Introduction-to-Biohemistry.pdf

BSN Introduction to Biochemistry Prepared by: Ms. Charlene F. Dinawanao, LPT  What is Biochemistry? The science that is concerned with the structures, interactions, and transformations of biological molecules. The chemistry of life. The c...

BSN Introduction to Biochemistry Prepared by: Ms. Charlene F. Dinawanao, LPT  What is Biochemistry? The science that is concerned with the structures, interactions, and transformations of biological molecules. The chemistry of life. The chief goal of biochemistry is to understand the structure and behavior of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats and lipids.  What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry can be subdivided three principal areas: ❖ Structural chemistry ❖ Metabolism ❖ The chemistry of processes and substances that store and transmit biological information (molecular genetics)  Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life The cell is coined as the basic living unit of all organisms. Most cells are specialized to perform certain functions. If chemically analyzed, cells are composed primarily of four significant elements- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Knowing the basic function of each organelle makes it possible to understand on how these organic compounds (i.e. carbon, oxygen) are responsible for any biological events in the human body to maintain homeostasis and also to explain how different sequences of biochemical reactions interact with each other for survival of cell (organism) under various conditions.  Historical Notes on Cell Robert Hooke was the first person to use the term “cell”. He referred to the small empty chambers in the structure of cork as cells. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann concluded that all plant and animal tissues were composed of cells. Rudolf Virchow proposed the theory of biogenesis where cells only arise from pre-existing cells.  Cell Theory A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. So, when you define cell properties, you are in fact defining the properties of life. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells. According to the principle of complementarity, the activities of cells are dictated by their structure (anatomy), which determines function (physiology). Continuity of life has a cellular basis.  Types of Cell On the basis of differences in cell structure, all life forms are divided into two major classes. ○ Eukaryotic cell is composed of organelles that are membrane bound structures, each having a unique role and containing a specific complement of proteins and other molecules. ○ Prokaryotic cell is lack of membranous subcellular organelles which are possessed by the eukaryotes, but they are still able to perform the necessary processes of life.  Activity 1: Comparison Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotes Prokaryotes DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell. Lack membrane- enclosed organelles Contain membrane- bound organelles which include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex Cell division involve mitosis DNA is not enclosed within the membrane. Usually divide by binary fission. Example of a Generalized Cell  Cell Life Cycle Interphase - It is the longer phase of the cell cycle where the cell is active and preparing for cell division. - The DNA molecule is duplicated exactly in a process called DNA replication which occurs toward the end of the interphase. - Cells rise from the division of other cells. - Mitosis consists of four stages-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The result is two daughter nuclei, each identical to the mother nucleus. Prophase - each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.  Cell Life Cycle Metaphase - chromosomes align at the center of the cell Anaphase- chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles. Telophase- two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells. Cell Life Cycle A brief look at the Biomolecules  Characteristics of biomolecules A vast array of biomolecules is present in the cell. The structure of each biomolecule determines in what chemical reactions it is able to participate, and hence what role it plays in the cell’s life processes. Biomolecule Type Classification Examples Elements Monosaccharides, Glucose, fructose, Carbohydrates Monosaccharides C, H, O disaccharides, etc sacarose, etc Phospholipids, steroids, Oleic acid, palmitic Lipids Fatty acids C, H, O triglycerides, etc acid, etc Fibrous or globular, simple Keratin, hemoglobin, Proteins Amino acids C, H, O, N, S or conjugate actin, collagen Adenine, cytosine, Nucleic acids Nucleoids DNA, RNA C, H, O, N, P guanine, timine, etc Solutions and Colloids  Solutions Solutions are In a solid-liquid system, the solids are composed of two always the solutes while the liquids are components, the solvents. solute and solvent. Solutes are the In a liquid-liquid system, the substance present in smaller quantity is the solute and the dissolved substance in greater quantity is the solvent. substances, while solvents make up In a gas-gas system, the gas present is small the dissolving quantity is the solute and the gas is present in greater quantity is the solvent. medium.  