cell Active Cell ➔ The point at which a column and a ➔ Cell in which you are working row intersect or meet or currently intersection of row and column ➔ Surrounded by a thick border Cell Reference or Cell Address QuickAccess Toolbar ➔ The name of each cell represented ➔ Gives you fast and easy access to by the column letter and the row the tools you use most often in any number given Excel session Screen Tip Dialog Box Launcher ➔ Onscreen boxes that display ➔ Arrow at the lower right corner of descriptive text when you rest the the ribbon tabs pointer on a command or control Workbook Name Box ➔ Composed of multiple number of ➔ Displays the location or name of worksheets. a selected cell (active cell) ➔ Workbook contains three worksheets by default (Sheet1, Sheet2, Sheet3) Range Formula Bar ➔ Is the selected group of cells ➔ Allows users to enter or edit data, within the worksheet a formula, or a function. Types of Data in a Spreadsheet Label ➔ Alphabetical text and aligns at the left side of the cell. It simply describes the data in cells and is not use in any calculations. Value Formula ➔ Is a number entered in a cell and ➔ Equation or expression that aligns at the right side of the cell. performs a calculation Usually the data that are manipulated or use in calculations Function Operand ➔ Built-in formula that is a shortcut ➔ Identify the values to be used in for common calculations in the calculation, an operand can be spreadsheet a constant value, or a variable such as a cell reference, a range of cells, or another formula Constant Variable ➔ Is a number or text value that is ➔ Is a symbol or name that entered directly into a formula represents something else, which can be a cell address, a range of cells, and so on. Calculations, Formulas & Functions in Excel ➔ One of the most powerful features in Excel is the ability to calculate numerical information using formulas. ➔ Excel can add, subtract, multiply, and divide. ➔ Uses standard operators for formulas: Plus sign for addition (+), Minus sign for subtraction (-), Asterisk for multiplication (*), Forward slash for division (/), Caret (^) for exponents ➔ All formulas in Excel must begin with an equal sign (=) ➔ Commonly, you will use cell addresses or cell references to create a formula ➔ Using cell references ensures formulas are accurate and can be updated without rewriting. Order of Evaluation ➔ Determines the sequence of calculation when multiple operators are involved ◆ Multiplication and division are performed before addition and subtraction ◆ Calculations are performed from left to right. ◆ Use parentheses () to change the order of evaluation ◆ Calculations enclosed in parentheses are performed first Types of Cell References Relative Cell Reference Absolute Cell Reference ➔ By default, all cell references are Value of a cell referenced in a relative references formula remain constant when  ◆ When copied across multiple copied cells, they change based ○ An absolute reference is on the relative position of designated in a formula by rows and columns the addition of a dollar sign ◆ Relative references are ($) convenient for repeating ○ $ can precede the column the same calculation reference, the row across multiple rows or reference, or both columns. ◆ Example: If you copy the formula = A1 + B1 from row 1 to row 2, the formula will become = A2 + B2 Function Parts of Function Function is a predefined formula The basic syntax for a function is an that performs calculations using equal sign (=), the function name specific values in a particular order (SUM, for example), and one or Excel includes many common more arguments. functions for tasks like finding sum, Arguments contain the average, count, maximum value, information you want to calculate minimum value, etc. A function must be written a specific way, which is called the syntax Working with Arguments Arguments can refer to both individual cells and cell ranges and must be enclosed within parentheses Single argument or multiple arguments can be included, depending on the syntax required for the function Multiple arguments must be separated by a comma Common Used Math Functions Function Description Syntax ABS() Returns the absolute value of a number. ABS(number or cell) The absolute value of a number is the number without its sign SUM() Adds all the numbers in a range of cells SUM(num1,num2,... ) PRODUCT() Multiplies all the numbers given as PRODUCT(num1,nu arguments and returns the product m2,...) QUOTIENT() Returns the integer portion of a division. QUOTIENT(numerat Use this function when you want to discard or, denominator) the remainder of a division MOD() Returns the remainder after number is MOD(number, divided by divisor. The result has the same divisor) sign as divisor. POWER() Returns the result of a number raised to POWER(number, a power exponent) SQRT() Returns a positive square root SQRT(number or  cell) FACT() Returns the factorial of a number. The FACT(number or factorial of a number is equal to 1*2*3*...* cell) number. ROUND() Rounds a number to a specified number ROUND(number, of digits decimal places) ROUNDUP() Behaves like ROUND, except that it always ROUNDUP(number, rounds a number up decimal places) ROUNDDOWN() Behave like ROUND, except that it always ROUNDDOWN(num rounds a number down ber, decimal places) TRUNC() Truncates a number to an integer by TRUNC.MATH(num removing the fractional part of the number ber, number of precision) FLOOR() Rounds number down, toward zero, to FLOOR.MATH(num the nearest multiple of significance ber, significance) CEILING() Returns number rounded up, away from CEILING.MATH(nu zero, to the nearest multiple of significance mber, significance) EVEN() Returns number rounded up to the EVEN(number or nearest even integer cell) ODD() Returns number rounded up to the ROUNDUP(number, nearest odd integer decimal places) RANDBETWEEN() Returns a random integer number RANDBETWEEN(st between the numbers you specify. A new arting value, ending random integer number is returned every value) time the worksheet is calculated COUNT() Counts the number of cells that contain COUNT(num1,num2 numbers and counts numbers within the ,…) list of arguments COUNTA() Counts the number of cells that are not COUNTA(num1,nu empty and the values within the list of m2,...) arguments AVERAGE() Returns the average (arithmetic mean) AVERAGE(num1,nu of the arguments m2,...) MEDIAN() Returns the median of the given MEDIAN(num1,num numbers. The median is the number in the 2,...) middle of a set of numbers. MODE() Returns the most frequently occurring MODE(num1,num2,. or repetitive value in an array or range of..) data RANK() ➔ Returns the rank of a number in a RANK(number, ref, list of numbers. The rank of a order) number is its size relative to other values in a list ➔ Order: 0 (zero) or omitted, Microsoft Excel ranks number as if ref were a  list sorted in descending order. Nonzero value, Microsoft Excel ranks number as if ref were a list sorted in ascending order MIN() Returns the smallest number in a set of MIN(num1,num2,...) values MAX() Returns the largest number in a set of MAX(num1,num2,... values ) CONCATENATE() Joins several text strings into one text CONCATENATE(tex string t1,text2,...) SEARCH() or SEARCH and SEARCHB locate one text SEARCH(text to SEARCHB() string within a second text string, and find, within the text, return the number of the starting starting number) position of the first text string from the first character of the second text string REPLACE() REPLACE replaces part of a text string, REPLACE(old text, based on the number of characters you starting number, specify, with a different text srting number of characters, new text) SUBSTITUTE() Substitutes new_text for old_text in a SUBSTITUTE(text, text string. Use SUBSTITUTE when you old_text, new_text, want to replace specific text in a text string; instance_num) use REPLACE when you want to replace any text that occurs in a specific location in a text string. LOWERCASE() Converts all uppercase letters in a text LOWERCASE(text) string to lowercase UPPERCASE() Converts all lowercase letters in a text UPPERCASE(text) string to uppercase REPEAT() Repeats text a given number of times REPEAT(text, number of times) IF() Returns one value if a condition you IF(condition, value if specify evaluate to TRUE and another true, value if false) value if it evaluates to FALSE Comparison Operators Comparison Operator Meaning (Example) = (equal sign) Equal to (A1=B1) > (greater than sign) Greater than (A1>B1) < (less than sign) Less than (A1= (greater than or equal to sign) Greater than or equal to (A1>=B1)