Introduction to Computer Science Lecture 1 PDF

Introduction to computer science Lecture 1 By Dr. Naglaa Fathy Lecturer, Computer Science Department, Faculty of computers and artificial intelligence, benha university Course Content Learning Objectives of this Course A broad and robust und...

Introduction to computer science Lecture 1 By Dr. Naglaa Fathy Lecturer, Computer Science Department, Faculty of computers and artificial intelligence, benha university Course Content Learning Objectives of this Course A broad and robust understanding of computer science & its fields, computational thinking, and programming. Know the key components of a computer system (hardware, software, data/information). Be familiar with how computers work through an introduction to number systems & binary representation. How to think algorithmically, to solve basic programming problems efficiently, and how to represent algorithms. familiarity with concepts like algorithms, data structures, and software engineering. Familiarity with basic programming concepts. Familiarity with the C programming language Topics Covered What is a Computer? What is Computer Science? Computer terminology, and Hardware versus Software. Algorithms, Pseudocode, Flowcharts, and Programming Languages. Generations of Computers, & Computers’ classification. Problem solving concepts & an Introduction to C programming. Binary Data Representation. Important Number Systems for Computers & Conversions between Number Systems. Binary Arithmetic & Logic, and Negative Numbers & Complements. The Assessment Final Term Examination 40% First Midterm Exam 15% Second Midterm Exam 15% Practical 30% Lectures References Course Materials All course material will be made available on: Introduction to Computer Science Google Drive Folder: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/11c- mUJs4BETD1oBs4H00FEIAlTK3BNyy?usp=sharing Computers & Computer Science What is a Computer? The term computer is derived from the word compute; that is, to calculate. Computer – programmable machine designed to follow instructions. A computer is.. a programmable, electronic device that accepts data (input), performs operations on that data (processing), and stores the data (storage) or results (output) as needed. Computers can do many different jobs because they are programmable. Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform. Programs are commonly referred to as software instructions in computer memory to make it do something Programmer – person who writes instructions (programs) to make computer perform a task. SO, without programmers, no programs; without programs, a computer cannot do anything. Computer Science? Computer science is the study of computation and information. Computer science is fundamentally problem-solving. We can think of problem-solving as the process of taking some input (details about our problem) and generate some output (the solution to our problem). The “black box” in the middle is computer science Computer Science? Data: Raw, unorganized facts (can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video). Information: Data that has been processed into a meaningful form. Information Processing; Converting data into information Data Data Data Information Computer Science? Its fields can be divided into various theoretical and practical disciplines. What is Computation? Computation is a type of calculation that follows a well- defined model Example: An Algorithm A + B = C 2 + 2 = 4 What Is The Computer System? It is capable of performing computations and making logical decisions. (2 + 2 = 4) It is a machine that can transform data into useful information. All computer systems consist of similar hardware devices and software components Main Hardware Component Categories: Main Hardware Component Categories Hardware refers to the physical components of which a computer is made. Hardware Component Categories : ▪ Central Processing Unit (CPU) ▪ Main Memory ▪ Secondary Memory / Storage ▪ Input Devices ▪ Output Devices Central Processing Unit (CPU) Comprised of: Control Unit Retrieves and decodes program instructions Coordinates activities of all other parts of computer Arithmetic & Logic Unit Hardware optimized for high-speed numeric calculation Hardware designed for true/false, yes/no decisions Main Memory It is volatile. Main memory is erased when the program terminates or the computer is turned off Also called Random Access Memory (RAM) A computer's memory is divided into tiny storage locations known as bytes. One byte is enough memory to store only a letter of the alphabet or a small number. Each byte is divided into eight smaller storage locations known as bits bit: smallest piece of memory. Has values 0 (off, false) or 1 (on, true) Main Memory Bytes have addresses Addresses – Each byte in memory is identified by a unique number known as an address. The number 149 is stored in the byte with the address 16, and the number 72 is stored at address 23. Secondary Storage Secondary storage is a type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time, even when there is no power to the computer. Non-volatile: data retained when the program is not running or the computer is turned off Comes in a variety of media: magnetic: traditional hard drives solid-state: optical: CD-ROM, DVD Flash drives Input Devices Devices that send information to the computer from outside Many devices can provide input: Keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, scanner, digital camera, microphone Disk drives, CD drives, and DVD drives Output Devices Output is any information the computer sends to the outside world. Many devices can provide output: screens, printers, and speakers. Software There are two general categories of software: system software and application software. The programs that control and manage the basic operations of a computer are generally referred to as system software. Programs that make a computer useful for everyday tasks are known as application software. Computer Types Computer Types Personal Smartphone Mainframes Supercomputers Computers 25 Personal Computers Amicrocomputer designed for individual use, as by a person in an office or at home or school. It commonly includes a keyboard and screen. Smartphone A small, pocket-sized, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Mainframe A Mainframe Computer is a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users. A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframes are generally used by businesses or governments Supercomputer Supercomputer is one of the fastest computers in the world. An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.  A Computer is an electronic machine that: Accepts information and stores it until How the the information is needed. computer work? Processes the information according to the instructions provided by the user. Finally returns the result to the user. Advantages of Computer Science It is the fastest medium of communication. Arithmetic problems can be easily solved. Computers make it possible to receive, supply and process large volumes of data at very high speeds Exercises What have we learned? What is a computer? And what is Computer Science? What is Computation? What’s the difference between data and information? Mention 5 computer science disciplines (fields) What are the advantages of studying Computer Science? What are the types of computers? How does the computer work? What are the main categories of computer hardware components? What is main and secondary memory? What are the different types of software? Thank you