BIOCHEM 1-Basic concepts of biochemistry.pdf

BASIC CONCEPTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY learning objectives: Define biochemistry Enumerate the parts and functions of the cell BIOCHEMISTRY The study of the chemical processes within, and relating to living organisms. The small molecules found in the cell can usually be lumped into four basic...

BASIC CONCEPTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY learning objectives: Define biochemistry Enumerate the parts and functions of the cell BIOCHEMISTRY The study of the chemical processes within, and relating to living organisms. The small molecules found in the cell can usually be lumped into four basic classes: Amino acids Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids BIOCHEMISTRY Molecules to cells RNA is capable of catalyzing its own processing CELLS All cells have: Plasma membrane – an outer covering, separating the cells interior from its surrounding environment Cytoplasm – consist of jelly-like cytosol within the cell in which there are other cellular components DNA – genetic material Ribosomes – synthesizes proteins CELLS Prokaryotic – pro = “before”; kary = “nut/nucleus” predominantly singled-celled organisms Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotic – eu = “true” Animal cells Plants Fungi Protists PROKARYOTIC CELLS Prokaryotes – simple, mostly single- celled organisms that lacks a nucleus or any membrane bound organelle. Prokaryotic DNA is in the cell’s central part: the nucleoid. This vector image is completely made by Ali Zifan, CC BY- SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons PROKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION Capsule – an outer protective covering found in the bacterial cells, in addition to the cell wall Cell wall – made up of peptidoglycan ;acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration Cytoplasm – consist of jelly-like cytosol within the cell; medium for chemical reaction; contains organelles This vector image is completely made by Ali Zifan, CC BY- SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons PROKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION Ribosomes – synthesizes proteins Nucleoid – central part of the cell where DNA is found This vector image is completely made by Ali Zifan, CC BY- SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons PROKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION Flagellum – used for locomotion Pili – exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called Conjugation (process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact) Fimbrae – used for attachment to host cell This vector image is completely made by Ali Zifan, CC BY- SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons EUKARYOTIC CELLS Eukaryotic cells have: membrane-bound nucleus numerous membrane-bound organelles several, rod-shaped chromosomes membrane surrounds eukaryotic cell’s nucleus, it has a “true nucleus”. Mediran, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons EUKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION Nucleus – houses the cell’s DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins Nucleolus – condensed region where ribosomes are formed Nuclear Envelope – membrane enclosing the nucleus; punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm Chromatin – complex of DNA and proteins Mediran, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons EUKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION Ribosomes - responsible for protein synthesis Mitochondria – produces energy in the form of ATP Peroxisomes – metabolizes wastes carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids detoxify many poisons that may enter the body Mediran, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons EUKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION Vesicles and vacuoles - membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport Vesicle membranes can fuse with either the plasma membrane or other membrane systems within the cell. Vacuole's membrane does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components Vacuoles in plants have some agents such as enzymes that break down macromolecules Mediran, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons EUKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION Centrosome – microtubule-organizing center organelle where all microtubules originate Lysosome - cell’s “garbage disposal”, digests food and waste material Golgi apparatus – sorts, tags, packs, and distribute proteins and lipids Mediran, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons EUKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – makes phospholipids and proteins for cellular membrane; associated with ribosomes Mediran, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons EUKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION EUKARYOTIC CELLS – PARTS AND FUNCTION END