Solubility It describes the amount of one substances that will dissolve in a specific amount of other substances under stated condition. In a solid-liquid system, the solubility of a substance is described as soluble, slightly or moderately soluble, and insoluble. While in a liquid-liquid system, the solubility of a substance is described as miscible or immiscible.  Some Common Terms in Solutions: Osmosis- Diffusion- is when the also known as diffusing the passive substance is transport. water and the Substance diffusion takes moves from an place through area of higher a semi- concentration permeable to lower membrane. concentration. Some Common Terms in Solutions: Reverse Osmosis- In the process of reverse osmosis, it has the water side and the salt solution side. Reverse osmosis happens when water diffused from the salt solution to the waterside. It is used in the desalination of seawater. Some Common Terms in Solutions: Isotonic solution- when two solutions have the same solute concentrations.  Some Common Terms in Solutions: Hypotonic solution- A solution that contains lower solute concentration than that of the other solution.  Some Common Terms in Solutions: Hypertonic solution- a solution that contains higher solute concentration than that of the other solution Qualitative or Relative Way of Expressing Concentration of Solutions: Qualitative or Relative Way of Expressing Concentration of Solutions: Quantitative Way of Expressing Concentration of Solutions: How to solve percentage concentration by mass problems  How to solve percentage concentration by mass problems Sample Problem 1: What is the percentage by mass (% by mass) of a solution made by dissolving 0.49 g of potassium sulfate in 12.70 g of water?  How to solve percentage concentration by mass problems Sample Problem 2: Find the percent by mass in which 41.0 g of NaCl is dissolved in 331 grams of water. Quantitative Way of Expressing Concentration of Solutions: How to solve percentage concentration by volume problems  How to solve percentage concentration by volume problems Sample Problem 3: What is the percent by volume of ethanol of the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water?  How to solve percentage concentration by volume problems Sample Problem 3: What is the percentage by volume (% by volume) of a solution made by dissolving 110 mL of ethanol in 15 mL of water? Quantitative Way of Expressing Concentration of Solutions: Mole Fraction of the Solute/Solvent is determined by the ratio of the number of moles of solute/solvent and the total number of moles of the solution.  Quantitative Way of Expressing Concentration of Solutions: 1,065 × 323  Colloids Colloids are composed of two components namely; dispersed phase and dispersion medium. Colloidal particle may be dispersed in gas, liquid or solid and the dispersed phase may be a gas, liquid, or solid. Table 1. List of Different Colloidal Systems  Liquid Colloid A. Lyophilic colloids- are considered to be “liquid loving” colloids. In lyophilic colloids, strong 1,065 × 323 attraction exists between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. B. Lyophobic colloids- are considered to be”liquid fearing” colloid. It is a colloidal system in which the dispersion media are only slightly attracted to each other.  Properties of Colloids A. Particle Size ❖ Colloid has a particle size of about 10-10,000 A⁰ 1,065 × 323 or 1-1,000 nanometers (nm). B. Filterability ❖ The particle size of a colloid is smaller than the pores opening of a filter paper that is why they have the ability to pass through the filter paper.  Properties of Colloids C. The Tyndall Effect ❖ It is the ability of colloidal particles to scatter a beam of light that passes through them. The 1,065 × 323 colloidal particles reflect and scatter the light.  Properties of Colloids D. The Brownian Movement ❖ In an electronic microscope, the colloidal particles are observed and seen to move in a haphazard irregular 1,065 × 323 motion called Brownian movement. What is the importance of colloids?  Colloids Suspension True Solution Usually not Not transparent Transparent and transparent but and homogeneous may appear to be homogeneous heterogeneous  Activity 2: Classify Me! Solution Solute Solvent a. Potassium iodide + water b. 20 ml alcohol + 30 ml water c. amalgam (silver dissolved in mercury d. 30 ml water + 70 ml alcohol  Activity 2: Differentiate the following: a. Diffusion and osmosis b. Solution and colloid c. Lyophilic colloids and Lyophobic colloids